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Orientador: Patrícia Pintor dos Reis / Resumo: Os anticorpos são proteínas altamente específicas, com síntese estimulada pela presença de um antígeno, que podem ser usados como ferramentas em pesquisa, diagnóstico clínico, acompanhamento de patologias, inferência in silico e terapêutica. Diferentes metodologias baseadas no uso de anticorpos vêm sendo descritas e, a grande maioria delas utilizando como ferramenta a construção por técnicas moleculares da fração de ligação ao antígeno (Fab) ou as frações variáveis da imunoglobulina. O estudo e aplicação dos anticorpos desenvolvidos in vitro na prática médica humana cresceu muito nos últimos anos, no entanto o mesmo não ocorreu no campo da medicina veterinária, área que carece de estudos nesse sentido. Assim, este estudo buscou realizar a criação de uma biblioteca de frações variáveis de anticorpos em hiperplasia e neoplasia mamária em cães e criar um banco de dados gerado por sequenciamento em larga escala de sequências destes anticorpos para disponibilização pública, contribuindo, assim, para futuras aplicações e avanços científicos no campo da medicina veterinária. / Abstract: Antibodies are highly specific proteins, with stimulated synthesis by the presence of an antigen, which can be used as tools in research, clinical diagnosis, pathology monitoring, in silico inference and therapeutics. Different methodologies based on the use of antibodies have been described and the majority of them uses molecular techniques to construct the antigen binding fraction (Fab) or the variable fractions of the immunoglobulin. Description and application of antibodies developed in vitro in the human medical practice has grown a lot in the last years, however the same has not occurred in veterinary medicine field. Thus, this study aimed to create a library of variable fractions of antibodies in mammary hyperplasia and neoplasia in dogs and to create a database generated by large-scale sequencing of these antibodies for public availability, thus contributing to future applications and scientific advances in veterinary medicine. / Doutor

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Se estudiaron 136 carcinomas mamarios de perras y sus linfonódulos satélites. Se evaluaron la proliferación celular (mediante la marcación inmunohistoquímica del antígeno nuclear de proliferación celular) y la actividad angiogénica (mediante la inmunomarcación del receptor para el factor de crecimiento de endotelios vasculares 2 -VEGFR-2- y el recuento de microvasos). Se relacionaron ambos procesos y su repercusión en el estado del linfonódulo. Se estableció la asociación entre estas características y el tipo y grado histológicos, y la presencia de émbolos neoplásicos en los vasos tumorales. Para determinar su significación en el pronóstico, estos parámetros se relacionaron con el estado del linfonódulo (merced a la observación de cortes procesados mediante la técnica histopatológica de rutina y a la marcación inmunohistoquìmica de citoqueratinas) y con la supervivencia de un grupo de pacientes. Los tipos histológicos pudieron clasificarse en dos grupos teniendo en cuenta su comportamiento proliferativo, angiogénico e invasivo: uno constituido por carcinomas complejos, simples tubulares y de células escamosas, y el otro por carcinomas simples papilares, sólidos y anaplásicos y carcinosarcomas. A menor diferenciación histológica correspondieron mayores actividades proliferativa, invasiva y angiogénica. Con respecto a esta última, en neoplasias con mayor expresión del VEGFR-2, la densidad de microvasos y la proliferación fueron mayores. La mayor densidad de vasos favorece la invasión vascular. La presencia de émbolos, el grado histológico, el índice de proliferación, la expresión del VEGFR- 2 y la densidad de microvasos permitieron predecir la capacidad metastásica. El tipo histológico no se relacionó con la supervivencia de manera independiente. Los carcinosarcomas y los carcinomas simples anaplásicos presentaron mayor riesgo de metástasis que los carcinomas simples tubulares, complejos y de células escamosas. La probabilidad de supervivencia a 18 meses fue alta y estuvo influenciada por el estado del linfonódulo y la presencia de émbolos neoplásicos. / One hundred and thirty six canine mammary carcinomas and their satellite lymph nodes were studied. Proliferation and angiogenic activities were evaluated by means of immunohistochemical procedures. For the former, proliferating cell nuclear antigen was labelled. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) expression and microvessel density were measured to estimate angiogenesis. Both processes were related and their influence on the status of the lymph nodes was investigated. An association was established between these characteristics and the histological type and grade, and the presence of neoplastic cells within tumor vessels. In order to determine their prognostic significance, these parameters were related to the lymph node status (defined after histopathological and immunohistochemical studies with anticytokeratin antibodies) and survival of a group of patients. According to their proliferative, angiogenic, and invasive behavior, histological types could be classified into two groups: one comprising complex, simple tubular, and squamous cell carcinomas, and the other comprising simple papillary, solid, and anaplastic carcinomas, and carcinosarcomas. A lower histological differentiation corresponded to higher proliferative, invasive, and angiogenic activities. Tumors with higher expression of VEGFR-2 exhibited more density of microvessels and higher proliferation rates. Vascular density favored vascular invasion. Metastatic potential could be predicted according to the presence of emboli, histological grade, proliferation index, expression of VEGFR-2, and density of microvessels. Independent correlation between histological type and survival was not found. Carcinosarcomas and simple anaplastic carcinomas presented a higher risk of metastasis than simple tubular, complex, or squamous cell carcinomas.Probability of survival at 18 months was high and was influenced by the status of the lymph node and the presence of neoplastic emboli.

Orientador: Maria Cecília Rui Luvizotto / Coorientador: Heitor Flávio Ferrari / Banca: Daniela Bernadete Rozza / Banca: Livia Castanhas Breganó / Resumo: O tumor mamário canino (TMC) é a neoplasia que mais comumente acomete cadelas idosas não castradas. Na análise histopatológica, 41 a 53% dos TMCs são classificados como malignos. Os receptores de estrógeno α (REα) são receptores nucleares importantes na transcrição de fatores e transdução de sinais hormonais, considerados um dos fatores prognósticos para o tumor mamário humano, participam de forma ativa na carcinogênese mamária. Durante o desenvolvimento do TMC, macrófagos teciduais compõe o microambiente tumoral, com a função de estimular a angiogênese, aumentando a possibilidade de metástases, sendo fundamental para o prognóstico de neoplasia mamária na cadelae na mulher. O objetivo deste trabalho foi pesquisara expressão e a provável correlação de REα com a distribuição de macrófagos tumorais (TAMs) em TMCs por meio de imunohistoquímica. Foram analisados 40 tumores mamários malignos, classificados histologicamente em quatro grupos distintos e um grupo controle composto por 08 glândulas mamárias caninas sem alteração anatomopatológica e seus respectivos linfonodos regionais. Os resultados mostraram que a imunomarcação positiva ao REα variou de um a três casos dentre os grupos histológicos estudados, havendo nestes, menor número de metástase para linfonodo. A positividade para os TAMs mostrou associação com o tipo histológico, variando de moderada a acentuada nos carcinomas mamários de alto grau histológico que apresentaram necrose, invasão linfática e formação tubular. Não ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The canine mammary tumor (CMT) is the neoplasia that most commonly affects uncastrated elderly female dogs. On histopathological analysis, 41 to 53% of CMTs are classified as malignant. Estrogen receptors α (REα) are important nuclear receptors for transcription factors and signal transduction of hormones, considered prognosis factor for breast cancer in human, and recognized as actively involved in breast carcinogenesis. During the development of mammary cancer in canine species, macrophages composes the tumor microenvironment, stimulating angiogenesis, facilitating the local dissemination of neoplastic cells and increasing the possibility of metastasis, being fundamental for mammary neoplasia prognosis in dogs and women. This study aimed to evaluate the expression and the probable correlation of REα with the distribution of tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) in CMTs by immunohistochemistry. Forty CMTs were analyzed histologically in four distinct groups and a control group composed of eight canine mammary glands without alteration anatomopathological and their respective regional lymph nodes. The results showed that the REα positive immunostaining varied from one to three cases among the histological groups studied, and there was less lymph node metastasis. The positivity for TAMs showed a positive correlation with the histological type, ranging from moderate to severe in mammary carcinomas of high histological grade that presented necrosis, lymphatic invasion and tubular ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Mammary cancer is a serious health issue in pet rabbits; prognostic factors are unknown. In a normal mammary gland, glandular secretory cells are surrounded by a single continuous layer of myoepithelial cells. In non-invasive mammary carcinomas, tumor cells are delineated by an intact myoepithelial layer, which is gradually lost to invasive carcinomas. The main aim of this study was to determine in rabbit mammary carcinomas (n = 119) the expression of myoepithelial markers that have prognostic significance in human cancer. Results show that all cases contained some retained myoepithelial cells. In 93% of the tumors, neoplastic cells expressed the myoepithelial marker calponin. There was a statistically significant association between higher percentages of calponin-containing cancer cells and histological features indicative of a better tumor differentiation, i.e., a lower proliferation of tumor cells, an increased percentage of tubular growth within the tumor, and a lower tumor grade, respectively. These results suggest that rabbit mammary carcinomas develop from progression of non-invasive cancer forms, and that calponin expression in cancer cells likely represents a favorable prognostic factor. The latter hypothesis has to be confirmed in long-term follow-up studies.

Le tissu tumoral comprend, outre les cellules cancéreuses, une matrice extra-cellulaire modifiée, les cellules endothéliales des vaisseaux sanguins et lymphatiques, immunes et inflammatoires et des fibroblastes actives associés au cancer (CAFs). La podoplanine (PDPN), glycoprotéine transmembranaire de type mucine, y est exprimée dans les cellules cancéreuses et les CAFs. Elleaidea la métastase comme montré dans le carcinome mammaire envahissant les ganglions lymphatiques. Ce travail montre que PDPN module l’interaction chimiokine/récepteur de l’axe CCL21/CCR7 et dépend de l’hypoxie. La progression tumorale est aidée par le stroma ou les CAFs ont des propriétés particulières par rapport aux fibroblastes normaux. Ils promeuvent la croissance tumorale, le recrutement des précurseurs endothéliaux et l’angiogenèse. Dans le carcinome mammaire, 80% des fibroblastes ont un phénotype CAF. Un modèle de CAFs exprimant la PDPN a permis de démontrer l’implication de CCL21/CCR7 dans la reconnaissance entre cellules tumorales et CAFs via la liaison CCL21/PDPN. Les CAFsPDPN+ secrètent des microARNs qui contrôlent des gènes des cellules cancéreuses. MiR-21 est un régulateur oncogène fondamental, par son action sur le suppresseur de tumeur PTEN. Nous avons analysé l’effet de miR-21, ainsi que de miR-210 et miR-29b sur PDPN dans les fibroblastes en hypoxie pour mimer le microenvironnement intratumoral et mis en évidence les différences biologiques comparativement à la normoxie ainsi que l’effet de la podoplanine sur l’angiogenèse par les cellules endothéliales en colocalization avec les CAFs exprimant la podoplanine et sur l’expression des facteurs proangiogéniques. / Tumor is a pathologic tissue including cancer cells, a modified extracellular matrix, endothelial cells, blood and lymphatic vessels, immune and inflammatory cells and activated fibroblasts called cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Podoplanin (PDPN), mucin-type transmembrane glycoprotein is expressed in tumor cells and CAFs, helps metastasis. Its role in metastaticprocess has been demonstrated for breast cancer cells into lymph nodes. Here we show that PDPN modulates the CCL21/CCR7 chemokine/receptor axis in a hypoxia-dependent manner. Cancer progression depends on the tumour stroma in which CAFs differ from normal fibroblasts. CAFs promote tumour growth, recruitment of endothelial progenitor cells and angiogenesis. In breast cancer up to 80% of fibroblasts display the CAF phenotype. Here a PDPN expressing model of CAFs made it possible to demonstrate the involvement of CCL21/CCR7 axis in the tumor cell-to-CAF recognition through podoplanin binding of CCL21. PDPN positive CAFs secrete microRNAs, which control gene expression at post-transcriptional level and influence cancer cells. MiR-21 is a key regulator of the oncogenic process, through its downstream target proteins among which the tumor suppressor, PTEN. We analyzed the effect of miR-21, but also oncogenic and hypoxia dependent miRs: miR-210 and miR-29b, on PDPN expression in fibroblasts in conditions mimicking the intra tumor microenvironment, i.e. in hypoxia. This points to crucial differences as compared to normoxia. Moreover we uncover the effect of podoplanin on angiogenesis by endothelial cells colocalizing with CAFs expressing podoplanin and on the expression of most prominent proangiogenic factors.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer type with a high annual death rate. Finding meaningful tissue-related or body-fluid-accessible biomarkers is necessary to characterize cancer subtype, predict tumor behavior, choose the most effective therapy, predict severe treatment-related toxicities, and also the opportunity to personalize treatments for each patient. There is increasing evidence that various kallikrein-related peptidases (Klk) gene family members can modulate the immune response and are differentially regulated in breast cancer, and therefore are proposed to be potential prognostic biomarkers. This work established and validated an experimental setup to study the roles of selected kallikrein-related peptidases (KLK5, KLK7, KLK14) in breast cancer in vivo using gene-deficient mouse models previously generated in our laboratory. We used the CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) editing system to generate several E0771 cell line-based reporter and gene-deficient cell lines. These allowed enhanced monitoring of cancer progression in vivo and studying KLKs roles in tumor immune microenvironment of C57Bl/6N mice. Finally, we present the analysis of the initial in vivo experiments using these tools combined with established Klk-deficient mouse models. Our...

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Metastatic breast cancer treatment has seen few advances in recent years, yet treatment resistance continues to rise, causing disease recurrence. A pilot study was performed to determine the efficacy of ex vivo expansion and reprogramming of tumor-reactive immune cells from experimental metastatic tumor-sensitized mice. Also, phenotypic changes in tumors due to metastasis or tumor microenvironment influences were characterized. Metastatic neu+ mouse mammary carcinoma (mMMC) and its distant relapsing neu-antigen-negative variant (mANV) were investigated in FVBN202 mice. Tumor-reactive central memory CD8+ T cells and activated NK/NKT cells were successfully reprogrammed and expanded during 6-day expansion from mMMC- and/or mANV-sensitized mice, resulting in tumor-specific cytotoxicity. mMMC exhibited a flexible neu-expression pattern and acquired stem-like, tumorigenic phenotype following metastasis while mANV remained stable except decreased tumorigenicity. Myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) levels were not increased. Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) with reprogrammed tumor-reactive immune cells may prove effective prophylaxis against metastatic or recurrent breast cancer.