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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
531

Design and construction of a novel reconfigurable micro manufacturing cell

Al-Sharif, Rakan January 2012 (has links)
Demands for producing small components are increasing. Such components are usually produced using large-size conventional machining tools. This results in the inadequate usage of resources, including energy, space and time. In the 1990s, the concept of a microfactory was introduced in order to achieve better usage of these resources by scaling down the size of the machine tool itself. Several industries can benefit from implementing such a concept, such as the medical, automotive and electronics industries. A novel architecture for a reconfigurable micro-manufacturing cell (RMC) is presented in this research, aiming at delivering certain manufacturing strategies such as point of use (POU) and cellular manufacturing (CM) as well as several capabilities, including modularity, reconfigurability, mobility and upgradability. Unlike conventional machine tools, the proposed design is capable of providing several machining processes within a small footprint (500 mm2), yet processing parts within a volume up to 100 mm3. In addition, it delivers a rapid structure and process reconfiguration while achieving a micromachining level of accuracy. The approach followed in developing the system is highly iterative with several feedback loops. It was deemed necessary to adopt such an approach to ensure that not only was the design relevant, but also that it progresses the state-of-the-art and takes into account the many considerations in machine design. Following this approach, several design iterations have been developed before reaching a final design that is capable of delivering the required manufacturing qualities and operational performance. A prototype has been built based on the specifications of the selected design iteration, followed by providing a detailed material and components selection process and assembly method before running a performance assessment analysis of the prototype. At this stage, a correlation between the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model and prototype has been considered, aiming at studying the level of performance of the RMC when optimising the design in the future. Then, based on the data collected during each stage of the design process, an optimisation process was suggested to improve the overall performance of the system, using computer aided design and modelling (CAD/CAM) tools to generate, analyse and optimise the design.
532

MEMS-enabled micro-electro-discharge machining (M³EDM)

Alla Chaitanya, Chakravarty Reddy 11 1900 (has links)
A MEMS-based micro-electro-discharge machining technique that is enabled by the actuation of micromachined planar electrodes defined on the surfaces of the workpiece is developed that eliminates the need of numerical control machines. First, the planar electrodes actuated by hydrodynamic force is developed. The electrode structures are defined by patterning l8-µm-thick copper foil laminated on the stainless steel workpiece through an intermediate photoresist layer and released by sacrificial etching of the resist layer. The planer electrodes are constructed to be single layer structures without particular features underneath. All the patterning and sacrificial etching steps are performed using dry-film photoresists towards achieving high scalability of the machining technique to large-area applications. A DC voltage of 80-140 V is applied between the electrode and the workpiece through a resistance-capacitance circuit that controls the pulse energy and timing of spark discharges. The parasitic capacitance of the electrode structure is used to form a resistance capacitance circuit for the generation of pulsed spark discharge between the electrode and the workpiece. The suspended electrodes are actuated towards the workpiece using the downflow of dielectric machining fluid, initiating and sustaining the machining process. Micromachining of stainless steel is experimentally demonstrated with the machining voltage of 90V and continuous flow of the fluid at the velocity of 3.4-3.9 m/s, providing removal depth of 20 µm. The experimental results of the electrode actuation match well with the theoretical estimations. Second, the planar electrodes are electrostatically actuated towards workpiece for machining. In addition to the single-layer, this effort uses double-layer structures defined on the bottom surface of the electrode to create custom designed patterns on the workpiece material. The suspended electrode is electrostatically actuated towards the wafer based on the pull-in, resulting in a breakdown, or spark discharge. This instantly lowers the gap voltage, releasing the electrode, and the gap value recovers as the capacitor is charged up through the resistor. Sequential pulses are produced through the self-regulated discharging-charging cycle. Micromachining of the stainless-steel wafer is demonstrated using the electrodes with single-layer and double-layer structures. The experimental results of the dynamic built-capacitance and mechanical behavior of the electrode devices are also analyzed. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of / Graduate
533

Analyse multiéchelle de l'usinage des matériaux biosourcés : Application aux agrocomposites / Multiscale analysis of machining of biobased materials : Application to biocomposites

Chegdani, Faissal 08 November 2016 (has links)
Les fibres naturelles telles que le lin, le chanvre, le bambou ou la miscanthus sont de plus en plus utilisées pour renforcer les composites industriels afin de réduire le poids, le coût et l’impact environnemental des produits. Elles remplacent les composites conventionnels tels que les composites à base de résine polymère et fibres synthétiques. Les méthodes de parachèvement par usinage de ces produits agrocomposites demeurent un verrou technologique et un défi scientifique. Ceci est dû principalement à la structure complexe des fibres végétales constituée de cellulose et issue des feuilles ou des tiges de plantes cultivées. Ce travail de thèse propose une analyse multiéchelle du comportement à la coupe de ces matériaux renouvelables qui exploite un procédé 2D de coupe orthogonale et un procédé 3D de coupe par fraisage. L’objectif étant de mieux appréhender les mécanismes physiques majeurs activés par le processus d’enlèvement de matière des agrocomposites. Aussi, pour identifier les effets d’échelle observés en usinage, une caractérisation tribo-mécanique des agrocomposites stratifiés par nanoindentation et rayage ainsi que des essais mécaniques spécifiques ont été réalisés. Les fibres végétales se différencient des fibres synthétiques par une flexibilité transversale qui leur confère une grande capacité à se déformer lors du contact avec l’outil de coupe. Ainsi, la rigidité mécanique du contact outil/matière contrôle ici la coupe par cisaillement plastique des fibres végétales et, par conséquence, la qualité de la surface usinée des agrocomposites. Les fibres végétales, associées à une matrice polymère thermoplastique, présentent par ailleurs un comportement mécanique élastoplastique avec un endommagement ductile lorsqu’elles sont sollicitées suivant leur direction transversale. Ceci explique la production de copeaux continus en usinage par opposition aux composites synthétiques conventionnels. Les comportements mécanique et tribologique des fibres végétales en usinage sont fonction de l’échelle de contact. Ceci explique le caractère multiéchelle de la coupe des agrocomposites dont l’usinabilité est intiment liée à la taille du renfort fibreux. / Natural fibers such as flax, hemp, bamboo or miscanthus are increasingly used as fibrous reinforcement in order to reduce the weight, the cost and the environmental impact of products. They replace the conventional composites based on polymer resin and synthetic fibers. The finishing operations by machining of these biocomposite products remain a technological issue and a scientific challenge. This is mainly due to the complex structure of natural fibers composed of cellulose and extracted from plant leaf or plant stem. This research work provides a multiscale analysis of cutting behavior of these renewable materials in 2D orthogonal cutting and 3D milling processes. The primary objective is to better understand the major physical mechanisms activated by the material removal process of biocomposites. Furthermore, to identify the scale effects observed in machining, a tribo-mechanical characterization of stratified biocomposites by nanoindentation and scratch as well as specific mechanical tests were carried out. Natural fibers are distinguished from synthetic fibers by a transverse flexibility, which enable them good ability to deform upon contact with the cutting tool. Thus, the mechanical tool/material contact stiffness controls the cutting by plastic shearing of plant fibers and, consequently, it controls the quality of the biocomposite-machined surfaces. Otherwise, natural fibers, associated with a thermoplastic polymer matrix, have an elastoplastic behavior with a ductile damage when they are stressed in their transverse direction. This explains the production of continuous chips when machining biocomposites, unlike conventional synthetic composites. The mechanical and tribological behaviors of plant fibers in machining are dependent on the contact scale. This explains the multiscale cutting character of biocomposites where the machinability is intimately related to the size of the fibrous reinforcement.
534

Développement d’un modèle généralisé d’efforts de coupe pour l’usinage de l'alliage de titane Ti6Al4V. Application aux techniques de tournage et fraisage / Development of a generalized predictive model for Ti6Al4V titanium alloy machining. Application to turning and milling

Dorlin, Théo 15 November 2016 (has links)
Dans l’optique de maîtriser l’industrialisation des pièces complexes, les efforts de coupe sont une source riche d’informations. Bien que la prédiction des efforts de coupe soit un sujet largement traité par la communauté scientifique, quelques verrous subsistent. Les travaux de cette étude visent à enrichir les modèles existants sous deux principaux aspects : une étude approfondie de l’influence des conditions de contact en dépouille associées à la géométrie de pièce et l’effet de l’usure de l’outil sur l’évolution des efforts de coupe au cours du temps. Pour ce faire, plusieurs expérimentations instrumentées sont réalisées afin de déterminer les paramètres influents à introduire dans les modélisations. S’appuyant sur ces observations, des modélisations, selon une approche phénoménologique, sont développées pour estimer respectivement le niveau d’usure de l’outil, les efforts de coupe et leur évolution fonction au cours du temps. Ces développements sont conduits pour les techniques de fraisage, de tournage intérieur et de tournage extérieur appliquées à l’usinage de l’alliage de titane aéronautique Ti6Al4V. Les méthodologies présentées dans cette étude sont transposables vers d’autres nuances d’alliages de titane afin de couvrir un domaine d’application large en industrie. / In order to control complex parts industrialization, cutting forces can be relevant data. Although cutting force prediction is a well-known subject by the scientific community, it still exists some ways of improvement. This research work focuses on the cutting force modelling enhancement according to two main points. Firstly, an analysis of clearance face contact conditions, linked to part geometry, effect on cutting forces. Secondly, the effect of flank wear on cutting force evolution with respect to the time. Based on experiments, in order to highlight relevant parameters to introduce in the new model, cutting force and flank wear models are formulated according to mechanistic approach. These developments are applied in milling, turning (boring, cylindrical turning and face turning) onTi6Al4V titanium alloy. Methodologies presented in this study can be easily adapted to others titanium alloys shades in order to cover large industrial range of applications.
535

Expérimentation et modélisation de la micro-coupe pour une application au micro-fraisage / Experimentation and modelling of micro-cutting for micro-milling application

Piquard, Romain 03 November 2016 (has links)
Les procédés de micro-fabrication connaissent actuellement une croissance importante dans les applications industrielles et pour des secteurs majeurs. Parmi les techniques d’usinage en micro-fabrication, le micro-fraisage est sans doute le plus polyvalent que ce soit en termes de matériau usiné ou de géométrie obtenue. La fabrication de micro-fraises est encore limitée par un certain nombre de paramètres (comme le rayon d’acuité d’arête) et demande alors à être optimisée. L’approche utilisée consistant à reproduire à petite échelle ce qui se fait de mieux à une échelle conventionnelle n’est alors plus forcément adaptée. Il en résulte que le micro-fraisage est un procédé encore mal maîtrisé (usure prématurée de l’outil, bris d’outil, trajectoire non maîtrisée, bavures…).L’objectif de la thèse est donc de comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu lors de l’enlèvement de matière en micro-usinage et d’en établir un modèle permettant de prédire les efforts de coupe selon les conditions choisies et qui permettra par la suite de faciliter l’optimisation de la géométrie des outils coupantDans un premier temps, une étude expérimentale s’attache à observer la micro-coupe élémentaire d’un acier dur à l’aide de dispositifs réalisés dans le cadre de ces travaux. Un premier dispositif permet de mesurer les efforts d’usinage en micro-coupe élémentaire et un deuxième dispositif innovant permet d’étudier la formation du copeau par coupe interrompue.Par la suite, une démarche de modélisation de la micro-coupe élémentaire est proposée en complément de l’étude expérimentale. Une approche par loi de coupe basée sur les résultats des essais de micro-coupe élémentaire permet de modéliser les efforts d’usinage. En complément, des simulations numériques utilisant la méthode SPH donnent aussi des informations intéressantes sur la formation du copeau, notamment au niveau des zones de déformation.Enfin la loi de coupe associée à un modèle géométrique du micro-fraisage permet de prédire les efforts de coupe lors de l’usinage du même acier. Le modèle géométrique basé sur des travaux précédents a été complété pour prendre en compte la flexion d’outil ainsi que le faux-rond. Ce faux-rond est mesuré directement sur la machine à l’aide d’un moyen d’observation spécialement développé. Les résultats obtenus montrent une concordance entre les efforts expérimentaux et les efforts prédits. / Micro-manufacturing processes are undergoing a significant growth in industrial applications and in a number of major sectors. Among the micro-machining techniques, micro-milling is probably the most versatile both in terms of machined material and in terms geometrical achievability. However, micro-end-mill manufacturing is still limited by some parameters (such as cutting edge radius) and needs improvement. The top-down approach used to reproduce what is best from conventional scale to micro-scale is not necessarily suitable. As a result, micro-milling is still a poorly controlled process (tool wear, tool breakage, path control, burrs...).The aim of the thesis is to understand the mechanisms occurring during the material removal with micro-cutting and to propose a model to predict cutting forces according to cutting conditions, which will then make the optimization of micro-end-mills geometry easier.First, an experimental study is used to observe the elementary micro-cutting operation of a hardened tool steel using specially designed devices. A first device is used to measure cutting forces in elementary micro-cutting and a second innovative device is used to study chip formation by quick-stop tests.Then, modelling approaches of elementary micro-cutting are proposed to complete the experimental study. A cutting law approach based on the results of the elementary micro-cutting tests allows the cutting forces to be modelled. In addition, numerical simulations using the SPH method investigate chip formation and particularly deformation and shear zones.Finally, the proposed cutting law combined with a micro-milling geometric model allows the prediction of cutting forces when micro-milling the same hardened tool steel. The geometric model based on previous work has been completed to consider static tool deflection and run-out. This run-out is measured directly on the machine using a specially developed device. The results obtained show a good correlation between experimental and predicted forces.
536

COMPARAÇÃO DE DESEMPENHO ENTRE PROGRAMAS CNC PARAMÉTRICOS E GERADOS POR SISTEMA CAM. / PERFORMANCE COPARISON BETWEEN PARAMETRIC PROGRAMS AND A CAM SYSTEM

Melegari, Luis Fernando 15 December 2011 (has links)
The use of CAM system to create tool s trajectories in outline of simple geometry depends directly of knowledge and ability from user in how to maintain the information and make use of available riches from these systems. The parametric program requires a solid knowledge in CN programming and the results referring to CNC machine s performance are directly connect to the way of programming to obtain these results. The aim of this study was to develop a practice s analysis between parametric program and a CAM system in a specific CNC machine, based on acting time and speed of tool s progress to each programming method. The counting of time was accomplished through CNC controller, which shows the execution time of each program from its beginning until receiving or reading the stop command. The comparison between these programming methods created results that depend of the programming way, but who receive interference of controller s technologies recourses to put in action the CNC axis machine. With these testing, it was possible to demonstrate, by means of parametric programs, an increase of 65% in performance, when compared to other programming methods. / A utilização de sistemas CAM para a geração de trajetórias de ferramenta em contornos de geometria simples depende diretamente do conhecimento e da capacidade do usuário na alimentação das informações e na utilização dos recursos disponíveis desses sistemas. A programação paramétrica exige uma base sólida no conhecimento da programação CN e os resultados que se referem ao desempenho da máquina CNC estão diretamente ligados à forma de programação para a obtenção desses resultados. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma análise de desempenho entre a programação paramétrica e um sistema CAM em uma máquina CNC específica, com base nos tempos de execução e velocidade de avanço da ferramenta para cada método de programação. A contagem de tempo foi realizada através do controlador CNC, que indica o tempo de execução de cada programa a partir do seu início até o recebimento ou leitura do comando de parada. A comparação entre esses métodos de programação gerou resultados que dependem diretamente da forma de programação, mas que recebem interferência dos recursos tecnológicos do controlador para o acionamento dos eixos da máquina CNC. Com essas experimentações, foi possível demonstrar, através de programas paramétricos, um aumento no desempenho em até 65% quando comparado a outros métodos de programação.
537

Etude d'un emmanchement fretté compte tenu de l'effet combiné des défauts de forme et d'état de surface / Study of shrink fitting considering the combined effect of phase defects and surface roughness

Boutoutaou, Hamid 24 January 2012 (has links)
Le but principal de cette thèse est de présenter deux contributions dans le domaine desassemblages frettés en prenant en considération les défauts de forme et d’état de surface. Lapremière contribution concerne l’étude de l’influence du défaut de forme sur les caractéristiquesdes assemblages frettés en utilisant une approche basée sur la modélisation par éléments finis.Nous avons constaté que ce défaut a une influence notable sur la résistance de l’assemblage. Destravaux déjà réalisés dans le laboratoire de mécanique de l’université de Bourgogne ont étéconfirmés. Dans la deuxième contribution, nous avons proposé d’intégrer les défauts d’état desurface (rugosité) en créant un élément fini homogénéisé d’interface. Cette technique nous afacilité le maillage de l’interface formés par de macro-éléments traduisant le comportement desaspérités. Ce comportement particulier, dépend de plusieurs paramètres mécaniques etgéométriques qui ont été pris en compte pour définir et identifier numériquement une loid’élasticité isotrope transverse. Cette nouvelle loi a permis de simuler correctement lesassemblages frettés en prenant en compte le défaut d’état de surface. Les résultats obtenus ont étéconfrontés aux expérimentations. En fin, une méthodologie de conception des spécifications dufrettage en considérant le processus d’élaboration des surfaces a été proposée. / The main purpose of this thesis is to present two contributions in the field of shrink fitassembly taking into account the defects of form and roughness surfaces. The first contributionconcerns the study of the influence of the defect forme on the characteristics of shrinked assemblyusing an approach based on finite element modeling. We found that this defect has a significantinfluence on the resistance of the assembly. The work already done in the laboratory of mechanicsat the University of Bourgogne have been confirmed. In the second contribution, we proposed tointegrate the surface defects (roughness) by creating a homogenized finite element interface. Thistechnique has facilitated the mesh of the interface formed by the macro-elements reflecting thebehavior of the asperities. This particular behavior, depends on several mechanical andgeometrical parameters that have been taken into account in defining and identifying a digitallytransverse isotropic elastic law. The new law was used to simulate properly shrinked assembliestaking into account the defect of roughness surface. The results were compared withexperiments. In the end, a design methodology specification by considering the shrinking processof surfaces has been proposed
538

Améliorations des performances d'outils de coupe pour la première transformation du bois / Cutting tools performances amelioration for sawmilling industry

Simonin, Guillaume 10 November 2010 (has links)
La société SIAT-BRAUN, premier de sciage résineux de France, présente une problématique industrielle liée à ses outils de coupe. Les scies débitant le bois doivent être les plus fines possibles afin de préserver la matière d'oeuvre, mais aussi très robustes pour supporter les conditions de coupe qui ne cessent de se durcir. La maîtrise de la matière première ainsi que des paramètres de réglage des machines sont des conditions sine-qua-none du bon travail des outils. Ainsi, nous arrivons à des situations limites où les règles actuelles ne répondent pas correctement aux exigences recherchées. Le mémoire comporte une étude technico-économique de la scierie et de son évolution, ainsi que du matériau bois employé. L'explication du fonctionnement de la ligne de sciage de l'entreprise, une des plus modernes, d'Europe, achève cette présentation.L'analyse des connaissances actuelles englobe les différents paramètres et calculs relatifs à l'usinage du bois, ainsi que les divers éléments composant une scie circulaire et ses géométries associées. Les interactions entre tous ces éléments sont aussi présentées. Le métier d'affûteur, personne en charge de la maintenance des outils et garante de leur bon fonctionnement, est présenté ainsi que des améliorations mises en place au niveau de la méthode ainsi que des machines de l'atelier.Pendant cette thèse, de nombreuses améliorations ont été réalisées sur les différents outils de coupe, afin de répondre aux exigences de la production en gardant une fiabilité la plus importante possible. La dernière partie proposera les améliorations restant à valider sur l'adéquation entre les matériaux et la géométrie angulaire des scies circulaires / SIAT-BRAUN is the largest industrial sawmill in France and faces typical industrial challenges with its sawing technologies.Wood saws must be as thin as possible, in order to maximize yield and save raw material and robust enough to endure tougher and tougher sawing conditions. Good raw material control and optimized machine parameterization are critical to ensure good results. The current theoretical background, does not always match these requirements and we are therefore always testing its limits.An economical and technical analysis of the sawmill and its evolution makes up the first part of this thesis. We will be detailing the key operations of one of the most modern sawmill in Europe.Current knowledge analysis must include the various parameters and calculations necessary to machine wood, as well as the different blade components and their geometric specifications. We will discuss the interactions between these elements. The job of the filer (the person in charge of tool maintenance) will also be discussed, as well as several improvements implemented in the workshop.Many improvements have been suggested and implemented while working on this thesis, in order to react to production needs while preserving reliability. In the last section of this thesis we will discuss several improvements that remain to be validated on how to best match appropriate cutting materials and blade geometry
539

Modélisation analytique et caractérisation expérimentale de l'usure par abrasion des outils de coupe / Analytical modeling and experimental investigation into abrasive wear of cutting tools

Halila, Faycel 08 September 2015 (has links)
Les difficultés majeures rencontrées en production des pièces mécaniques métalliques sont dues aux conditions de chargements extrêmes appliqués lors de la mise en forme ainsi qu'au problème de l'usure prématurée des outils de coupe de coupe. Dans ce cadre, les travaux de thèse sont centrés sur la mise en évidence et la compréhension des mécanismes physiques mis en jeu lors de l'usure des outils de coupe depuis l'échelle de la microstructure jusqu'à celle du système usinant, en passant par l'échelle de la pointe de l'outil (échelle mésoscopique). A cet effet, Un modèle analytique permettant de décrire l'usure par abrasion et de prédire la durée de vie des outils a été développé sur la base d'une approche statistique rendant compte de l'hétérogénéité des particules pouvant être à l'origine de la dégradation de l'outil. La prise en compte de la nature du contact collant-glissant et de l'effet du coefficient de frottement via des résultats de la littérature couplés au modèle proposé ont permis de mettre en évidence l'influence des paramètres opératoires de la coupe des métaux sur le volume d'usure enlevé par abrasion. A la suite ce modèle a été confronté à des résultats expérimentaux préalablement réalisé dans le cadre de la coupe orthogonale. En parallèle une analyse inclusionnaire est réalisée pour l'identification et la quantification des inclusions non métallique jugées responsable de l'usure par abrasion. Les résultats obtenue via des observations MEB et microscopique ainsi que des traitements d'images a permis d'alimenter en données le modèle prédictif / Tool wear and tool failure are critical problems in the industrial manufacturing field since they affect the quality of the machined workpiece (unexpected surface finish or dimensional tolerance) and raise the production cost. Improving our knowledge of wear mechanisms and capabilities of wear prediction are therefore of great importance in machining. The three main wear modes usually identified at the tool/chip and the tool/workpiece interfaces are abrasion, adhesion and diffusion. Besides the fact that understanding mechanisms that govern these wear mechanisms are still incomplete, the experimental analysis is very difficult because friction interface features (such as temperature, pressure, particles embedded in the contact …) are not easily measurable. The objective of this research work is to understand the physical mechanisms governing the tool wear by taking into account the sensibilities to scale going from the microscopic scale (microstructure scale) to the macroscopic scale (scale of the manufacturing operation) passing by the mesoscopic scale (tool tip scale). For this purpose, an analytic wear model was developed to describe the abrasive wear and to predict the cutting tool life. The proposed model is based on a tribological approach including a statistical description of the distribution of particles seen as non-metallic inclusions. The latter are assumed embedded at the interface of contact and having a conical shape characterized by two main parameters in the present approach: the corresponding size and apex angle. The volume of the removed material per unit time is chosen in this study as the main parameter to describe the abrasive wear mode. Coupled with literature results, the developed model is able to take into account the nature of the sticking-sliding contact and the effect of the friction coefficient on the rake face of the cutting tool. In order to identify all the material's parameters of the predictive model, a study of non-metallic inclusion considered responsible of the abrasive wear was performed on the 42CD4 steel. The determination of inclusion type and inclusion morphology was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively through microscopic and MEB observations as well as image processing. Finally, the volume removed by abrasion given by the model was compared to the experimental results previously achieved under orthogonal cutting.
540

A neural-network/expert system based approach for design improvements of products manufactured by the EDM process

Naude, Johannes Jacobus 11 September 2014 (has links)
M.Ing. (Mechanical Engineering) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

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