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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Solvent extraction of lubricating oils

King, Alfred Stanley January 1941 (has links)
The object of this investigation was to determine the transfer coefficients based on a “no loss” material balance, Viscosity Gravity Constant for each extraction and the contact area in conjunction with the material balance when a cylinder stock out of midcontinent oil was subjected to furfural refining in a one-inch in nominal diameter pyrex glass spray column using various ratios of furfural to oil. The oil was passed in tiny drops through the 9.75 feet high column countercurrent to the furfural flow which was down through the column. The average number of drops formed and the time of contact with the solvent was determined. From these values the average contact area in square feet at any moment was calculated. Two runs were made at high ratios of furfural to oil, and in these runs, no area of contact was determined. The column extractions were carried out at 75 ± 3°F. In order to determine the equilibrium values necessary for these calculations, batch extractions using the same ratio of solvent to oil were carried out at 230°F—at which temperature the furfural and the oil were miscible. The ratios of furfural to oil used were 2.35, 3.00, 3.53, 5.20, 9.24 and 14.20. The values of the transfer coefficient based on the “no loss” material balance varied from 0.0427 to 4.59 lbs./hr./cu.ft. of column volume/unit C as the ratio was increased. The values of the transfer coefficients based on the Viscosity Gravity Constant varied from 0.0520 to 6.28 lbs./hr./cu.ft. of column volume/unit C as the ratio was increased. The values of the transfer coefficient was based on the “no loss” material balance and the calculated contact area varied from 0.390 to 1.168 as the ratio was increased. The resultant values of the H.T.U.’s based on the three methods of calculation were good checks for the first two ratios and fair checks for the next two highest. For the ratio of 2.35:1.0 the H.T.U. based on the “no loss” material balance alone was 1.15, on the V.C.C. for each extraction it was 1.4 and for the method utilizing the contact areas and the “no loss” material balance it was 1.08 feet. The best batch refined oil had a viscosity index of 85. The best column refined oil had a viscosity index of 73.5. In both cases these values were reached using a ratio of 5.2 parts of furfural to one part of oil by weight and subsequent increases in this ratio did not improve the properties. / Master of Science
32

LOGÍSTICA REVERSA DE ÓLEO LUBRIFICANTE USADO E CONTAMINADO - OLUC EM CONCESSIONÁRIAS DE AUTOMÓVEIS DE GOIÁS.

Morais, Juarez de 10 September 2015 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:40:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JUAREZ DE MORAIS.pdf: 1414536 bytes, checksum: 2babe2e928f51167455692d9f76241ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-10 / This research investigated the materials contaminated by hydrocarbons in the automotive sector, specifically the used lubricating oil and grease filters. The approach applied in this research lies in the Case Study and Modeling. It starts with the assumption that the volume of such waste generated in this research may infer that the universe of vehicles with the same characteristics in Brazil should produce waste according to the same pattern in the total volume thereof. Were adopted as analysis variables the size of Brazil s current fleet of vehicles (considering cars, light commercial vehicles, trucks and buses), the frequency of exchange of lubricating oils, the average distance traveled by motor vehicles and the time they are used in construction and validation of a mathematical model that allows their evidence. The data used to test the model were obtained in three motor vehicle dealers in the State of Goiás. Our results showed a total of 675,910,124.33 liters of lubricating oil used and contaminated extracted directly from the vehicles, plus 4,006.841.98 liters of lubricating oil used and contaminated removed from the inside of used lubricants and filters that are generated annually by Brazilian vehicles. The effectiveness of the model might be better if this study contemplate other automotive segments such as agricultural machinery and motorcycles. / Trata-se de uma pesquisa investigativa a respeito dos materiais contaminados por hidrocarbonetos no setor automotivo, mais especificamente, os óleos e filtros lubrificantes usados. A abordagem aplicada nessa pesquisa se situa no Estudo de Caso e Modelagem. Parte-se da hipótese de que, o volume gerado destes resíduos na pesquisa, poderá inferir que o universo de veículos, com as mesmas características no Brasil, deva produzir resíduos de acordo com o mesmo padrão no volume total dos mesmos. Foram adotadas como variáveis de análise o tamanho da frota circulante brasileira de veículos automotores (considerando automóveis, comerciais leves, caminhões e ônibus), a periodicidade da troca de óleos lubrificantes, a quilometragem média percorrida pelos veículos automotores e o tempo em que são utilizados na construção e validação de um modelo matemático que permita a sua comprovação. Os dados utilizados para testar o modelo, foram obtidos em três concessionárias de veículos automotores, localizadas no Estado de Goiás. O modelo estatístico apresentou um total de 675.910.124,33 litros de óleo lubrificante usado e contaminado, extraído diretamente dos veículos, acrescido de 4.006.841,98 litros de óleo lubrificante usado e contaminado retirado do interior dos filtros lubrificantes usados e que são gerados anualmente pelos veículos brasileiros. A eficácia do modelo poderia ser melhor se este estudo contemplasse outros segmentos automotivos como máquinas agrícolas e motocicletas.
33

Pumping behaviour of modern concretes – / Pumpverhalten moderner Betone – Charakterisierung und Vorhersage

Secrieru, Egor 24 April 2018 (has links) (PDF)
Pumping is the most efficient transportation and placing method for concrete. Despite the immense progress in the field of concrete technology in the last years, so far there are still neither official regulations nor verified theoretical foundations to be used for the assessment and accurate prediction pumping behaviour of ordinary and high performance concretes. This thesis aims at purposefully investigating pumping of modern concretes and bridging the existing knowledge gap. The main achievement of the present research is the development and verification of a sitecompliant and scientifically based methodology for characterisation and prediction of fresh concrete pumping behaviour. The research focus is set on the importance of the forming lubricating layer (LL) during pumping. Within an extended experimental program, the properties of the LL are captured and quantified. They determine the reduction of friction at the pipe wallconcrete interface and thereby govern the concrete flow. It is proven that the composition and the rheological properties of the forming LL exert an enormous impact on pumping since most of the induced shear stress by pumping pressure is concentrated in this layer. In a further step, the flow pattern of concrete is analytically and numerically determined. The concrete exhibits various principal flow types which are already defined at low flow rates: plug flow in case of strainhardening cementbased composite (SHCC), partial concrete bulk shear in ordinary concretes and pronounced bulk shear for selfcompacting concrete (SCC). The results from the fullscale pumping campaign are confronted with the existing pressure performance nomogram on the determination of pumping parameters. The nomogram’s prediction capacity is extended and verified for highly flowable concretes by replacing the slump and flow table results with the viscosity parameter of the LL. Furthermore, the challenges during pumping of concrete, inter alia, priming of the pipeline, blockage formation and final cleaning, are exemplified, and recommendations for the practitioners are provided. Finally, the transfer of the developed scientifically based and ready to use methodology on site is strongly advocated as a part of the future in situ rheology monitoring concept towards envisaged full automation of concrete production and casting processes. / Das Pumpen stellt die effektivste Methode für das Fördern und Einbringen von Frischbeton auf der Baustelle dar. Trotz der in den letzten Jahren erreichten deutlichen Fortschritte auf betontechnologischem Gebiet existieren für die Beurteilung der Pumpbarkeit von Beton bisher weder offiziell gültige Vorschriften noch abgesicherte theoretische Grundlagen, die eine zielsichere Vorhersage des Pumpverhaltens von Normal- als auch Hochleistungsbetonen ermöglichen. Die vorliegende Arbeit schließt entsprechende Wissenslücken und befasst sich gezielt mit dem Pumpen moderner Betone. Grundlegenden Erkenntnisgewinn stellt die Entwicklung einer wissenschaftlich fundierten, baustellengerechten Prüfmethodik zur Charakterisierung und Vorhersage des Pumpverhaltens von Frischbeton dar. Der Untersuchungsfokus richtet sich auf die Wirkung der sich beim Pumpvorgang ausbildenden Gleitschicht. Ein umfangreiches Untersuchungsprogramm gestattet die Erfassung und Quantifizierung der Eigenschaften dieser Schicht. Sie bestimmen infolge deutlicher Reduzierung der Reibung an der Grenzfläche zwischen Rohrwandung und Beton die Betonströmung entscheidend. Bewiesen wird, dass Betonzusammensetzung und rheologische Eigenschaften der Gleitschicht maßgebende Auswirkungen auf den Pumpvorgang haben, da sich die pumpdruckinduzierte Scherspannung in dieser Schicht konzentriert. Weiterhin erfolgt sowohl eine analytische als auch numerische Charakterisierung der Betonströmung im Rohr. Nachgewiesen wird, dass sich beim Pumpvorgang betonspezifisch unterschiedliche Strömungsarten einstellen, die bereits bei niedrigen Durchflussmengen definiert sind: Pfropfenströmung in hochduktilen Betonen, partielle Scherung des Kernbetons in Normalbetonen und signifikante Scherung in selbstverdichtenden Betonen. Aus großtechnisch durchgeführten Pumpversuchen gewonnene Ergebnisse werden dem derzeit vorhandenen, verbesserungsbedürftigen Betondruck-Leistungs-Nomogramm zur Einstellung von Parametern an der Betonpumpe gegenübergestellt. Die Vorhersagekapazität des Nomogramms kann durch den Ersatz der Ausbreit- bzw. Setzfließmaßangaben mit Viskositätsangaben der Gleitschicht erweitert und verifiziert werden. Des Weiteren werden baustellenbezogene Herausforderungen im Gesamtprozess des Betonpumpvorgangs, u. a. Vorbereitung der Rohrleitung vor dem Pumpen, Auftreten von Stopfern und Endreinigung exemplarisch dargestellt sowie Empfehlungen für die Praktiker erarbeitet. Schließlich wird der Transfer der in dieser Arbeit entwickelten wissenschaftlich basierten und anwendungsbereiten Methodik als Teil des zukünftigen Konzeptes für die in-situ Rheologie-Überwachung hinsichtlich einer angestrebten vollständigen Automatisierung von Fertigungs- und Einbringprozessen von Beton mit Nachdruck empfohlen.
34

[en] DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN KEROSEN AND IN LUBRICATING OIL BY ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY USING BISMUTH-FILM ELECTRODE AND SAMPLE PREPARATION AS MICROEMULSION / [pt] DETERMINAÇÃO DE CHUMBO EM QUEROSENE E EM ÓLEO LUBRIFICANTE POR VOLTAMETRIA DE REDISSOLUÇÃO ANÓDICA USANDO ELETRODO DE FILME DE BISMUTO E MEIO MICROEMULSIONADO

ELIANE MONSORES MIGUEL 25 September 2008 (has links)
[pt] Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida uma metodologia analítica visando determinar chumbo em querosene e em óleo lubrificante. A voltametria de redissolução anódica com o eletrodo de filme de bismuto (BiFE) foi empregada com a medição do analito nas amostras realizada em meio microemulsionado. O modo de varredura utilizado foi o de onda quadrada (SWV) sendo o desempenho do BiFE comparado com o desempenho observado com o uso do eletrodo de gota pendente de mercúrio (HMDE), este tradicionalmente utilizado nas análises voltamétricas de metais. Na otimização da composição da microemulsão (ME) para o querosene obtevese melhor resultado, em termos de estabilidade e resposta analítica, com 77% de 1-propanol, 13% de fase aquosa (5% ácido nítrico concentrado e 8% água) e 10% de amostra v/v (valores percentuais em volume). No caso da ME para óleo lubrificante a composição otimizada foi 80% de butanol, 10% de fase aquosa (sendo 5% de ácido nítrico concentrado e 5% de água) e 10% amostra dissolvida em xileno. Em ambos os casos, o ácido nítrico serviu como fonte de eletrólitos e para a conversão de espécies químicas metaloorgânicas de chumbo para a forma inorgânica. Após a otimização dos parâmetros instrumentais, os limites de detecção (3sb/a) foram estimados na ordem de nmol L-1 independentemente do eletrodo empregado. Testes de recuperação em material de referência certificado (NIST 1085a) e em amostras fortificadas com Pb (tanto na forma inorgânica quanto na metaloorgânica) indicaram valores recuperados entre 98 e 100%. Os resultados foram confirmados por análises das mesmas amostras por espectrometria de absorção atômica com atomização eletrotérmica. Foi realizado um estudo para avaliar a magnitude das fontes de incerteza de medição voltamétrica de chumbo e o impacto de cada uma das fontes na incerteza combinada. Verificou-se que a contribuição relacionada com a preparação das soluções (padrões e amostras) foi a mais relevante, indicando a necessidade de se traçar novas estratégias de preparação de soluções e de amostragem para a minimização da incerteza combinada. A partir desse estudo, mostrou-se a viabilidade do uso de meio microemulsionado na determinação eletroanalítica de metais em frações de petróleo mais pesadas. / [en] In the presente work, was developed an analytical method aiming the determination of lead in kerosen and in lubricating oil. Anodic redissolution voltammetry with a bismuth-film electrode was employed by measuring the analyte in the sample microemulsions. Square-wave scanning mode (SWV) was employed and the BiFE performance was compared to the one achieved using the static drop mercury electrode (HDME), the later a more traditional electrode for voltammetric analysis for metals. The optimization of the composition of kerosene microemulsion (ME) indicated best results, in terms of stability and analytical response, with 77% of 1-propanol , 13% of aqueous phase (5% concentrated nitric acid and 8% water) and 10% of sample (percent values in volume). For the lubricating oil, the ME composition was 80% of buthanol , 10% of aqueous phase (5% concentrated nitric acid and 5% water) and 10% of sample previously dissolved in xylene. In both cases, the nitric acid played a role as a source of electrolytes and in converting lead metallo-organic species in the inorganic form. After the optimization of experimental parameters, limits of detection were in the nmol L-1 range no matter the type of electrode employed. Recovery tests in certified reference materials (NIST 1085a) and in lead-fortified samples (either with inorganic and metallo-organic form) indicated recovered values between 98 and 100%. These results were confirmed by analyzing the same samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. A study was also made to evaluate the measurement uncertainty sources and magnitudes of the voltammetric determination of lead and the impact of each of the sources in the combined uncertainty. As a result, the contribution of the preparation of solutions (samples and standards) was found to be the most relevant source of uncertainty, indicating the need for establishing alternative strategies for such procedures, aiming the minimization of the combined uncertainty. This work has demonstrated the viability of using microemulsions for eletroanalytical determination of metals in petroleum fractions.
35

Análises de parâmetros físicos e químicos por ressonância magnética nuclear em baixo campo / Analysis of physical and chemical parameters by low field nuclear magnetic resonance

Carvalho, André de Souza 23 September 2016 (has links)
A RMN em baixo campo (RMN-BC) é uma importante ferramenta analítica que vem sendo usada para substituir os métodos clássicos de análise. As principais características da RMN-BC sobre esses métodos são: rapidez da análise, pouca ou nenhuma preparação da amostra, análise não-invasiva e não-destrutiva e não tem descarte de produtos químicos. O presente trabalho avaliou o uso da RMN-BC com sensor (ímã e sonda) unilateral (RMNU). Neste equipamento de baixo custo, a região de análise é projetada para frente do imã, o que permite analisar amostras com grande volume, diferente dos espectrômetros convencionais onde o tamanho da amostra é limitado pelo gap ou bore do ímã. Como o sensor RMNU possui um intenso gradiente de campo magnético é possível investigar o comportamento da amostra em diferentes alturas. Essa propriedade foi explorada para medir a temperatura e a difusividade térmica de sementes de macadâmia em três profundidades. Para isso fez-se uma curva de calibração com o tempo de relaxação transversal (T2) do óleo da semente versus a temperatura. Os resultados obtidos com a RMNU foram coerentes com encontrados na literatura usando sensores invasivos como termopares. Também foram realizadas análises de viscosidade de óleos lubrificantes automotivos dentro das embalagens utilizando a sequência de CPMG. Com o método foi possível discriminar se o óleo base é mineral ou sintético. O sensor RMNU não foi sensível para identificar amostras de diesel com diferentes composição e origem. Para isso usou-se espectrômetro de RMN convencional onde analisou 118 blendas de diesel/biodiesel/óleo vegetal, em que se variou a refinaria, teor de enxofre do diesel (S500 e S10), a origem do biodiesel e do óleo. Os modelos de classificação de análise multivariada apresentaram alta capacidade de distinguir as respectivas blendas. Investigou-se também o uso do acoplamento indutivo para ampliar a região de detecção do sensor a partir da sua superfície. O acoplamento permitiu aumentar da região sensível de 2 mm para 20 mm. Esse sistema foi usado para monitorar a cura de uma amostra de gesso utilizando a sequência de CPMG. / The Low-Field NMR (LF-NMR) is an important analytical tool that has been used to replace the classical methods of analysis. The main features of LF-NMR about these methods are: speed of analysis, little or no sample preparation, non-invasive and non-destructive analysis and no disposal of chemicals. This study evaluated the use of LF-NMR with sensor (magnet and probe) unilateral (UNMR). In this low cost equipment, the region of analysis is projected forward of the magnet, which allows analyzing samples in large volumes, unlike conventional spectrometers where the sample size is limited by the gap or bore of the magnet. As UNMR sensor has an intense magnetic field gradient is possible to investigate the behavior of the sample at different heights. This property has been exploited to measure the temperature and the thermal diffusivity Macadamia seed at three depths. For this became a calibration curve with the transverse relaxation time (T2) of the seed\'s oil versus temperature. The results obtained with the UNMR were consistent with the one found in literature, using invasive sensors such as thermocouples. They were also held viscosity analysis of automotive lubricants in the packaging using the CPMG sequence. With the method it was possible to discriminate whether the base oil is mineral or synthetic. The UNMR sensor was not sensitive enough to diesel samples with different composition and origin. To it was used conventional LF-NMR spectrometer, where 118 blends diesel / biodiesel / vegetable oil, as it the refinery varied, sulfur diesel (S500 and S10), the source of biodiesel and oil were analyzed. The multivariate classification models showed high ability to distinguish their blends. It was also investigated using inductive coupling to expand the sensor detection region from its surface. Coupling allowed to increase the sensitive region of 2 mm to 20 mm. This system was used to monitor the cure of plaster sample using the CPMG sequence.
36

Explorando a espectrometria de absorção atômica com atomização eletrotérmica para a determinação simultânea de As, Co e Se em produtos petrolíferos / Simultaneous determination of As, Co and Se in gasoline, petroleum and lubricating oil by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

Nascimento, Angerson Nogueira do 05 June 2006 (has links)
Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos métodos analíticos para a determinação simultânea de As, Co e Se em petróleo, gasolina e óleo lubrificante por espectrometria de absorção atômica com atomização eletrotérmica. As estratégias de preparo das amostras foram baseadas em emulsão de gasolina e petróleo e digestão ácida assistida por microondas para o óleo lubrificante. Os programas de aquecimento foram otimizados pela obtenção de curvas de pirólise e atomização de soluções analíticas de referência, emulsões e digeridos das amostras, na presença e ausência do modificador químico Pd + Mg. As emulsões de gasolina foram preparadas em tubos de vidro (Pirex®) com adição de Triton X-100, ácido nítrico e água Milli-Q. Na preparação das emulsões de petróleo foi necessário realizar a diluição da amostra com hexano, seguida da adição de Triton X-100, ácido nítrico e água Milli-Q. As emulsões foram sonicadas por 2 min. As melhores condições para a preparação das emulsões foram encontradas avaliando-se as intensidades dos sinais de absorbância de cada elemento em função da variação da quantidade das amostras, surfactante, teor ácido e solvente. As amostras de óleo lubrificante foram digeridas com ácido nítrico e peróxido de hidrogênio e analisadas após a diluição com água Milli-Q. As curvas analíticas de calibração foram preparadas em 2% (v/v) de HNO3 + 6% (v/v) de Triton X-100, 1% (v/v) de HNO3 + 7% (v/v) de Triton X-100 + 5% (v/v) de hexano, 0,1 % (v/v) de HNO3, para gasolina, petróleo e óleo lubrificante, respectivamente. Os limites de detecção (n=10) foram 7,2 µg L-1 para As, 1,0 µg L-1 para Co e 5,0 µg L-1 para Se em gasolina; 7,0 µg L-1 para As, 1,3 µg L-1 para Co e 5,7 µg L-1 para Se em petróleo; e 3,9 µg L-1 para As, 1,0 µg L-1 para Co e 4,0 µg L-1 para Se para óleo lubrificante. As recuperações obtidas foram de 94 a 112% para adição de 20 µg L-1 de As, 92 a 117% para 10 µg L-1 de Co e 94 a 129% para 20 µg L-1 de Se adicionados nas amostras de gasolina (n=5), petróleo (n=4) e óleo lubrificante (n=4). / In this work analytical methods were developed for simultaneous determination of As, Co and Se in gasoline, petroleum and lubricating oil by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Strategies for the sample preparation were based on the emulsion for gasoline and petroleum and acid digestion using microwave oven for lubricating oil. The heating program optimizations were carried out using pyrolysis and atomization temperatures of analytical reference solutions, emulsions and digestate of sample solutions, in presence and absence of Pd + Mg as chemical modifiers. The gasoline emulsions were prepared in Pyrex® lass tubes by adding Triton X-100, nitric acid and Milli-Q water. For the petroleum emulsion preparation it was necessary the previous dissolution of sample with hexane, as well as Triton X-100, nitric acid and Milli-Q water addition. All emulsions were submitted to sonication for 2 minutes. The optimization of emulsifications were done by the evaluation of absorbance signals versus the variations of sample quantity, surfactant, nitric acid and solvent concentration. Lubricating oil samples were digested using a mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide and analyzed after dilution with Milli-Q water. The calibration curves were prepared in 2% (v/v) HNO3 + 6% (v/v) Triton X-100, 1% (v/v) HNO3 + 7% (v/v) Triton X-100 + 5% (v/v) hexane, 0,1 % (v/v) de HNO3, for gasoline, petroleum and lubricating oil, respectively. The estimated detection limits (n=10) were 7.2 µg L-1 for As, 1.0 µg L-1 for Co, and 5.0 µg L-1 for Se in gasoline; 7.0 µg L-1 for As, 1.3 µg L-1 for Co, and 5.7 µg L-1 for Se in petroleum; and 3.9 µg L-1 for As, 1.0 µg L-1 for Co, and 4.0 µg L-1 for Se in lubricating oil. Five gasoline, four petroleum and four lubricating oil samples were analyzed and spiked with As (20 µg L-1), Co (10 µg L-1) and Se (20 µg L-1). The obtained recoveries were 94 to 112% for As, 92 to 117% for Co and 94 to 129% for Se in gasoline, petroleum and lubricating oil, respectively.
37

A Path Toward an Effective Scaling Approach for Axial Piston Machines

Lizhi Shang (5930255) 17 January 2019 (has links)
This is a phd thesis
38

Bioestímulo e bioaumento na remediação de solo contaminado com óleo lubrificante usado escala piloto / Biostimulation and bioaugmentation in the remediation of soil contaminated by oil lubrificant pilot reactors

Graciane Silva 17 November 2010 (has links)
O óleo lubrificante mineral é amplamente utilizado no cenário mundial no funcionamento de máquinas e motores. No entanto, o ciclo de vida deste petro-derivado resulta na geração de um resíduo (óleo lubrificante usado), o qual é nocivo ao meio ambiente quando não descartado adequadamente ou reciclado. No Brasil, apesar das normas que tratam especificamente do armazenamento, recolhimento e destino de óleo lubrificante usado, grande parte do mesmo ainda é despejado diretamente no meio ambiente, sem qualquer tratamento, sendo de grande importância estudos que visem o entendimento dos processos e o desenvolvimento de tecnologias de remediação de áreas contaminadas por esse resíduo. O objetivo geral do presente trabalho foi conduzir estudos de tratabilidade de solo arenoso contaminado experimentalmente com 5% (m m-1 seco) de óleo lubrificante usado, através de duas diferentes estratégias de biorremediação: bioestímulo e bioaumento. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos. No primeiro, foi avaliada a atividade microbiana aeróbia na biodegradação do OLU através do método respirométrico de Bartha. No segundo, foram montados três biorreatores de fase sólida simulando biopilhas estáticas com aeração forçada, cada um contendo 125 kg de solo e 5% (m m-1 seco) de óleo lubrificante automotivo usado, os quais receberam como tratamento: bioestímulo por ajuste de pH e umidade (BIOSca); bioestímulo por ajuste de pH e umidade associado ao bioaumento com a adição de composto maduro (BIOA1ca) ; e bioestímulo por ajuste de pH e umidade associado ao bioaumento com a adição de composto jovem (BIOA2ca). Foram também montados três biorreatores de bancada simulando biopilhas estáticas sem aeração forçada, cada um contendo 3 kg de solo e 5% (m m-1) do mesmo contaminante, sendo que o primeiro continha solo sem contaminação - CONTsa, o segundo, solo contaminado com ajuste de pH BIOSsa e o terceiro, solo contaminado com adição de 0,3% de azida sódica - ABIOsa. Os tratamentos foram avaliados pela remoção de hidrocarbonetos totais de petróleo (HTPs) e após 120 dias de experimento obteve-se remoções de HTPs de 84,75%, 99,99% e 99,99%, com BIOS, BIOA1 e BIOA2, respectivamente, demonstrando que a estratégia de bioestímulo associada ao bioaumento foram promissoras na remediação do solo contaminado pelo óleo lubrificante usado. Os tratamentos que receberam composto (BIOA1 e BIOA2) não apresentaram diferenças quanto à remoção de HTPs, evidenciando que a fase de maturação dos compostos não apresentou influência na eficiência do processo. No entanto, verificou-se uma eficiência nos tratamentos que receberam composto quando comparado ao tratamento sem adição de composto / Lubricating oil is worldwide in machinery and motors. The life-cycle of this petroleum-based product generates a waste, the spent lubricating oil SLO, which is hazardous to the environment when inappropriately disposed. In Brazil, regardless the norms that establish rules for storage, collection, recycling and final disposal of spent-lubricating oil, a large part of it ends up in different environment compartments, causing among others, soil contamination. Therefore, it is important to carry out studies focusing on processes and technology development for remediation of sites contaminated by SLO. The objective of this work was to carry out two experiments of treatability studies for sandy soil contaminated experimentally with 5% (weight/dry weight) of SLO, through two different bioremediation strategies: biostimulation and bioaugmentation. During the first experiment, the aerobic microbial activity in SLO-contaminated soil was assessed through Barthas respirometry (CO2 productino). During the second experiment, three reactors simulating static biopiles with forced (up-flow) aeration received 125 kg of soil contaminated with 5% (w/dw) SLO, which received the following treatments: pH and moisture adjustment-BIOSca; pH and moisture adjustment associated to bioaugmentation through addition of mature compost from urban solid waste-BIOA1ca and pH and moisture adjustment associated to bioaugmentation with non-mature compost-BIOA2ca. Another group of three bench reactors with no forced aeration, each one containing 3 kg of soil also contaminated with 5% (w/dw) of SLO were filled as following: the first received non-contaminated soil-CONTsa; the second received contaminated soil with pH adjustment-BIOSsa; the third one received contaminated soil with addition of 0.3% (w/dry w) of sodium azide-ABIOsa. The treatments were compared based on removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and its fractions. After 120 days, the TPH removal was about 75%, 99.99% and 99.99% in BIOS, BIOA1 and BIOA2 respectively, suggesting that optimization of conditions associated to bioaugmentation were the most promising strategy to treat SLO contaminated soils. The fact that after 120 days BIOA1 e BIOA2 did not present differences regarding TPH removal shows that giving time enough, the degree of the compost maturation does not influence the TPH removal. However, treatments that received compost were more efficient than biostimulation alone
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Avaliação de diferentes estratégias de biorremediação de solo argiloso contaminado por óleo em biorreator de fase semi-sólida / Assessement of bioremediatioi strategies for treatment of oil contamiatedclay soil in slurry reactors

Maria de Fátima Barbosa de Almeida 28 April 2011 (has links)
A prática da troca de óleo lubrificante usado, particularmente óleos automotivos, representa um grave problema ambiental em função de sua natureza perigosa, do manuseio incorreto e do descarte indiscriminado no meio ambiente. A investigação quanto à remediação de áreas contaminadas por esse resíduo torna-se necessária, particularmente para solo de natureza argilosa. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a biorremediação de um solo argiloso contaminado por óleo lubrificante utilizando biorreatores de fase semi-sólida. Frascos tipo Erlenmeyer, contendo 20 g de solo contaminado com 3% (m/m) de óleo lubrificante, em triplicata, foram mantidos em temperatura e agitação constantes, segundo as seguintes estratégias de tratamento: (i) Bioestímulo com ajuste de nutrientes (BIOE); (ii) Bioaumento com adição de inóculo microbiano aclimatado (BIOA); (iii) Bioestímulo e adição de surfactante sintético Tween-80 (BIOES); (iv) Bioaumento, bioestímulo e surfactante sintético Tween-80 (BIOAS) e (iv) controle, com água destilada purificada (CONT). A eficiência de remoção do contaminante foi avaliada após 68 dias de tratamento por análises de evolução de CO2, redução de COT, decaimento de HTP, de n-alcanos e frações de hidrocarbonetos saturados, aromáticos e compostos polares. O tratamento BIOAS resultou na maior produção de CO2 acumulada (1247,0 mg.20g-1 de solo) seguida pelo tratamento BIOES (1077,6 mg.20g-1 de solo). Ao final do experimento, todos os tratamentos reduziram significativamente os teores de HTPs quando comparados ao controle (11,14,2%). Os tratamentos BIOAS e BIOES não apresentaram diferenças significativas quanto à redução de HTPs (42,03,7% e 37,46,3%, respectivamente). Tanto o bioestímulo quanto o bioaumento mostraram-se estratégias com potencial para aumentar a eficácia da biorremediação de solos argilosos, sendo que a adição de surfactante foi o fator mais importante, tendo aumentado significativamente a capacidade de remoção em ambas as estratégias. O uso de biorreatores em fase semi-sólida na biorremediação de solo argiloso contaminado com óleo lubrificante mostrou-se bastante promissor e tal estratégia pode ser aplicada em escala imediatamente superior / The practice of exchange of used lubricating oil, automotive oils in particular, represents a serious environmental problem due to its hazardous nature, the misuse and its indiscriminate disposal of same in the environment. Strategies for remediation of contaminated areas by this waste are necessary, particularly in case of soils with clayey nature. This study aimed to evaluate the bioremediation of a clayey soil contaminated by lubricating oil using bioreactors of semi-solid phase. Erlenmeyer flasks containing 20 g of contaminated soil with 3% (w / w) of lubricating oil, in triplicate, were kept at constant temperature and agitation, according to the following treatment strategies: (i) biostimulation with nutrient adjustment (BIOE), (ii) addition of bioaugmentation with microbial inoculum acclimated (BIOA), (iii) addition of biostimulation and synthetic surfactant Tween-80 (BIOES) (iv) bioaugmentation, biostimulation and synthetic surfactant Tween-80 (BIOAS) and (iv) control with purified distilled water (CONT). The contaminant removal efficiency was evaluated after 68 days of treatment by analysis of evolution of CO2, reduction of TOC, decay of HTP, n-alkanes, and fractions of saturated hydrocarbons, aromatics and polar compounds. The BIOAS treatment resulted in increased accumulated production of CO2 (1247.0 mg.20g-1 soil) followed by BIOES treatment (1077.6 mg.20g-1 soil). At the end of the experiment, all treatments significantly reduced the levels of HTP as compared to control (11.1 4.2%). The BIOAS and BIOES treatments presented no significant differences in the reduction of HTP (42.0 3.7% and 37.4 6.3%, respectively). Both biostimulation and bioaugmentation were shown to be strategies with potential to increase the effectiveness of bioremediation in a clayey soil, and the addition of surfactant being the most important factor, increasing significantly the capacity of removal in both strategies. The use of bioreactors in semi-solid phase bioremediation in a clayey soil contaminated by lubricating oil proved to be very promising, and this strategy can be applied to at higher scales
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Análises de parâmetros físicos e químicos por ressonância magnética nuclear em baixo campo / Analysis of physical and chemical parameters by low field nuclear magnetic resonance

André de Souza Carvalho 23 September 2016 (has links)
A RMN em baixo campo (RMN-BC) é uma importante ferramenta analítica que vem sendo usada para substituir os métodos clássicos de análise. As principais características da RMN-BC sobre esses métodos são: rapidez da análise, pouca ou nenhuma preparação da amostra, análise não-invasiva e não-destrutiva e não tem descarte de produtos químicos. O presente trabalho avaliou o uso da RMN-BC com sensor (ímã e sonda) unilateral (RMNU). Neste equipamento de baixo custo, a região de análise é projetada para frente do imã, o que permite analisar amostras com grande volume, diferente dos espectrômetros convencionais onde o tamanho da amostra é limitado pelo gap ou bore do ímã. Como o sensor RMNU possui um intenso gradiente de campo magnético é possível investigar o comportamento da amostra em diferentes alturas. Essa propriedade foi explorada para medir a temperatura e a difusividade térmica de sementes de macadâmia em três profundidades. Para isso fez-se uma curva de calibração com o tempo de relaxação transversal (T2) do óleo da semente versus a temperatura. Os resultados obtidos com a RMNU foram coerentes com encontrados na literatura usando sensores invasivos como termopares. Também foram realizadas análises de viscosidade de óleos lubrificantes automotivos dentro das embalagens utilizando a sequência de CPMG. Com o método foi possível discriminar se o óleo base é mineral ou sintético. O sensor RMNU não foi sensível para identificar amostras de diesel com diferentes composição e origem. Para isso usou-se espectrômetro de RMN convencional onde analisou 118 blendas de diesel/biodiesel/óleo vegetal, em que se variou a refinaria, teor de enxofre do diesel (S500 e S10), a origem do biodiesel e do óleo. Os modelos de classificação de análise multivariada apresentaram alta capacidade de distinguir as respectivas blendas. Investigou-se também o uso do acoplamento indutivo para ampliar a região de detecção do sensor a partir da sua superfície. O acoplamento permitiu aumentar da região sensível de 2 mm para 20 mm. Esse sistema foi usado para monitorar a cura de uma amostra de gesso utilizando a sequência de CPMG. / The Low-Field NMR (LF-NMR) is an important analytical tool that has been used to replace the classical methods of analysis. The main features of LF-NMR about these methods are: speed of analysis, little or no sample preparation, non-invasive and non-destructive analysis and no disposal of chemicals. This study evaluated the use of LF-NMR with sensor (magnet and probe) unilateral (UNMR). In this low cost equipment, the region of analysis is projected forward of the magnet, which allows analyzing samples in large volumes, unlike conventional spectrometers where the sample size is limited by the gap or bore of the magnet. As UNMR sensor has an intense magnetic field gradient is possible to investigate the behavior of the sample at different heights. This property has been exploited to measure the temperature and the thermal diffusivity Macadamia seed at three depths. For this became a calibration curve with the transverse relaxation time (T2) of the seed\'s oil versus temperature. The results obtained with the UNMR were consistent with the one found in literature, using invasive sensors such as thermocouples. They were also held viscosity analysis of automotive lubricants in the packaging using the CPMG sequence. With the method it was possible to discriminate whether the base oil is mineral or synthetic. The UNMR sensor was not sensitive enough to diesel samples with different composition and origin. To it was used conventional LF-NMR spectrometer, where 118 blends diesel / biodiesel / vegetable oil, as it the refinery varied, sulfur diesel (S500 and S10), the source of biodiesel and oil were analyzed. The multivariate classification models showed high ability to distinguish their blends. It was also investigated using inductive coupling to expand the sensor detection region from its surface. Coupling allowed to increase the sensitive region of 2 mm to 20 mm. This system was used to monitor the cure of plaster sample using the CPMG sequence.

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