The objectives of my research were twofold: 1) to evaluate new technologies (camera traps and a new type of GPS collar) for studying large mammals in tropical forests, and 2) to study the ecology of the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) in the Peruvian Amazon. Camera traps proved to be an efficient tool for mammal inventories in tropical forests. They recorded 24 out of 28 terrestrial medium and large sized mammal species with a survey effort of 2340 camera days. Camera traps were also able to reveal important information on habitat use, activity patterns and the use of mineral licks for five Amazonian ungulate species. There was a high spatial overlap between all the species with the grey brocket deer being the only species that was restricted to terra firme forest. White-lipped peccaries, tapirs and red brocket deer frequently used mineral licks, whereas collared peccaries and grey brocket deer were hardly ever observed at licks. A new type of GPS collar (TrackTag) tested in this study performed well under the dense canopy of a tropical forest. Position success rates of 87% for stationary collars and 48% for collars placed on tapirs were comparable to data obtained with GPS collars in temperate forests. The mean location error for stationary collars inside the forest was 28.9 m and the 95% error was 76.8 m. GPS collars placed on six tapirs for seven to 182 days showed home range sizes of 102 to 386 hectares. Tapirs were mainly nocturnal and areas used for foraging during the night differed from resting sites used during the day. Tapirs could walk up to 10 km to visit a mineral lick. Visits were irregular at intervals of a few days up to 36 days. The analysis of 135 tapir dung samples showed that tapirs ingest seeds of over 120 plant species. Seeds were found throughout the year but monthly species diversity was related to fruit availability. The size distribution of ingested seeds was related to availability. Most seeds were less then 10 mm wide, but seeds up to 25 mm were found. Both camera traps and TrackTag GPS collars greatly increased the possibilities for studying large rainforest mammals. The two technologies collect complementary information and each one is suited for a different set of questions.

The islands of the tropical South Pacific (TSP) are considered biodiversity hotspots. However, the biota of this region has received limited scientific attention and very little is known about its diversity, ecology and evolution. In this thesis we investigate some of the ecological and evolutionary processes in the TSP, focussing on lowland rain forests. We use molecular techniques to investigate evolutionary processes and vegetation surveys to study species diversity patterns and ecological processes. Chapter 1 reviews molecular, distributional and geographic evidence for dispersal versus vicariance explanations for the diversity and distribution of the TSP biota. Most islands of the TSP are geologically young (less than 40 million years old) and of oceanic origin, so most (if not all) of the biota on islands in the TSP arrived through long-distance dispersal events. This view is strongly corroborated by genetic data from published studies. Molecular studies also suggest two major source areas. One is located in the northwest, which includes Malesia and Southeast Asia, while the other is in the southwest and includes New Caledonia, Australia and New Zealand. We argue that local extinctions have occurred in source and stepping stone areas, creating sources of error for the interpretation of distribution and molecular data. In Chapter 2 we use allozyme data to investigate the question how Pacific cycads (Cycas, subsection Rumphiae) colonised the Pacific. We show that they colonised the Pacific and East Africa by long-distance dispersal, probably through floating seeds from a Malesian source area. Allozymes and morphological data provide support for two major groups within subsection Rumphiae and reveal close relationships between the extant species, suggesting very recent and/or ongoing dispersal events. Cycads are an example of recent diversification in a lineage with a long fossil record. The podocarp genus Dacrydium is another lineage with a long fossil record and in chapter 3 we investigate the colonisation and speciation processes in this lineage using allozymes and trnL-trnF plastid sequences. Our results suggest that the Pacific species of Dacrydium arrived recently (within the last 10 million years) in the TSP but are inconclusive about the source area of the genus. Combined molecular and ecological data suggest the occurrence of both allopatric and sympatric speciation in the Pacific radiation in this genus. Allozyme data also demonstrate the occurrence of hybridisation between two New Caledonian species. Our findings suggest that hybridisation and sympatric speciation may have played an important role in the evolution of the biota in the TSP. In chapter 4 we attempt to untangle the disparate forces driving alpha species diversity, forest structure and species composition in old-growth lowland tropical rainforest by assessing the tree species composition of twelve 1 ha vegetation count plots on 13 islands between New Guinea and Samoa. Using simplifications of a model based on biogeographic and ecological disturbance theory, we show that species diversity and richness are mainly influenced by size and area of an island, while endemism is mostly determined by isolation and area. High cyclone frequency is shown to increase the density of stems (with dbh > 10 cm). Correlations between the abundance of widespread canopy tree taxa and cyclone frequency suggest that cyclones affect species composition by increasing the abundance of cyclone-resistant species. However, floristic similarities show that geographic distance also affects species composition. It therefore appears that, for lowland rain forests in the TSP, biogeography is the major driver of species diversity and endemism and that disturbance is the major driver of forest structure, while both biogeography and disturbance affect the species composition. In chapter 5 we test the ability of NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index, a remotely sensed index of productivity) data and leaf samples as covariates of alpha species diversity using twelve vegetation count plots. NDVI performed poorly in estimating species diversity and species richness. However, the cost- and time-efficiency associated with remotely sensed data shows the potential of these methods, but only if accurate methods to estimate species richness are found. Species richness and species diversity estimates obtained from leaf litter samples correlate reasonably well with similar estimates obtained from count plots and are more than 30% cheaper and about 10% faster to obtain. If travel can be avoided through collaboration, leaf litter-based estimates of diversity could be obtained at about 5% the cost and in about half the time compared to count plots. Therefore the analysis of leaf litter is potentially a suitable and efficient method to obtain rapid estimates of species diversity in count plots. The final chapter discusses the roles of ecological and evolutionary processes in the TSP. While research to date has been scarce, especially on ecological processes acting on large scales, data show that the effects of ecology, evolution and biogeography are interlinked during the colonisation, establishment and subsequent evolution of taxa and biomes in the TSP.

Drought and poor soil fertility are often cited as major constraints to rainfed lowland rice production in Laos, particularly in the central and southern parts of the country, where uncertainty in the growing season is common, due mainly to a combination of unreliable rainfall and coarse textured soils with a low water holding capacity and high rates of deep percolation. The soil conditions, together with fluctuations in rainfall distribution, are regarded as the most serious constraints to achieving high and stable grain yields in the rainfed lowland rice ecosystem in this region. Improvements in rainfed lowland rice productivity depend, in part, on improved predictions of water availability, as well as better understanding of soil nutrient and water stress limitations to grain yield. The use of a soil water balance model, in conjunction with the quantification of soil nutrient availability, can help in estimating free water levels in the rice fields, thereby helping determine the duration of the growing period, as well as, helping with predictions of potential yield reduction due to water stress and soil nutrient limitations. Linking the simulated results with Geographic Information System (GIS) can help quantify the spatial pattern of these attributes at a provincial or regional scale. This study was aimed at quantifying the spatial distribution of water availability, including the frequency and severity of water stress development during the growing period, and to estimate the effects of soil fertility and water stress on rice productivity in Savannakhet province in southern Lao PDR. The current status in relation to the variability in field water availability, soil fertility, farm crop management practices and grain yield throughout Savannakhet province were quantified, first by collecting farm data from 53 and 48 farmers’ fields in the 2007 and 2008 cropping seasons, respectively, These farms were selected to be representative of a wide range of soil and climate conditions within the province. The results show that rainfall distribution pattern, soil type and toposequence position of paddy fields, are crucial factors contributing to the temporal variation in field water availability. The overall yield loss due to water stress associated with late season drought was estimated to be rather small (10%, 5% and 3% for the top, middle and bottom toposequence positions of rice fields, respectively) in the 2008 wet season. On the other hand, application of chemical fertilizer has a large effect on final grain yield, with 50 kg N ha-1 and 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 increasing yield by 600 to 800 kg and 800 to 1000kg ha-1 respectively, in the 2007 and 2008 cropping seasons. A new soil water balance (SWB) model that incorporates the effect of low soil clay content on deep percolation, was developed to quantify field water availability and the length of growing period (LGP) for various rainfall lowland rice cropping environments. The model estimates the amount of water stored in a soil profile, the profile being divided into two layers: Layer 1 (0-200 mm) consists of standing water and the topsoil layer, while Layer 2 (200-1000 mm) is the subsoil layer. The SWB model was validated with field experimental data obtained in the 2002 and 2008 cropping seasons. The simulated free water levels were close to those recorded for the observed field data, with a small mean average error, lower root mean square error, and significant correlation coefficient and index of agreement over all sites across the three toposequence positions of paddy fields. Maps of the length, start and end of growing period (LGP, SGP and EGP, respectively) for rainfed lowland rice in Savannakhet province, were developed using the SWB model, with inputs of median weekly climatic data and soil water characteristics. The province was delineated into three main LGP zones with a short LGP zone (less than 21 weeks) in the east, northwest and some rice fields in the south-western corner of the province; an intermediate LGP zone (21 to 24 weeks) was defined in the central and western part of the province; and a long LGP zone (greater than 24 weeks) for the south and for some rice fields in the western part of the province. The variation in the SGP from year-to-year was due largely to the variation in rainfall early in the wet-season (e.g. April), while EGP was strongly dependent upon the clay content of the soils being cropped. The SWB model was combined with other models that estimate yield potential, soil nutrient supply and yield reduction by low soil water level, to characterize and map the suitability zones for rainfed lowland rice in Savannakhet province. The overall results of the model performance on yield estimates were satisfactorily, with a significant correlation coefficient (0.54**) and high index of agreement (0.68) over the 2007 and 2008 seasons. The model classified three main rice agro-ecological zones according to the suitability of climate and soil conditions. The majority of the lowland rice growing areas are classified as moderately suitable to marginally suitable, while the potential area classified as being high suitable is very small. A large potential response of rice yields to fertilizer inputs is predicted for most of rice growing areas in the province. The best sowing time for achieving a high yield, as evaluated by the model, is the first half of June. Appropriate crop phenology and increasing fertilizer use efficiency that matches with water availability and soil conditions in each rice agro-ecological zone, are important in achieving improvements in rice productivity, as substantial improvements in rice fields cannot be achieved by improving water availability alone, where paddy fields are dominated by soils with low level of indigenous fertility. Although the model is capable of quantifying field water availability and crop yield due to the limitations associated with low levels of soil nutrients and water stress, the model has the potential for further improvements in two areas. First, the estimates of water loss need to be modified by incorporating variable factors such as slope of paddy field, which can affects lateral water movement and hence free water level. Second, the model should incorporate some key agronomic variables, such as internal efficiencies and recovery efficiencies of applied fertilizer, which depend on variety, crop management and climatic conditions, and these factors can be modelled.

Drought and poor soil fertility are often cited as major constraints to rainfed lowland rice production in Laos, particularly in the central and southern parts of the country, where uncertainty in the growing season is common, due mainly to a combination of unreliable rainfall and coarse textured soils with a low water holding capacity and high rates of deep percolation. The soil conditions, together with fluctuations in rainfall distribution, are regarded as the most serious constraints to achieving high and stable grain yields in the rainfed lowland rice ecosystem in this region. Improvements in rainfed lowland rice productivity depend, in part, on improved predictions of water availability, as well as better understanding of soil nutrient and water stress limitations to grain yield. The use of a soil water balance model, in conjunction with the quantification of soil nutrient availability, can help in estimating free water levels in the rice fields, thereby helping determine the duration of the growing period, as well as, helping with predictions of potential yield reduction due to water stress and soil nutrient limitations. Linking the simulated results with Geographic Information System (GIS) can help quantify the spatial pattern of these attributes at a provincial or regional scale. This study was aimed at quantifying the spatial distribution of water availability, including the frequency and severity of water stress development during the growing period, and to estimate the effects of soil fertility and water stress on rice productivity in Savannakhet province in southern Lao PDR. The current status in relation to the variability in field water availability, soil fertility, farm crop management practices and grain yield throughout Savannakhet province were quantified, first by collecting farm data from 53 and 48 farmers’ fields in the 2007 and 2008 cropping seasons, respectively, These farms were selected to be representative of a wide range of soil and climate conditions within the province. The results show that rainfall distribution pattern, soil type and toposequence position of paddy fields, are crucial factors contributing to the temporal variation in field water availability. The overall yield loss due to water stress associated with late season drought was estimated to be rather small (10%, 5% and 3% for the top, middle and bottom toposequence positions of rice fields, respectively) in the 2008 wet season. On the other hand, application of chemical fertilizer has a large effect on final grain yield, with 50 kg N ha-1 and 30 kg P2O5 ha-1 increasing yield by 600 to 800 kg and 800 to 1000kg ha-1 respectively, in the 2007 and 2008 cropping seasons. A new soil water balance (SWB) model that incorporates the effect of low soil clay content on deep percolation, was developed to quantify field water availability and the length of growing period (LGP) for various rainfall lowland rice cropping environments. The model estimates the amount of water stored in a soil profile, the profile being divided into two layers: Layer 1 (0-200 mm) consists of standing water and the topsoil layer, while Layer 2 (200-1000 mm) is the subsoil layer. The SWB model was validated with field experimental data obtained in the 2002 and 2008 cropping seasons. The simulated free water levels were close to those recorded for the observed field data, with a small mean average error, lower root mean square error, and significant correlation coefficient and index of agreement over all sites across the three toposequence positions of paddy fields. Maps of the length, start and end of growing period (LGP, SGP and EGP, respectively) for rainfed lowland rice in Savannakhet province, were developed using the SWB model, with inputs of median weekly climatic data and soil water characteristics. The province was delineated into three main LGP zones with a short LGP zone (less than 21 weeks) in the east, northwest and some rice fields in the south-western corner of the province; an intermediate LGP zone (21 to 24 weeks) was defined in the central and western part of the province; and a long LGP zone (greater than 24 weeks) for the south and for some rice fields in the western part of the province. The variation in the SGP from year-to-year was due largely to the variation in rainfall early in the wet-season (e.g. April), while EGP was strongly dependent upon the clay content of the soils being cropped. The SWB model was combined with other models that estimate yield potential, soil nutrient supply and yield reduction by low soil water level, to characterize and map the suitability zones for rainfed lowland rice in Savannakhet province. The overall results of the model performance on yield estimates were satisfactorily, with a significant correlation coefficient (0.54**) and high index of agreement (0.68) over the 2007 and 2008 seasons. The model classified three main rice agro-ecological zones according to the suitability of climate and soil conditions. The majority of the lowland rice growing areas are classified as moderately suitable to marginally suitable, while the potential area classified as being high suitable is very small. A large potential response of rice yields to fertilizer inputs is predicted for most of rice growing areas in the province. The best sowing time for achieving a high yield, as evaluated by the model, is the first half of June. Appropriate crop phenology and increasing fertilizer use efficiency that matches with water availability and soil conditions in each rice agro-ecological zone, are important in achieving improvements in rice productivity, as substantial improvements in rice fields cannot be achieved by improving water availability alone, where paddy fields are dominated by soils with low level of indigenous fertility. Although the model is capable of quantifying field water availability and crop yield due to the limitations associated with low levels of soil nutrients and water stress, the model has the potential for further improvements in two areas. First, the estimates of water loss need to be modified by incorporating variable factors such as slope of paddy field, which can affects lateral water movement and hence free water level. Second, the model should incorporate some key agronomic variables, such as internal efficiencies and recovery efficiencies of applied fertilizer, which depend on variety, crop management and climatic conditions, and these factors can be modelled.

Procurou-se avaliar parâmetros fisiológicos de antas (Tapirus terrestris) de vida livre capturadas no Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo, estado de São Paulo, Brasil, entre 1996-2008 pelo Programa Anta Mata Atlântica. Paralelamente, avaliou-se a exposição desses animais a patógenos de interesse em saúde pública e saúde animal. Nesse período foram obtidas amostras de 35 animais. Os valores médios de hemograma e bioquímica sérica foram comparados com os valores de referência do ISIS, através do uso do teste t de Student. Os resultados médios de todos os parâmetros avaliados estavam dento do intervalo de variação descrito para a espécie em cativeiro. Títulos sorológicos incluíram Encefalite Equina Oeste (n=1 animal), Encefalite Equina Leste (n=6), Leptospira interrogans sorovar pomona (n=6), Leptospira interrogans sorovar autumnalis (n=1), Leptospira interrogans sorovar hebdomadi (n=1), Língua Azul (n=5), Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa Bovina (IBR) (n=1). Não foi detectada a presença de anticorpos para Febre Aftosa, Doença de Aujeszky, Parvovirose Suína, Diarréia Viral Bovina, Leucose Bovina, Estomatite Vesicular, Anemia Infecciosa Equina e Brucelose. Todas as capturadas apresentavam alta infestação de carrapatos, identificados como Amblyomma brasiliense, Amblyomma cajennense, Amblyomma coelebs, Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma naponense, Haemaphysalis juxtakochi e Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Alguns animais apresentaram Tunga penetrans e mosca-do-chifre (Haematobia irritans). Oito amostras de urinas de antas de vida livre foram analisadas e descritas pela primeira vez. Os swabs das cavidades naturais apresentaram Staphylococcus aureus em todos os orifícios. Escherichia coli em todos os orifícios, com exceção da orelha. Proteus sp. em todos os orifícios, com exceção do prepúcio. Ânus e vagina presentaram as mesmas bactérias, já prepúcio e ânus se distinguiram pelo Staphylococcus saprophyticus. / It was evaluated physiologic parameters of wild Lowland tapirs (Tapirus terrestris) captured in Morro do Diabo State Park, São Paulo state, Brazil, between 1996 2008 by Atlantic Rainforest Lowland Tapir Program. Together, it was evaluated the expose of these animals to pathogens of public health and animal health interest. During this time it was collected samples from 35 animals. The medium value of blood cells and serum biochemistry were compared with reference values of ISIS, with the t test of Student. All medium values of parameters evaluated were inside of regular range described for the specie in captivity. Serologic titles include West Equine Encephalitis (n= 1 animal), East Equine Encephalitis (n=6), Leptospira interrogans sorovar pomona (n=6), Leptospira interrogans sorovar autumnalis (n=1), Leptospira interrogans sorovar hebdomadi (n=1), Bluetongue (n=5), Infectious Bovine Rhinotraqueitis (IBR) (n=1). It was not detected antibodies to Foot and Mouth Disease, Aujeszky\'s disease, Porcine Parvovirosis, Bovine Viral Diarrhea, Bovine Leucosis, Vesicular Stomatitis, Equine Infectious Anemia and Brucelosis. All captured animals had high level of infestation of ticks, identified as Amblyomma brasiliense, Amblyomma cajennense, Amblyomma coelebs, Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma naponense, Haemaphysalis juxtakochi and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Some animals had Tunga penetrans and mosca-do-chifre (Haematobia irritans). Eight samples of urine from wild tapirs were analyzed and described first time. The swabs from natural cavity showed Staphylococcus aureus in all of them. Escherichia coli in all cavities, except ears. Proteus sp. in all cavities, except prepucial. Anus and vagina showed the same kinds of bacteria, but prepucial and vagina show the same bacteria, and prepucial and anus to be different because Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-06-30T12:56:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Rooney Augusto Vasconcelos Barros.pdf: 865479 bytes, checksum: 99dddc3d245143a596a52dd5363ed39d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-30T15:19:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Rooney Augusto Vasconcelos Barros.pdf: 865479 bytes, checksum: 99dddc3d245143a596a52dd5363ed39d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-30T15:24:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Rooney Augusto Vasconcelos Barros.pdf: 865479 bytes, checksum: 99dddc3d245143a596a52dd5363ed39d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-30T15:24:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Rooney Augusto Vasconcelos Barros.pdf: 865479 bytes, checksum: 99dddc3d245143a596a52dd5363ed39d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-21 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / This dissertation was developed in communities called "Our Lady of Nazareth" and "Harmony", located in the geographical split of the Municipality of Parintins and Barreirinha the Lower Amazon. The object of this research was the investigation of the spaces football field as conducive to the socio-cultural manifestations in the floodplain communities place. The objectives were to: i) identify the various forms of sociocultural manifestations evidenced during ball games in rural communities; ii) describe the peculiarities evident in the spaces football; iii) describe ways of thinking and interpreting the culture in the communities studied. In methodological process we elect some ethnographic elements that outlined in the description of some aspects of sociocultural everyday with notes in the field notebook, camera and oral reports of the subjects of the research, with players, spectators and people who like and do not like football. As theoretical foundations if we rely on a multidisciplinary epistemological analysis of qualitative character. This study combines the concepts of amateur soccer, leisure and social and cultural manifestations. / Esta dissertação foi desenvolvida nas comunidades denominadas "Nossa Senhora de Nazaré" e "Harmonia", situadas na divisão geográfica dos Municípios de Parintins e Barreirinha no Baixo Amazonas. O objeto desta pesquisa foi a investigação sobre os espaços de futebol de campo como lugar propício para as manifestações socioculturais em comunidades de várzea. Os objetivos foram: i) identificar as várias formas de manifestações socioculturais evidenciadas durante os jogos de bola nas comunidades rurais; ii) descrever as peculiaridades evidenciadas nos espaços de futebol; iii) descrever formas de pensar e interpretar a cultura nas comunidades estudadas. No processo metodológico elegemos alguns elementos etnográficos, que nos delineou à descrição de alguns aspectos do cotidiano sociocultural com anotações no caderno de campo, máquina fotográfica e relatos orais dos sujeitos das pesquisa, sendo jogadores, espectadores e pessoas que gostam e não gostam de futebol. Como fundamentos teóricos se baseamos numa análise epistemológica multidisciplinar de caráter qualitativo. Este estudo associa os conceitos de futebol de várzea, lazer e manifestações socioculturais.

Submitted by Elaine Lucia (lucia.elaine@live.com) on 2015-06-30T19:59:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Rildo Figueiredo Pinheiro.pdf: 14936859 bytes, checksum: 63f5104d9ab037918671f919af46ecdd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-01T12:54:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Rildo Figueiredo Pinheiro.pdf: 14936859 bytes, checksum: 63f5104d9ab037918671f919af46ecdd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-01T13:39:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Rildo Figueiredo Pinheiro.pdf: 14936859 bytes, checksum: 63f5104d9ab037918671f919af46ecdd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-01T13:39:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Rildo Figueiredo Pinheiro.pdf: 14936859 bytes, checksum: 63f5104d9ab037918671f919af46ecdd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-14 / Outras / Several politics and the disordered growing of Manaus city determined the changing in its form and operation. The urbanization politics these last a hundred years marked the spaces made by the elite class interest in a time and structural form. Going this way, the ones with no economical conditions had no spaces for house, physic and leisure activities and were dislocated to distant areas. A lot of these spaces were the “igarapes”, an action that remains until nowadays as an appropriation form of the “igarape” soil of our city. The park 10 spa represented the leisure space for a long time, on which the relation with the environment had no impact. The accelerated crowing and abundance period decreased during the First World War, between 1914 and 1918. The city that was recreated to shelter foreign and Brazilian people from the South-east part of the country inspired in the Paris streets had only 35 thousand people that time and was supposed to assume the ones from the rubber productions farms, increasing, this way, its population and the appearance of new districts. The Manaus Free Zone had a fundamental role in the space city order, as a economic politic modal and social practice, and let to great changes in the Manaus urban landscape. The studious area of this work was the “Mindu Igarapé “, divided in three points: the lower course, the medium course and the upper course. The proposal was to analyze spaces used to physical and leisure activity practice in its bank. We can note that in the lower course the area is still used with this objective, and the water pollution is accelerated, not only by the swage system but also by the residential trash. In the medium course the sport and leisure politics were applied, but the environmental worry was forgotten, where the commercial and residential swage are being through in the Bilhares Park and the Mindu Park, decreasing the life quality of people who live in this area and destroying the forest in its bank. The upper course is an area on which there is not many of these intervention and needs to be more structured, due it belongs to high a populated area. We could find children itinerants parks, soil camp and land squash. Due the fact its near the Mindu’s source, it needs more vigilance. Talking about corporal mass index (IMC) of the three course population, the medium course was the one that had the biggest variation, culminating the tax of 23,69, which classified as pre-obese by the Health World Organization. Based on the IMC results and the environment indicator it was determinate that life qualities of Mindu Igarapé people is low taking on consideration body, environment and daily relationship. / Diversas políticas e o crescimento desordenado determinaram a mudança da forma e da funcionalidade da cidade de Manaus. As políticas de urbanização implementadas nestes últimos cem anos marcaram temporal e estruturalmente os espaços delimitados pelos interesses classistas elitizados. Com isso, aqueles com menos posse econômica ficaram desprovidos de espaços para moradia, atividade física e lazer, sendo deslocados para áreas distantes. Dentre estes podemos destacar os igarapés, ação que até nos dias atuais é mantida como forma de apropriação do solo no entorno dos igarapés de nossa cidade. O balneário do Parque 10 representou por muito tempo o tipo de espaço de lazer vivido nesta época, onde a relação com o natural ainda permanecia estabelecida sem impactar tanto. O período de crescimento acelerado entrou em decadência, durante a primeira Guerra Mundial, entre 1914 e 1918. A cidade que fora recriada para abrigar estrangeiros e brasileiros vindos do sudeste do país inspirada nas ruas de París na época possuíam apenas 35 mil habitantes, agora teria que assumir aqueles oriundos das fazendas produtoras de borracha, tornando sua população ainda maior, e com isso, o surgimento de novos bairros. A Zona Franca de Manaus teve papel fundamental no ordenamento espacial da cidade, enquanto modelo de política econômica e prática social, que proporcionou grandes mudanças na paisagem urbana da cidade. A área de estudo realizada neste trabalho foi o Igarapé do Mindu dividindo seus três cursos: curso inferior, curso médio e curso superior. A proposta era estudar e analisar os espaços utilizados para prática de atividade física e de lazer no seu entorno. Vericou-se que no curso inferior ainda se usa os campos de várzea para a prática esportiva e lazer, e que a poluição de seu corpo d’água está acelerada, causada pela rede de esgotos e lixo ali destinados pelas residências. No curso médio as políticas de esporte e lazer foram bem aplicadas, sendo esquecida a questão ambiental, quando esgotos comerciais e residenciais estão sendo destinados para dentro do Parque dos Bilhares, Parque e Passeio do Mindu, diminuindo assim a qualidade de vida de seus moradores e morte da mata ciliar do seu entorno. O curso superior é uma área que carece dessas intervenções e de ser estruturada, visto que pertence a uma zona de maior adensamento populacional. Nele foram encontrados parques infantis itinerantes, campos de chão batido e quadras de areia. Pelo fato de está inserida nas proximidades da nascente do Mindu necessita de maior vigilância. Nos índices de massa corporal verificado nas populações dos três cursos, aquele que houve maior variação foi o do curso médio quando atingiu a taxa de 23,69 que é classificada como pré-obeso pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. Baseado nos resultados do IMC e indicadores ambientais ficou determinado que qualidade de vida dos moradores do entorno do Igarapé do Mindu é de má qualidade, quando se estabelece a relação corpo, ambiente urbano e cotidiano.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A cultura do arroz irrigado é a principal atividade agrícola de Roraima, onde se faz uso intensivo de fósforo e potássio, tanto em áreas com vários anos de cultivo, como em áreas de primeiro ano. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta do arroz irrigado a diferentes doses de fósforo e potássio sobre a produtividade de grãos, determinada pela colheita da área útil da parcela (3 x 2,5), em kg ha-1, altura de plantas em cm, medida em dez plantas ao acaso por parcela e componentes de produção. Os dados foram obtidos através da coleta de dez panículas por parcela na área útil, sendo a massa de mil grãos obtida da pesagem destes grãos em balança de precisão, e corrigida para 13%, número de grãos cheios, número de grãos estéreis e total de grãos por panícula, sendo feita sua contagem total e dividida pelo número de panículas, em áreas de primeiro ano e áreas intensamente adubadas. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo feita análise de regressão através de superfície de resposta. / The cultivation of rice is the main agricultural activity of Roraima, which makes intensive use of phosphorus and potassium, so much in areas with several years of cultivation as in areas in the first year of agricultural activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of irrigated rice to the application of different doses of phosphorus and potassium above the grains productivity, determined by the crop of the usuful area of the portion(3 x 2,5), em kg ha-1, height of plants in cm, measured in ten randomized plants for portion and production components.The Data were obtained by collecting ten panicles per plot in the useful area, being the thousand grain mass obtained from the weighing of grain in a precision scale and corrected to 13% number of filled grains, grain number and total number of sterile grains per panicle, and made his total score divided by the number of panicles, in areas of first year and heavily fertilized areas. It was used a completely randomized design in a split plot, being done through regression analysis of response surface.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / The role of rice fields in representing alternative refugees for wetland-expelled macroinvertebrates, in various scales, was assessed in southern Brazil. It is expected that rice fields sustain a representative version, although poorer, of wetland s macroinvertebrate fauna. Sampling was carried out in three different areas from the Central Depression in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, away hundreds of kilometers from each other. Wetlands and rice fields were simultaneously sampled. Richness was found to be equivalent in both environments. Macroinvertebrate communities composition and taxonomic structure were different at both environments. In rice fields, active dispersal taxa were more common, suggesting that the maintenance of a dry-phase at growth areas during intercrop season favors colonization by these taxa. In wetlands, regional scale was responsible for the greatest contribution to macroinvertebrate diversity. Though, at intermediate-scale (within-region), rice fields presented higher diversity than wetlands, due to different cultivation systems and growth phases of the culture. Drainage practices together with climatic changes affecting study area, which have caused longer drying periods, held up for differences in communities composition and taxonomic structure at both environments. Yet the influence of study scales was more related to wetland s environmental heterogeneity, opposing to rice field lesscomplex environmental structure. / A capacidade de arrozais irrigados representarem um refúgio alternativo para os macroinvertebrados expulsos de banhados, em diversas escalas de estudo, foi analisada no extremo sul do Brasil. Espera-se que arrozais sustentem uma fauna representativa, porém mais pobre do que a dos banhados. A amostragem foi conduzida em três regiões da Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul, distantes centenas de quilômetros umas das outras, onde banhados e arrozais foram amostrados simultaneamente. A riqueza encontrada foi semelhante em ambos os ambientes. A composição e a estrutura taxonômica das comunidades foram distintas nos dois ambientes. Nos arrozais, táxons de dispersão ativa foram mais comuns, o que sugere que a manutenção de fase seca nas áreas de cultivo, durante a entressafra, favorece a colonização por estes tipos de macroinvertebrados. Nos banhados, a escala regional contribuiu para a maior porcentagem da diversidade de macroinvertebrados encontrados. Porém, nos diferentes locais amostrados (escala espacial intermediária) de cada região de estudo, os arrozais apresentaram maior diversidade do que os banhados, o que pode ser creditado aos diferentes sistemas de cultivo e fases de desenvolvimento observadas. A prática de drenagem dos banhados para o plantio de arroz durante o verão, associada às alterações climáticas que têm atingido a região de estudo, causando períodos de estiagem mais prolongados do que o usual, foram responsáveis pelas diferenças de composição e estrutura taxonômica encontradas nos dois ambientes. Já a influência das escalas espaciais esteve mais relacionada à heterogeneidade ambiental dos banhados, em oposição à estrutura mais simplificada dos arrozais.

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