There is a great concern when it comes to the investigation of the parameters that affect the formulation of an information security management strategy in an organization. Amongst others, information security awareness is of great interest, mainly because it links the implementation of the information security policies to the consciousness and the psychology of the employees of an organization. State it otherwise, the information security awareness positively beholds the role of a bridge so as to help the IS managers to evaluate the level that the critical information of the organization are secured, and it offers to IS managers opportunities to develop suitable training programs and information security policies for all the employees of an organization. In the current thesis, we focused on the investigation of the factors that influence the behavior of the employees in order to accept any information security policy of the organization and to adopt information security awareness.The psychology of security and technology (POST™) framework (Layton, 2005) together with a PEST (Political, Economic, Social, Technology) analysis guide the investigation and offer the theoretical background for the conduction of a study in an IT Company. A qualitative research has been conducted and semi-structured interviews helped for the collection of the desired data. Also a thematic analysis and the use of a generic approach (Lichtman, 2013) helped for the analysis of the data. The final results gave the ability to identify in practice the employees’ information security awareness adoption level, to link the measurement findings to the development of an information security management strategy and to refine the POST™ framework for its greater advance.

[Truncated abstract] Rumours can lead to unpredictable events: the manner in which an organisation responds to a commercial rumour can alter its reputation, and can affect its profitability as well as, ultimately, its survival. Commercial rumours are now a prominent feature of the business environment. They can emerge from organisational change, pending workforce layoffs, mergers, and changes to management, in addition, commercial rumours can lower morale and undermine productivity. There are several well-known examples of commercial rumours that have been, or continue to be, circulated. Commercial rumours are typically either about a conspiracy or contamination issue. Conspiracy rumours usually target those organisational practices or policies which are identified as undesirable by the stakeholders. This form of rumour is often precipitated by situations where people do not have all the information about a situation, for example the rumour about Proctor & Gamble being run by the Moonies. Snapple, the soft drink company, was rumoured in 1992 to be supporting the Ku Klux Klan in closing abortion clinics. Contamination rumours are wide-ranging and typically have revulsion theme, such as McDonald’s "worms in the burger", Pop Rock’s candies which exploded in the stomach, and poison in Herron’s paracetamol . . . Marketers suggest that web sites Commerical Rumour Responses on the Web represent the future of marketing communications on the Internet. The key implication of this study for organisations is when faced with a negative rumour, specific and selected Web pages can be used manage company’s stakeholders recall the rumour and organisational stakeholders can be persuaded by the company’s rumour response strategies.

Cette thèse porte sur l’évaluation de plusieurs stratégies de gestion d’énergie pour un nouveau concept de moteur hybride pneumatique. Ce concept combine un moteur à combustion interne avec un système de stockage d’énergie sous forme d’air comprimée. Une soupape supplémentaire relie alors la chambre de combustion à un réservoir d’air et permet un fonctionnement en mode moteur pneumatique ou pompe pneumatique (récupératif). La première stratégie, Causale, est basée sur des principes heuristiques. La deuxième, à Coefficient de Pénalité Constant, vise la minimisation d’un critère énergétique global. Un coefficient de pondération permet de mettre en opposition, pour un travail donné, les coûts énergétiques d’un mode pneumatique d’une part et d’un mode thermique d’autre part. Le mode offrant le coût le plus faible sera choisi. La troisième stratégie, à Coefficient de Pénalité Variable, sur le même principe utilise un coefficient de pondération variable selon la quantité d’énergie pneumatique disponible. Une stratégie, à reconnaissance de situation de conduite, permet d’adapter les stratégies à la situation reconnue (par exemple, embouteillage, autoroutier). Enfin, la dernière stratégie tente de recopier la solution optimale de référence (obtenue par programmation dynamique) à l’aide d’un modèle. Toutes les stratégies ont été validées en simulation sur cycles standards. De plus une méthode, basée sur les chaînes de Markov, de constructions de cycle de conduite « artificiels » mais réalistes est proposée. Les consommations obtenues avec les différentes stratégies proposées sont comparées en référence aux consommations minimales atteignables. Les résultats montrent que 40% de gain de consommation peuvent être atteints. / This thesis presents a study of several energy management strategies for a novel hybrid pneumatic engine concept. The concept combines an internal combustion engine with a system of compressed air for energy storage. An additional charge valve connects the combustion chamber to an air pressure tank, enabling the engine to function in pneumatic motor mode or as a pneumatic pump (recuperation mode). The first strategy is called Causal and implements a rule-based control technique. The second one, called Constant Penalty Coefficient, is derived from optimal control theory and is based on an equivalent consumption minimization strategy. A penalty coefficient is introduced to evaluate, for a given torque demand, the respective energy costs of the two modes, pneumatic and conventional, enabling the mode offering the lowest cost to be chosen. The third strategy, called Variable Penalty Coefficient, is based on the same principle but uses a variable penalty coefficient depending on the amount of pneumatic energy available in the compressed air tank. Another strategy investigated, called Driving Pattern Recognition, adapts the strategies to the driving situation recognized (for example, traffic jam, or highway). The last strategy studied attempts to reproduce the optimal reference solution obtained by dynamic programming, using a neural mode. All the strategies have been validated by simulation on standard driving cycles. In addition, a method based on the Markov chain process have been develop to make ‘artificial’ yet realistic driving cycles. The consumptions obtained with the various strategies are compared with the minimal consumptions achievable. Results demonstrate that 40% of fuel saving can be achieved on certain cycles. Several of the strategies proposed give results that are close to optimal.

Underachievement is a perennial problem in many secondary schools in South Africa. One of the reasons for this state of affairs, is the inhibitive learning climate in such schools. This study attempts to determine the extent and causes of the problem and to develop guidelines for parents, teachers, learners and school management teams to resolve some of the issues that cause the problem. This is a qualitative study using focus group and individual interviews. The main findings contributing to underachievement among learners, include lack of parental guidance and supervision, negative attitudes of teachers towards learners, inflexible teaching methods, overcrowded classrooms, lack of resources and facilities in schools, lukewarm attitude of learners towards their work and the absence of positive role models in communities. The findings highlight important factors, which contribute to underachievement among learners in an inhibitive learning climate. The recommendations are an attempt towards solving this important issue. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Special Needs Education)

This essay aims to understand the teacher profession and how teachers' everyday lives look like in the school environment. The purpose is therefore to examine which challenges and strategies teachers have to face in their line of work. It also focuses on how their emotional expressions looks like and who they show these expressions to. The study´s based on a qualitative approach and the empirical material has been sampled through interviews with employees in the school system. The interviewed teachers are both male and female with a total of eight informants.   The study´s based on two theoretical concepts. The first is Erving Goffman´s theory about the dramaturgy perspective and the notion of impression management. The second theory is based on Arlie Hochchild´s conceptualization of emotions. These two theoretical aspects help me understand how the teacher profession has changed and how they manage to control their emotional behaviour in their occupation.   The results show that teachers managed to take on many types of roles to handle the challenges in their work environment. This study determines that the most common challenges in the profession is managing the time, the demands from different directions, reform changes and to maintain the professional face. The strategies to handle these challenges is the following four. The social support, how to manage the time pressure, how to handle emotions and their career ambitions.

The present thesis is concerned with the phenomenon of language transfer of fluency in sponteneous speech of advanced learners of English, whose first language is Czech. Particularly, it considers the transfer of speech rate and two selected speech management strategies: filled pauses and repeats. These strategies commonly occur in the speech of native speakers. Non-native speakers, however, tend to overuse these and the difference in distribution as compared to native speech can negatively influence their fluency. The thesis examines the hypothesis that speech rate and the use of filled pauses and repeats are affected by transfer from L1 alongside increased planning pressures, leading to overuse of these strategies in the speech of advanced learners and the differences in distribution. The data for analysis were taken from English and Czech recordings of eight advanced learners.

This study investigates the aspects of resilience in the management strategies of the key stakeholders of flood risk management in the city of Accra, Ghana. The overall objective is to analyse the response capacity in the strategies of the key stakeholders in flood risk management for managing the unexpected course of flood disasters in addition to the expected features of flood risk. To achieve the set objective, the following research questions are addressed: Who are the key stakeholders of flood risk management in the city of Accra? How are these stakeholders dealing with the unexpected course of flood disasters in addition to the expected features of flood risk in their management strategies? How could the capacity of the strategies for responding to the unexpected course of flood disasters be advanced? The inductive case study design applies document analyses, semi-structured interviews as well as key stakeholder identification and validation methods. Scientific and policy documents about resilience and flood risk management were reviewed. The research participants were mainly directors and representatives of organisations in flood risk management of the study. Empirical findings include key stakeholders in flood risk management as well as aspects of resilience and anticipation in flood risk management strategies. The main finding on the key stakeholders of flood risk management are national, district, civil society, and private sector organisations as well as traditional authorities (local chiefs). Aspects of resilience in flood risk management strategies comprises omnivorousness, agile and timely flow of response resource, homoeostasis, flatness of the response structure and process, redundancy of the response resources and buffer capacity. Findings revealed resilience regarding diversity in sources of resource and responses for dealing with unexpected course of flood disasters. The aspects of anticipation are described as resistance to known risk, maintenance of boundary conditions of the management strategies and specialisation for dealing with specific flood risk within and among organisations. Regarding anticipation, results indicate that there are measures for resisting known flood risk but their implementation is ineffective. Based upon the findings, hypotheses are derived for advancement of resilience and anticipation in flood risk management strategies. Involvement of the local chiefs, Slum Union of Ghana, Local Development Associations of flood-prone communities and key private sector organisations in flood risk management strategies in the city of Accra would amend their response capacities in diversity of sources of response resources and allow for advanced resilience regarding their responses to the impacts of land-use changes and the waste disposal in watercourses. Recommendations refer to prospects to advance the response capacity of key stakeholders of flood risk management strategies by integrating traditional authorities and private organisations in flood risk management in the city of Accra. / Diese Arbeit untersucht Aspekte von Resilienz in den Strategien von Schlüsselakteuren des Hochwasserrisikomanagements in der Stadt Accra (Ghana). Das übergeordnete Ziel besteht darin, das Reaktionsvermögen dieser Akteure in ihren Management-Strategien nicht nur hinsichtlich des erwarteten, sondern vor allem hinsichtlich des unerwarteten Verlaufs von Hochwasserkatastrophen zu untersuchen. Die folgenden drei Forschungsfragen werden untersucht: Wer sind die Schlüsselakteure des Hochwasserrisikomanagements in der Stadt Accra? Wie berücksichtigen diese Akteure in ihren Management-Strategien den unerwarteten Verlauf von Hochwasserkatastrophen zusätzlich zu dem erwarteten Verlauf? Wie könnte das Reaktionsvermögen bezüglich des Umgangs mit dem unerwarteten Verlauf von Hochwasserkatastrophen in diesen Strategien ausgeweitet werden? Im Rahmen des induktiven Fallstudiendesigns werden Dokumentenanalysen, halbstandardisierte Interviews und Gruppendiskussionen eingesetzt. Die daraus resultierenden empirischen Befunde beziehen sich neben der Identifikation der Schlüsselakteure des Hochwasserrisikomanagements auch auf die Aspekte von Resilienz und Antizipation in ihren Management-Strategien. Zu den Schlüsselakteuren zählen nationale und lokale Organisationen, aber auch solche aus der Zivilgesellschaft, dem privaten Sektor und traditionelle Autoritäten. Bei den Aspekten von Resilienz in den Hochwasserrisikomanagement-Strategien handelt es sich um ganzheitliche Herangehensweisen, regen und zeitnahen Einsatz von Ressourcen zur Ereignisbewältigung sowie Pufferkapazitäten. Die Ergebnisse zeigten Widerstandsfähigkeit in Bezug auf die Vielfalt in den Quellen von Ressourcen und Antworten auf den unerwarteten Verlauf von Hochwasserkatastrophen. Die Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der Antizipation von Hochwasserrisikomanagement-Strategien umfassen den Widerstand gegen das bekannte Risiko, die Aufrechterhaltung von Rahmenbedingungen der Management-Strategien und die Spezialisierung auf bestimmte Hochwasserrisiken. Auf den Erkenntnissen über die Aspekte von Resilienz und Antizipation in den Hochwasserrisikomanagement-Strategien aufbauend werden Hypothesen abgeleitet. In den Handlungsempfehlungen werden die Chancen einer Integration traditioneller Autoritäten und anderer Interessensgruppen in das Hochwasserrisikomanagement der Stadt Accra aufgezeigt, wodurch eine Weiterentwicklung der Resilienz in den Hochwasserrisikomanagement-Strategien für die Zukunft erreicht werden kann.

The aim of this research was to examine determinants of service learning in Ethiopian Universities with a view to suggesting remedial solutions. Qualitative case study was employed to understand management of service learning in the purposively selected three case Universities. Data were collected from interns, mentors, department heads, Academic Vice Presidents, service learning office heads and agency supervisors through semi-structured interviews. Besides, focus group discussion with interns and document review were conducted. Collected data were analysed through narration. Service learning is used for pedagogical necessities, personal and civic development, career development and social responsibility in the Ethiopian Universities. However, its application is challenged by several factors. Product curricular model, low time ration for community service, limited teachers' involvement and discipline-based curriculum framework were identified as major hindrances to service learning implementation. As a result, most students and teachers were not committed to service learning. For instance, in government Universities, service learning offices were not well-organised. Partnership agreements were either weak or not in place, as a result, the majority of interns were placed based on their preferences. Resistance not to host was also found to be a common factor. An interesting finding of this study is that privileging interns for self-identification of hosting organisations resulted in dispersed and individualised placement that caused interns to develop feeling of strangeness and insecurity. Moreover, this placement hindered collaborative learning with their peers. Assessment error, absence of service learning programme evaluation and shortage of budget were common problems. Hence, the following suggestions along with a proposed strategy are recommended. Considering these challenges, the following recommendations are made. Service learning should be applied in a wider scale from junior through senior courses in the Universities. The curriculum should be designed to include extensive context-based and interdisciplinary-learning approaches. Government Universities should strengthen service learning offices. Placement of interns should mainly be based on partnership agreement. Time ration for community services and research functions should be increased to at least 50%. And lastly, Universities should closely support agency supervisors and arrange evaluation forums and celebrity events. / Educational Management and Leadership / D. Ed. (Education Management)

This study investigates the aspects of resilience in the management strategies of the key stakeholders of flood risk management in the city of Accra, Ghana. The overall objective is to analyse the response capacity in the strategies of the key stakeholders in flood risk management for managing the unexpected course of flood disasters in addition to the expected features of flood risk. To achieve the set objective, the following research questions are addressed: Who are the key stakeholders of flood risk management in the city of Accra? How are these stakeholders dealing with the unexpected course of flood disasters in addition to the expected features of flood risk in their management strategies? How could the capacity of the strategies for responding to the unexpected course of flood disasters be advanced? The inductive case study design applies document analyses, semi-structured interviews as well as key stakeholder identification and validation methods. Scientific and policy documents about resilience and flood risk management were reviewed. The research participants were mainly directors and representatives of organisations in flood risk management of the study. Empirical findings include key stakeholders in flood risk management as well as aspects of resilience and anticipation in flood risk management strategies. The main finding on the key stakeholders of flood risk management are national, district, civil society, and private sector organisations as well as traditional authorities (local chiefs). Aspects of resilience in flood risk management strategies comprises omnivorousness, agile and timely flow of response resource, homoeostasis, flatness of the response structure and process, redundancy of the response resources and buffer capacity. Findings revealed resilience regarding diversity in sources of resource and responses for dealing with unexpected course of flood disasters. The aspects of anticipation are described as resistance to known risk, maintenance of boundary conditions of the management strategies and specialisation for dealing with specific flood risk within and among organisations. Regarding anticipation, results indicate that there are measures for resisting known flood risk but their implementation is ineffective. Based upon the findings, hypotheses are derived for advancement of resilience and anticipation in flood risk management strategies. Involvement of the local chiefs, Slum Union of Ghana, Local Development Associations of flood-prone communities and key private sector organisations in flood risk management strategies in the city of Accra would amend their response capacities in diversity of sources of response resources and allow for advanced resilience regarding their responses to the impacts of land-use changes and the waste disposal in watercourses. Recommendations refer to prospects to advance the response capacity of key stakeholders of flood risk management strategies by integrating traditional authorities and private organisations in flood risk management in the city of Accra.:Note on the commencement of the doctoral procedure i Declaration of conformity ii Acknowledgement iv Abstract vi Table of contents x List of figures xv List of tables xvi List of abbreviations xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Problem statement 2 1.3 Objectives and research questions 12 1.4 Justification of the study 16 1.5 Structure of this research 17 2 Conceptual framework 20 2.1 Basic concepts in flood risk management 20 2.1.1 Flood risk 21 2.1.2 Expected and unexpected course of flood disasters 24 2.1.3 Flood risk management 27 2.1.4 Flood risk management strategies 30 2.1.5 Stakeholders of flood risk management strategies 33 2.1.6 Risk governance beyond flood risk management strategies 39 2.2 Resilience in flood risk management strategies 42 2.2.1 Overview of resilience concepts 43 2.2.2 Resilience and flood risk management 49 2.2.3 Operationalisation of resilience in flood risk management strategies 54 3 Research design and methods 71 3.1 Research design 71 3.1.1 Overall design 71 3.1.2 Case study approach 72 3.1.3 Research ethics and access to data 73 3.2 Data collection methods 75 3.2.1 Sampling techniques 75 3.2.2 Documents analysis 75 3.2.3 Expert interviews 76 3.3. Data analysis 78 3.4 Methods for answering the research questions 79 3.4.1 Research question 1: Stakeholder analysis 79 3.4.2 Research question 2: Semi-structured interviews and content analysis 93 3.4.3 Research question 3: Derivation of hypotheses 95 4 Identification of potential key stakeholders and selection of key stakeholders 101 4.1 Principled stakeholders of flood risk management 101 4.2 Potential key stakeholders of flood risk management 104 4.2.1 Potential key stakeholders on international level 104 4.2.2 Potential key stakeholders in flood risk management at the national level 110 4.2.3 Potential key stakeholders of flood risk management from Accra Metropolitan Assembly 119 4.2.4 Potential key stakeholders from non-governmental organisations 123 4.2.5 Potential key stakeholders from business organisations 128 4.2.6 Potential key stakeholders from traditional authorities and opinion leaders 132 4.3 Selection of key stakeholders of flood risk management in the city of Accra 135 4.4 Description of the key stakeholders of flood risk management in the city of Accra 138 5 Resilience and anticipation in flood risk management strategies 143 5.1 Resilience aspects 143 5.1.1 Resilience aspect Omnivorousness of the flood risk management strategy 143 5.1.2 Resilience aspect Agile and timely flow of response rate of the flood risk management strategy 147 5.1.3 Resilience aspect Homeostasis of the flood risk management strategy 155 5.1.4 Resilience aspect Flatness of response process and structure of flood risk management strategy 162 5.1.5 Resilience aspect Redundancy of response resources for flood risk management of the organisations 165 5.1.6 Resilience aspect Buffer capacity of the flood risk management strategy 171 5.2 Aspects of Anticipation 173 5.2.1 Anticipation aspect Resistance to (known) flood risks 173 5.2.2 Anticipation aspect Maintenance of boundary conditions of flood risk management strategy 179 5.2.3 Anticipation aspect Specialisation in dealing with specific courses of flood disasters 182 6 Hypotheses for advancing resilience and anticipation in flood risk management strategies 184 6.1 Hypotheses on advancing resilience in flood risk management strategies 184 6.1.1 Hypotheses for resilience regarding Omnivorousness of the flood risk management strategy 184 6.1.2 Hypothesis for resilience regarding Homoeostasis of flood risk management strategy 186 6.1.3 Hypothesis for resilience regarding agile and timely flow of response rate of the flood risk management strategy 189 6.1.4 Hypothesis for resilience regarding flatness of flood risk management strategy 191 6.1.5 Hypothesis on resilience regarding Redundancy of flood risk management strategies 194 6.1.6 Hypothesis for resilience regarding Buffer capacity of flood risk management strategy 196 6.2 Hypothesis for advancement of anticipation in flood risk management strategies 197 6.2.1 Hypotheses for anticipation regarding Resistance to known flood risk in flood risk management strategy 197 6.2.2 Hypotheses for anticipation regarding maintenance in boundary conditions of flood risk management strategy 201 6.2.3 Hypothesis for anticipation regarding Specialisation for dealing with specific courses of flood disasters 203 7 Discussion of approach and key findings 206 7.1 Conceptual and methodological rigour of the study 206 7.2 Conceptual and empirical relevance for resilience and anticipation in flood risk management strategies 213 7.3 Accomplishment of the research objectives and answers to the research questions 217 7.4 Limitations of this research 226 7.5 Prospects and challenges for future research on resilience in FRM strategies 227 8 Conclusions and recommendations 229 8.1 Conclusions on main contributions of this study 229 8.2 Demand for future research 231 8.3 Recommendations for formulation and implementation of FRM strategies in the city of Accra 232 8.4 General concluding remarks 234 9 References 235 9.1 Literature 235 9.2 Other sources 252 10 Appendices 259 10.1 Appendix I Interview guide 259 10.2 Appendix II Selected interview codes and quotations 264 / Diese Arbeit untersucht Aspekte von Resilienz in den Strategien von Schlüsselakteuren des Hochwasserrisikomanagements in der Stadt Accra (Ghana). Das übergeordnete Ziel besteht darin, das Reaktionsvermögen dieser Akteure in ihren Management-Strategien nicht nur hinsichtlich des erwarteten, sondern vor allem hinsichtlich des unerwarteten Verlaufs von Hochwasserkatastrophen zu untersuchen. Die folgenden drei Forschungsfragen werden untersucht: Wer sind die Schlüsselakteure des Hochwasserrisikomanagements in der Stadt Accra? Wie berücksichtigen diese Akteure in ihren Management-Strategien den unerwarteten Verlauf von Hochwasserkatastrophen zusätzlich zu dem erwarteten Verlauf? Wie könnte das Reaktionsvermögen bezüglich des Umgangs mit dem unerwarteten Verlauf von Hochwasserkatastrophen in diesen Strategien ausgeweitet werden? Im Rahmen des induktiven Fallstudiendesigns werden Dokumentenanalysen, halbstandardisierte Interviews und Gruppendiskussionen eingesetzt. Die daraus resultierenden empirischen Befunde beziehen sich neben der Identifikation der Schlüsselakteure des Hochwasserrisikomanagements auch auf die Aspekte von Resilienz und Antizipation in ihren Management-Strategien. Zu den Schlüsselakteuren zählen nationale und lokale Organisationen, aber auch solche aus der Zivilgesellschaft, dem privaten Sektor und traditionelle Autoritäten. Bei den Aspekten von Resilienz in den Hochwasserrisikomanagement-Strategien handelt es sich um ganzheitliche Herangehensweisen, regen und zeitnahen Einsatz von Ressourcen zur Ereignisbewältigung sowie Pufferkapazitäten. Die Ergebnisse zeigten Widerstandsfähigkeit in Bezug auf die Vielfalt in den Quellen von Ressourcen und Antworten auf den unerwarteten Verlauf von Hochwasserkatastrophen. Die Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der Antizipation von Hochwasserrisikomanagement-Strategien umfassen den Widerstand gegen das bekannte Risiko, die Aufrechterhaltung von Rahmenbedingungen der Management-Strategien und die Spezialisierung auf bestimmte Hochwasserrisiken. Auf den Erkenntnissen über die Aspekte von Resilienz und Antizipation in den Hochwasserrisikomanagement-Strategien aufbauend werden Hypothesen abgeleitet. In den Handlungsempfehlungen werden die Chancen einer Integration traditioneller Autoritäten und anderer Interessensgruppen in das Hochwasserrisikomanagement der Stadt Accra aufgezeigt, wodurch eine Weiterentwicklung der Resilienz in den Hochwasserrisikomanagement-Strategien für die Zukunft erreicht werden kann.:Note on the commencement of the doctoral procedure i Declaration of conformity ii Acknowledgement iv Abstract vi Table of contents x List of figures xv List of tables xvi List of abbreviations xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Problem statement 2 1.3 Objectives and research questions 12 1.4 Justification of the study 16 1.5 Structure of this research 17 2 Conceptual framework 20 2.1 Basic concepts in flood risk management 20 2.1.1 Flood risk 21 2.1.2 Expected and unexpected course of flood disasters 24 2.1.3 Flood risk management 27 2.1.4 Flood risk management strategies 30 2.1.5 Stakeholders of flood risk management strategies 33 2.1.6 Risk governance beyond flood risk management strategies 39 2.2 Resilience in flood risk management strategies 42 2.2.1 Overview of resilience concepts 43 2.2.2 Resilience and flood risk management 49 2.2.3 Operationalisation of resilience in flood risk management strategies 54 3 Research design and methods 71 3.1 Research design 71 3.1.1 Overall design 71 3.1.2 Case study approach 72 3.1.3 Research ethics and access to data 73 3.2 Data collection methods 75 3.2.1 Sampling techniques 75 3.2.2 Documents analysis 75 3.2.3 Expert interviews 76 3.3. Data analysis 78 3.4 Methods for answering the research questions 79 3.4.1 Research question 1: Stakeholder analysis 79 3.4.2 Research question 2: Semi-structured interviews and content analysis 93 3.4.3 Research question 3: Derivation of hypotheses 95 4 Identification of potential key stakeholders and selection of key stakeholders 101 4.1 Principled stakeholders of flood risk management 101 4.2 Potential key stakeholders of flood risk management 104 4.2.1 Potential key stakeholders on international level 104 4.2.2 Potential key stakeholders in flood risk management at the national level 110 4.2.3 Potential key stakeholders of flood risk management from Accra Metropolitan Assembly 119 4.2.4 Potential key stakeholders from non-governmental organisations 123 4.2.5 Potential key stakeholders from business organisations 128 4.2.6 Potential key stakeholders from traditional authorities and opinion leaders 132 4.3 Selection of key stakeholders of flood risk management in the city of Accra 135 4.4 Description of the key stakeholders of flood risk management in the city of Accra 138 5 Resilience and anticipation in flood risk management strategies 143 5.1 Resilience aspects 143 5.1.1 Resilience aspect Omnivorousness of the flood risk management strategy 143 5.1.2 Resilience aspect Agile and timely flow of response rate of the flood risk management strategy 147 5.1.3 Resilience aspect Homeostasis of the flood risk management strategy 155 5.1.4 Resilience aspect Flatness of response process and structure of flood risk management strategy 162 5.1.5 Resilience aspect Redundancy of response resources for flood risk management of the organisations 165 5.1.6 Resilience aspect Buffer capacity of the flood risk management strategy 171 5.2 Aspects of Anticipation 173 5.2.1 Anticipation aspect Resistance to (known) flood risks 173 5.2.2 Anticipation aspect Maintenance of boundary conditions of flood risk management strategy 179 5.2.3 Anticipation aspect Specialisation in dealing with specific courses of flood disasters 182 6 Hypotheses for advancing resilience and anticipation in flood risk management strategies 184 6.1 Hypotheses on advancing resilience in flood risk management strategies 184 6.1.1 Hypotheses for resilience regarding Omnivorousness of the flood risk management strategy 184 6.1.2 Hypothesis for resilience regarding Homoeostasis of flood risk management strategy 186 6.1.3 Hypothesis for resilience regarding agile and timely flow of response rate of the flood risk management strategy 189 6.1.4 Hypothesis for resilience regarding flatness of flood risk management strategy 191 6.1.5 Hypothesis on resilience regarding Redundancy of flood risk management strategies 194 6.1.6 Hypothesis for resilience regarding Buffer capacity of flood risk management strategy 196 6.2 Hypothesis for advancement of anticipation in flood risk management strategies 197 6.2.1 Hypotheses for anticipation regarding Resistance to known flood risk in flood risk management strategy 197 6.2.2 Hypotheses for anticipation regarding maintenance in boundary conditions of flood risk management strategy 201 6.2.3 Hypothesis for anticipation regarding Specialisation for dealing with specific courses of flood disasters 203 7 Discussion of approach and key findings 206 7.1 Conceptual and methodological rigour of the study 206 7.2 Conceptual and empirical relevance for resilience and anticipation in flood risk management strategies 213 7.3 Accomplishment of the research objectives and answers to the research questions 217 7.4 Limitations of this research 226 7.5 Prospects and challenges for future research on resilience in FRM strategies 227 8 Conclusions and recommendations 229 8.1 Conclusions on main contributions of this study 229 8.2 Demand for future research 231 8.3 Recommendations for formulation and implementation of FRM strategies in the city of Accra 232 8.4 General concluding remarks 234 9 References 235 9.1 Literature 235 9.2 Other sources 252 10 Appendices 259 10.1 Appendix I Interview guide 259 10.2 Appendix II Selected interview codes and quotations 264

The aim of this study is to examine the possibility of identifying any forms of emotional management strategies in social workers who work with battered women. The study focuses on social workers who work within municipal activities and non-profit women's shelters to identify any differences between the different organizations. The study implemented a qualitative method and we used semi-structured interviews to collect data. Eight social workers participated and were interviewed for the study. The result shows that the work with battered women can be perceived as emotionally stressful. As a result, it is possible to identify emotional management strategies in the emotional labour of the social worker. The respondents agree that collegial support as well as a good working environment are important strategies to deal with the emotions that arise at work. The result also shows strategies such as taking a role in meetings with battered women. The role is partly based on expectations, and partly functions as a protection for the social workers' own feelings. The strategies identified are relatively similar between the organizations. It is thus difficult to draw any conclusions about differences in the emotional management strategies based on the associated organizations.