"I would like to - sometime - build a theater which has natural light..." Louis I. Kahn "Space and the Inspirations" 1967 Titled "On Dancing with Architecture" and in reference to Merce Cunningham's choreography, this thesis project is the notion of overlaying architecture as a third autonomous layer to the existing ones in the performance arts that are dancing and music. Since the project is equally concerned with the performers and the audience as well as with the general public, it shall contain a nonstandard performance stage for modern dance as well as general public space. However, what does it mean to give shape to the notion of "Dancing with Architecture" in actual physicality? In order to investigate an appropriate answer to this problem, the project offers a unique opportunity of applying architecture's power of representation in rich analogies and metaphors. Therefore more than designing just a theater that serves for dance, this space shall be a place that, in its appearance as a whole and in detail, represents the tale of its initial challenge and investigation. In addition, and as part of being a nonstandard stage for modern dance, the project shall critically review conventions in stage space and offers the opportunity to investigate it under a different scope, for instance through the question of how to increase the spectator's spatial experiences and interactivity with the performers, or through exploiting natural phenomena such as daylight, wind, water, landscape, time and gravity as stimulating factors to introduce new facilities in modern dance. / Master of Architecture

Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva fem personers erfarenheter av andrahandsmarknaden för spelkorten till Magic: The Gathering, för att sedan föreslå vad som är kortens symboliska värde. Utifrån ett kvalitativt material som har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer beskrivs olika sätt informanterna interagerar med denna marknad, vilka motiv de har för att jaga kort, och hur de ser på förfalskningar. Resultatet visar att informanterna lägger ner en hel del arbete på att leta efter korten de är ute efter, och att de ser på förfalskningar som någonting som bör undvikas. Analysen utgår ifrån olika teorier om värde, där det föreslås att korten fungerar som symboliska former för betydelsen av arbetet som lagts ner på att hitta dem. Utifrån detta föreslås det att informanterna inte vill använda förfalskningar eftersom de förminskar betydelsen av deras egna arbete som lagts ner på att hitta de äkta korten. / This essay aims to describe five people’s experiences with the second-hand market for the cards used in Magic: The Gathering, and to suggest the symbolic value of the cards. Based on qualitative material gathered through semi-structured interviews it is shown how the informants interact with the second-hand market, what motives they have when looking for cards, and how they perceive counterfeit cards. The result shows that searching for cards can require quite some work by the informants, and that they see counterfeits as something to avoid. The analysis is based on theories of value, where it is proposed that the cards function as the symbolic forms of the importance of the work that has been put into finding them, and that the informants are opposed to counterfeits because they diminish the importance of their own work that has been put into finding the authentic cards.

Radioterapia com feixe de elétrons tem sido empregada, frequentemente, para tratamentos de neoplasias superficiais, devido às características de alcance bem definido e alto gradiente de dose em pouca profundidade. Para que as novas técnicas radioterápicas com esse tipo de feixe possam ser implementadas com segurança é necessária a realização de um controle da qualidade rigoroso. Protocolos recomendam que o controle da qualidade para esse tipo de feixe seja realizado com câmara de ionização, porém dosímetros termoluminescentes, diodos e filmes também são empregados com essa finalidade. Entretanto, esses dosímetros não possuem simultaneamente um conjunto de características essenciais para realização do controle da qualidade, como alta resolução espacial, baixa dependência energética, possibilidade de uso em altos gradientes de dose e distribuição tridimensional de dose. Nesse trabalho avaliou-se a utilização do dosímetro polimérico MAGIC-f gel em aplicações em controle da qualidade em Radioterapia com feixes de elétrons. As leituras das amostras de gel foram realizas por ressonância magnética e simulação Monte Carlo foi utilizada para comparação dos resultados. Como parte de um controle da qualidade para feixe de elétrons, foram determinados parâmetros dosimétricos, como perfil de dose e porcentagem de dose em profundidade, e fatores de qualidade do feixe, como R50, em condições de referência e para campos pequenos. Da comparação entre os dados clínicos e MAGIC-f as diferenças máximas encontradas foram de 4%. Além disso, distribuições de dose de aplicações clínicas com feixes de elétrons foram avaliadas pelo método de comparação do índice gama. Considerando os critérios de 3% e 3 mm, os resultados obtidos para o índice gama mostraram concordâncias acima de 94% para os métodos dosimétricos utilizados. Dessa forma, de acordo com as medidas dosimétricas realizadas com o dosímetro MAGIC-f gel conclui- se que a dosimetria polimérica gel pode ser empregada como uma ferramenta auxiliar em procedimentos de controle da qualidade em Radioterapia com feixes de elétrons, assim como uma ferramenta na determinação das distribuições tridimensionais de dose para feixe de elétrons. / Electron beam radiotherapy has been used frequently for treatments of superficial tumors, due its characteristics of well-defined range and high dose gradient at low depth. For new radiotherapy techniques with this type of beam, a strict quality control is necessary for a safe implementation. Protocols recommend that the quality control for electron beams must be performed with an ionization chamber. However, thermoluminescent dosimeters, films and diodes are also used for this purpose. Although, these dosimeters do not have a set of essential characteristics for performing quality control, like high spatial resolution, low energy dependence, possibility of use in high dose gradients and three dimensional dose distribution acquisition. The present work evaluated the use of MAGIC-f gel dosimeter for the quality control in radiotherapy with electron beams. The readings of the gel samples were made by magnetic resonance imaging and Monte Carlo simulation was used to compare the obtained results. As part of a quality control for the electron beam parameters as percentage depth dose and beam profile were determined. Also beam quality factors, such as R50, were calculated in reference conditions and for small fields. The obtained results were compared with clinical data and MAGIC-f the maximum obtained difference was 4%. In addition, dose distributions from clinical applications with electron beams were evaluated by the gamma index. Considering the criteria of 3% DD and 3 mm DTA, the results showed concordance greater than 94% for all dosimetric methods. Thus, according to the dosimetric measurements through MAGIC-f gel dosimeter it can be inferred that the gel dosimeter can be used as auxiliary tool in the quality control procedures in radiotherapy to electron beam. Also, MAGIC-f is a useful a tool to determine tridimensional dose distributions of electron beam.

A radioterapia com intensidade modulada de feixe (IMRT) possibilitou a realização de tratamentos de múltiplos alvos simultaneamente em um esquema de tratamento acelerado conhecido como SMART (Simultaneous Modulated Accelerated Radiation Therapy). Estes tratamentos requerem um rigoroso controle de qualidade (QA) que deveria ser realizado, idealmente, em três dimensões. Uma potencial ferramenta para dosimetria tridimensional (3D) é o uso de gel polimérico associado à leitura de doses com Imagens de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (IRMN). Neste trabalho, a dosimetria 3D com o gel MAGIC-f foi aplicada no CQ de 10 planejamentos radioterápicos usando a técnica SMART. Inicialmente, as distribuições de dose dos planejamentos avaliados foram recalculadas na geometria do simulador baseadas em sua tomogra_a computadorizada. Todos os planejamentos utilizados foram aprovados previamente no QA convencional pontual e planar, o que validou a distribuição de dose do sistema de planejamento (TPS) para comparação com a dosimetria gel. Os simuladores foram irradiados com os planejamentos estabelecidos e as distribuições de dose foram obtidas através da relaxometria em IRMN. A comparação das distribuições de dose calculadas pelo TPS e as medidas no gel foi feita pela análise gama (3%/3mm) e pela comparação entre os histogramas dose-volume (DVHs) calculados e medidos para dois volumes criados nas regiões equivalentes aos volumes alvo de tratamento. Esses resultados evidenciam o potencial do uso da dosimetria gel polimérica no QA 3D de planejamentos de IMRT com a técnica SMART, fornecendo informação completa 3D da dose absorvida em cada volume alvo planejado, desde que realizada seguindo os protocolos pré-estabelecidos. / Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) treatments in the radiotherapy practice made possible the simultaneously treatment of multiple targets at an accelerated treatment regimen, this scheme is known as Simultaneous Modulated Accelerated Radiation Therapy (SMART). These treatments require a strict quality control (QC) that should be done, ideally, in three dimensions. A potential tool for tridimensional dosimetry (3D) is the use of polymeric gel with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Images (NMRI). In this paper, the 3D dosimetry with MAGIC-f gel was applied in 10 QC radiotherapy planning using the SMART technique. Initially, the dose distributions of assessed plans were remeasured in simulator geometry based on a CT scan. All plans used were previously approved in punctual and planar conventional CQ, which validated the dose distribution planning system (TPS) for comparison with the gel dosimetry. The simulators were irradiated with established schedules and dose distributions were obtained by relaxometry in NMRI. The comparison of dose distributions calculated by TPS and measured in the gel was made by gamma analysis (3% / 3mm) and by comparing the dose-volume histograms (DVHs) calculated and measured for two volumes created in the equivalent regions to target volumes of treatment. These results highlight the potential use of the polymer gel dosimetry in IMRT planning 3D CQ with SMART technique, providing complete 3D information of the absorbed dose in each target volume planned, if carried out following the pre-established protocols.

Bakgrund: Den effektiva marknadshypotesen är ett vida accepterat begrepp inom den finansiella sfären men trots sin centrala roll har den fått motstå mycket kritik. Ett flertal anomalier har identifierats vilka är en kritik till marknadens effektivitet. I takt med anomaliernas framväxt har intresset för investeringsstrategier ökat. Går det att generera en överavkastning genom en förbestämd strategi där marknadens ineffektivitet utnyttjas? Vi finner det därför av intresse att studera Greenblatts (2010) Magic Formula och om det är möjligt att generera en överavkastning genom att tillämpa investeringsstrategin. Syfte: Studien syfte är att analysera huruvida investeringsstrategin Magic Formula kan generera överavkastning jämfört med den globala aktiemarknaden samt om det föreligger några prestationsskillnader mellan de olika europeiska aktiemarknaderna. Vidare ämnar studien analysera hur ombalanseringsfrekvensen samt val av tidsperiod påverkar Magic Formula-portföljens avkastning. Metod: För att genomföra studien har en kvantitativ strategi med en deduktiv ansats använts. Det har genomförts en tidsserieundersökning där portföljer har konstruerats och analyserats baserat på dess avkastning och risk som statistiskt säkerställts genom parvisa t-test samt regressioner. Studien har genomförts på den europeiska marknaden under tidsperioden 2007-04-01 till 2017-04-01. Slutsats: Av 18 Magic Formula-portföljer presterar 14 portföljer sämre än jämförelseindex, sett till årliga medelavkastning samt total avkastning. Tre av de 14 portföljerna gav en signifikant lägre avkastning. Finanskrisen hade stor påverkan på resultaten. Exkluderas denna tidsperiod presterade endast 11 portföljer sämre, dock utan statistisk signifikans i resultaten. Studie har även funnit att en längre tidsperiod mellan ombalanseringarna tenderar att generera en högre avkastning. / Background: The efficient market hypothesis is a widely spread concept throughout the financial sphere, but despite of its central roll it have had to withstand a lot of criticism. Anomalies have been identified which are a criticism against the markets efficiency. The interest of investment strategies has grown as of the emergence of the anomalies. Is it possible to generate abnormal returns through a pre-determined strategy, where the market inefficiency is exploited? We therefore find it interesting to study Greenblatt’s (2010) Magic Formula and if it is possible to generate abnormal returns by implementing the investment strategy. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze whether the investment strategy Magic Formula can generate abnormal returns compared with the global stock market, and if it is possible to identify any performance differences between the European stock markets. Furthermore, the study aims to analyze how the re-balancing frequency and the time period effects returns from the Magic Formula. Methodology: To implement the study we have used a quantitative strategy with a deductive design. We have implemented a time series analysis where portfolios have been constructed and analyzed based on its return and risk. The results have been statistically tested through pairwise t-tests and regressions. The study is conducted on the European market from 2007-04-01 to 2017-04-01. Conclusion: 14 of the 18 Magic Formula portfolios have performed worse than the benchmark, according to annual average return and total return. Three of the 14 portfolios have had a significant lower return. The financial crisis affected the results greatly. If we excluded this time period only 11 portfolios performed worse, however without statistical support behind the results. Our results also suggest that a less frequent re-balancing of the portfolio generates higher return than a more frequent re-balancing.

Radioterapia com feixe de elétrons tem sido empregada, frequentemente, para tratamentos de neoplasias superficiais, devido às características de alcance bem definido e alto gradiente de dose em pouca profundidade. Para que as novas técnicas radioterápicas com esse tipo de feixe possam ser implementadas com segurança é necessária a realização de um controle da qualidade rigoroso. Protocolos recomendam que o controle da qualidade para esse tipo de feixe seja realizado com câmara de ionização, porém dosímetros termoluminescentes, diodos e filmes também são empregados com essa finalidade. Entretanto, esses dosímetros não possuem simultaneamente um conjunto de características essenciais para realização do controle da qualidade, como alta resolução espacial, baixa dependência energética, possibilidade de uso em altos gradientes de dose e distribuição tridimensional de dose. Nesse trabalho avaliou-se a utilização do dosímetro polimérico MAGIC-f gel em aplicações em controle da qualidade em Radioterapia com feixes de elétrons. As leituras das amostras de gel foram realizas por ressonância magnética e simulação Monte Carlo foi utilizada para comparação dos resultados. Como parte de um controle da qualidade para feixe de elétrons, foram determinados parâmetros dosimétricos, como perfil de dose e porcentagem de dose em profundidade, e fatores de qualidade do feixe, como R50, em condições de referência e para campos pequenos. Da comparação entre os dados clínicos e MAGIC-f as diferenças máximas encontradas foram de 4%. Além disso, distribuições de dose de aplicações clínicas com feixes de elétrons foram avaliadas pelo método de comparação do índice gama. Considerando os critérios de 3% e 3 mm, os resultados obtidos para o índice gama mostraram concordâncias acima de 94% para os métodos dosimétricos utilizados. Dessa forma, de acordo com as medidas dosimétricas realizadas com o dosímetro MAGIC-f gel conclui- se que a dosimetria polimérica gel pode ser empregada como uma ferramenta auxiliar em procedimentos de controle da qualidade em Radioterapia com feixes de elétrons, assim como uma ferramenta na determinação das distribuições tridimensionais de dose para feixe de elétrons. / Electron beam radiotherapy has been used frequently for treatments of superficial tumors, due its characteristics of well-defined range and high dose gradient at low depth. For new radiotherapy techniques with this type of beam, a strict quality control is necessary for a safe implementation. Protocols recommend that the quality control for electron beams must be performed with an ionization chamber. However, thermoluminescent dosimeters, films and diodes are also used for this purpose. Although, these dosimeters do not have a set of essential characteristics for performing quality control, like high spatial resolution, low energy dependence, possibility of use in high dose gradients and three dimensional dose distribution acquisition. The present work evaluated the use of MAGIC-f gel dosimeter for the quality control in radiotherapy with electron beams. The readings of the gel samples were made by magnetic resonance imaging and Monte Carlo simulation was used to compare the obtained results. As part of a quality control for the electron beam parameters as percentage depth dose and beam profile were determined. Also beam quality factors, such as R50, were calculated in reference conditions and for small fields. The obtained results were compared with clinical data and MAGIC-f the maximum obtained difference was 4%. In addition, dose distributions from clinical applications with electron beams were evaluated by the gamma index. Considering the criteria of 3% DD and 3 mm DTA, the results showed concordance greater than 94% for all dosimetric methods. Thus, according to the dosimetric measurements through MAGIC-f gel dosimeter it can be inferred that the gel dosimeter can be used as auxiliary tool in the quality control procedures in radiotherapy to electron beam. Also, MAGIC-f is a useful a tool to determine tridimensional dose distributions of electron beam.

A radioterapia com intensidade modulada de feixe (IMRT) possibilitou a realização de tratamentos de múltiplos alvos simultaneamente em um esquema de tratamento acelerado conhecido como SMART (Simultaneous Modulated Accelerated Radiation Therapy). Estes tratamentos requerem um rigoroso controle de qualidade (QA) que deveria ser realizado, idealmente, em três dimensões. Uma potencial ferramenta para dosimetria tridimensional (3D) é o uso de gel polimérico associado à leitura de doses com Imagens de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (IRMN). Neste trabalho, a dosimetria 3D com o gel MAGIC-f foi aplicada no CQ de 10 planejamentos radioterápicos usando a técnica SMART. Inicialmente, as distribuições de dose dos planejamentos avaliados foram recalculadas na geometria do simulador baseadas em sua tomogra_a computadorizada. Todos os planejamentos utilizados foram aprovados previamente no QA convencional pontual e planar, o que validou a distribuição de dose do sistema de planejamento (TPS) para comparação com a dosimetria gel. Os simuladores foram irradiados com os planejamentos estabelecidos e as distribuições de dose foram obtidas através da relaxometria em IRMN. A comparação das distribuições de dose calculadas pelo TPS e as medidas no gel foi feita pela análise gama (3%/3mm) e pela comparação entre os histogramas dose-volume (DVHs) calculados e medidos para dois volumes criados nas regiões equivalentes aos volumes alvo de tratamento. Esses resultados evidenciam o potencial do uso da dosimetria gel polimérica no QA 3D de planejamentos de IMRT com a técnica SMART, fornecendo informação completa 3D da dose absorvida em cada volume alvo planejado, desde que realizada seguindo os protocolos pré-estabelecidos. / Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) treatments in the radiotherapy practice made possible the simultaneously treatment of multiple targets at an accelerated treatment regimen, this scheme is known as Simultaneous Modulated Accelerated Radiation Therapy (SMART). These treatments require a strict quality control (QC) that should be done, ideally, in three dimensions. A potential tool for tridimensional dosimetry (3D) is the use of polymeric gel with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Images (NMRI). In this paper, the 3D dosimetry with MAGIC-f gel was applied in 10 QC radiotherapy planning using the SMART technique. Initially, the dose distributions of assessed plans were remeasured in simulator geometry based on a CT scan. All plans used were previously approved in punctual and planar conventional CQ, which validated the dose distribution planning system (TPS) for comparison with the gel dosimetry. The simulators were irradiated with established schedules and dose distributions were obtained by relaxometry in NMRI. The comparison of dose distributions calculated by TPS and measured in the gel was made by gamma analysis (3% / 3mm) and by comparing the dose-volume histograms (DVHs) calculated and measured for two volumes created in the equivalent regions to target volumes of treatment. These results highlight the potential use of the polymer gel dosimetry in IMRT planning 3D CQ with SMART technique, providing complete 3D information of the absorbed dose in each target volume planned, if carried out following the pre-established protocols.

This dissertation examines the demonology of William of Auvergne, to determine why and how he constructed his theories out of contemporary lore about demons and other spirits. William was master of theology in the University of Paris and bishop of Paris from 1228 until his death in 1249, in which position he served as a major advisor to the young Louis IX. In addition to being one of the most politically influential people in the French kingdom, William was one of the greatest thinkers of his generation, producing numerous works of theology, philosophy and science. William's efforts combine an adoption of an Aristotelian "physics" for spiritual entities with an uncompromising reaffirmation of the view that demons are evil, fallen angels. He believed that a demonic conspiracy existed to deceive humans into false worship, and his concerns led him to precisely define the capabilities of demons according to the latest scientific views of spirits, to characterize opinions with which he disagreed as demonic lies and to label their holders as demonic dupes. William's demonology represented a choice between several alternative varied and contradictory conceptions of spirits that circulated among the western European populace. With his demonology, he hoped to help impose an order he considered doctrinally and politically-acceptable onto the turbulence of early thirteenth century France.

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Undersökningen genomförs baserat på finansiell data från tidsperioden 2005-2015 påStockholmsbörsen, genom fiktiva aktieportföljer som skapas efter Graham och Greenblattsstrategier. Portföljerna får ett tillskott på 50 000 kr vid två fasta datum årligen där de mest köpvärdaaktierna enligt respektive strategi inhandlas. I tillägg till dessa portföljer skapas ytterligare tvåportföljer med den skillnaden att halva placeringen årligen investeras i obligationsfonder.Resterande investeras i enlighet med Grahams respektive Greenblatts strategier. Undersökningenvisar att båda värdeinvesteringsstrategierna gav en hög avkastning. Bäst resultat fick Greenblattsportfölj som påvisade en genomsnittlig årlig avkastning på hela 19,37 procent! och ett betavärdejämfört med populationen på 0,79. Grahams strategi gav en genomsnittlig årsavkastning på 10,71procent och hade ett något lägre betavärde på 0,7. Samtidigt gav de alternativa portföljerna enavkastning på 10,93 respektive 7,52 procent med viktade betavärden om 0,39 och 0,35 jämfört medpopulationen som helhet. Stockholmsbörsen avkastade under perioden 9,44 procent.