When the classroom environment is safe, reductions in aggression and an increase in compliance with rules can be expected. Teacher self-efficacy is therefore likely to play a significant role in teachers’ participation in the change process of implementing strategies that assist with classroom management styles. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between teacher self-efficacy and classroom management styles (reward strategies, preventive strategies, initial corrective strategies, and later corrective strategies). Teachers’ characteristics such as age, gender, education level, years of teaching experience, grade level taught, and class size were also explored to provide insight on teacher training and professional development programs. Survey data were collected from 43 teachers in urban and rural area of West Tennessee. The Spearman correlation analysis indicated a correlation between teacher self-efficacy and the four classroom management styles while the linear regression model showed that teacher characteristics do not predict teacher’s self-efficacy. This study revealed that the practice of preventive strategies by teachers had a greater impact on teacher self-efficacy scores compared to other classroom management strategies (reward strategies, initial corrective strategies, and later corrective strategies). Findings reinforce that school climate plays a significant role in the professional development of teachers and their use of specific classroom management practices. Addressing the gap between teachers’ efficacy beliefs and classroom decisions could help school professionals to develop interventions to minimize this gap, which could, in turn, promote positive school outcomes, such as students’ behavior adjustment and academic achievement.

Background: Today, the construction industry faces heightened expectations in terms of environmental and economic requirements. Consequently, goal conflicts have become a persistent challenge in construction projects, necessitating efficient conflict strategies. It is therefore important to understand goal conflicts to be able to solve them before they escalate and become an issue that affects the project’s outcome. Purpose: The aim of this study is to explore goal conflicts and their prioritization, as well as the factors influencing the choice of conflict management strategies, regarding environmental and economic goal conflicts. In addition, the study aims to identify the perceived hindrances to achieve more efficient conflict management.  Method: Relevant literature was analyzed to establish a theoretical foundation for the researchconducted in this report. Additionally, a methodological approach incorporating ten semistructured interviews was implemented, where thirteen respondents from private developers, public developers, and municipalities were interviewed as part of the data collection process.  Conclusion: Goal conflicts that arise tend to revolve around the challenges of implementing environmental solutions while staying within budgetary constraints, as well as deciding whose goals should be prioritized. Among the conflict management strategies, avoiding was the least mentioned approach, while compromising emerged as the most popular choice. The selection of an approach was mostly influenced by goal prioritization, hierarchical position, and resource availability. The study also identified three key barriers to effective goal conflict management: knowledge gaps, varying levels of ambition, and industry conservatism. / Bakgrund: Idag står byggbranschen inför förhöjda förväntningar när det gäller miljömässiga och ekonomiska krav. Följaktligen har målkonflikter blivit en ständig utmaning i byggprojekt, vilket kräver effektiv konflikthantering. Det är därför viktigt att förstå vilka målkonflikter som finns i byggprojekt för att hitta lösningar som förhindrar att de eskalerar och skapar problem som påverkar projektets resultat negativt. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att utforska målkonflikter och deras prioritering, samt vilka faktorer som påverkar valet av konflikthanteringsstrategier, avseende miljömässiga och ekonomiska målkonflikter. Dessutom syftar studien till att identifiera vilka barriärer som aktörer upplever för att uppnå effektivare konflikthantering. Metod: För att etablera en teoretisk grund för den aktuella studien analyserades relevant litteratur. Därefter tillämpades ett metodiskt tillvägagångssätt för att samla in data, vilket gjordes genom tio semistrukturerade intervjuer med 13 respondenter. Dessa aktörer representerade privata och kommunalt ägda fastighetsbolag, samt kommuner. Slutsats: Målkonflikter som uppstår tenderar att kretsa kring utmaningarna att implementera miljövänliga lösningar samtidigt som man håller sig inom budgetramarna, samt att besluta vilka mål som bör prioriteras. Utav konflikthanteringsstrategierna var avoiding den minst nämnda medan compromising var den mest använda. Valet av strategi påverkades mest av prioriteringar av mål, hierarkiska positioner, och tillgängliga resurser. Studien identifierade även tre primära hinder för effektiv hantering av målkonflikter: brist på kunskap, varierande ambitionsnivåer och konservatism i branschen.

<p>  </p> <p>Sudden death syndrome (SDS) caused by <em>Fusarium virguliforme</em> is one of the top yield-reducing diseases of soybean. This disease results in a two-stage symptom development, root rot followed by foliar interveinal chlorosis and necrosis. Foliar symptoms typically appear late in the growing season [full pod to full seed (R4 to R6) reproductive growth stages]. Prior to foliar symptoms, a destructive technique is usually carried out to identify the root rot phase of SDS. This technique requires intensive crop scouting and an expert for accurate diagnosis. Therefore, a nondestructive technique is needed to diagnose SDS disease in the absence of visible foliar symptoms. Additionally, no soybean cultivar is completely resistant to SDS and no single method can completely manage this disease. So, an improved integrated approach is needed for SDS disease management. </p> <p>Foliar fungal diseases such as frogeye leaf spot (<em>Cercospora sojina</em> Hara), Septoria brown spot (<em>Septoria glycines</em> Hemmi), and Cercospora leaf blight (<em>Cercospora</em> spp.) are also economically important diseases of soybean. To limit the losses caused by these diseases, several management methods can be used including the application of foliar fungicide. However, due to the low foliar disease pressure that is observed most years, fungicide applications may not be warranted to be applied annually in Indiana. </p> <p>The objectives of this research were: 1) to assess the effectiveness and economic impact of integrated management strategies that include cultivar selection, seed treatment, and seeding rate on SDS in Indiana; 2) to pre-symptomatically and non-destructively detect SDS disease using hyperspectral measurements; and 3) to evaluate foliar fungicides on soybean foliar diseases and yield in Indiana. </p> <p>Results from this research support the use of a seed treatment to protect soybean roots from SDS infection and the use of a moderately resistant cultivar planted at a seeding rate of 346,535 seeds/ha to protect yield and maximize on net returns. This research also demonstrated the ability of hyperspectral reflectance to discriminate healthy from <em>F. virguliforme</em> infected soybean roots in the absence of foliar symptoms. In addition, results show that fungicide applications can reduce foliar disease over the nontreated control, but under low foliar disease risk, these fungicides did not significantly increase yield over the nontreated control. Altogether, these results will contribute to improved soybean disease management approaches in Indiana.</p>

This study examines the state of off-street parking in the Cornfield Arroyo Seco Specific Plan (CASP) area of the City of Los Angeles. The focus is on discovering relevant strategies to strengthen the plans ability to reduce parking supply and demand. Research has shown a causal relationship between planning policies and the oversupply of parking. An auto-centric approach to land use and urban form creates societal problems such as traffic congestion, air pollution, inflated development costs, and hostile pedestrian landscapes. Further issues that are directly associated with parking include: poor water quality, neighborhood livability, and ambient temperature. Additionally, an overabundance of parking supports increased vehicle miles traveled which is a major source of greenhouse gases. The imbalance between parking supply and demand in the City of Los Angeles has resulted in large tracts of land that are paved over by parking lots instead of more valuable land uses. A thorough assessment of the opportunities to improve the state of parking in the Los Angeles CASP area is needed. The (qualitative) research consisted of a review of secondary data such as the Los Angeles General Plan, the Los Angeles Municipal Code (LAMC), the best practices of Pasadena, Santa Monica and an exposé of scholarly parking theory. The primary (quantitative) data collection methods in this study comprised an aerial survey and a field survey. The results show that half of the major land uses in the area never reach optimal occupancy. A careful evaluation of the CASP revealed that it does institute several progressive parking policies that are more stringent than the LAMC, namely being the first plan in the city that does not include parking requirements. However there are a number of relevant parking management strategies which could serve to further strengthen the CASP. The Specific Plan does not mandate employers to provide transit passes or parking cash-outs. Providing Eco Passes can yield benefits for developers, property owners, employers, commuters, transit agencies, and cities. Another way to reduce parking demand and parking requirements is to offer commuters the option to “cash out” their employer-paid parking. Both transit passes and parking cash-out are cost effective because it is much cheaper to pay for a transit ride to and from work than to pay for a free parking space at work. These two strategies have potential to add another dimension to demand management, civic viability and contribute to the paradigm shift that is needed to mitigate our environmental impact.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Health Sciences)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Background: Cardio Vascular Diseases(CVD) are presently the main cause of high mortality rate around the world. In sub-Saharan Africa, CVDs contributes to about 13% of deaths, with 80% deaths being recorded from developing countries. Behavioural and metabolic risk factors contribute to high mortality rate related to development of CVD which self-management strategies and practices could effectively prevent. Objective: To explore and develop ―self-management strategies‖ to prevent the development of CVD among patients living with chronic conditions at Ga Molepo Area clinics in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Methods: “A mixed method exploratory sequential design study was conducted in four primary health care settings in a rural setting.‖ A semi structured one-on-one interviews were conducted with 43 patients selected by non-probability homogenous purposive sampling for a qualitative strand. Qualitative findings that was obtained with thematic ―Tesch‘s open coding data analysis method guided the quantitative strand‖. A simple random sampling was used to sample 347 respondents for the quantitative strand.Descriptive statistics and chi-square were applied to analyze data from the quantitative strand. ``Results: The qualitative results revealed that there is different self management strategies used by patients living with hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus as risk factors of CVDs. The self-management strategies include engaging in physical activity, eating a healthy balanced diet, drinking a lot of water and adhering to treatment. The quantitative revealed majority of participants(74%) perform mild exercises with 26% performing moderate exercis.On the other hand 7% are having stress and depression and while 7% are smoking.`` Conclusions:The findings indicated that by adopting self-management strategies could be an effective way of preventing the development of CVD which complicates to hypertension and diabetic mellitus .Therefore are encouraged to adhere to strategies adhere to treat,healthy diet and perform mild exercises Recommendations Hence, the government needs to appoint CHW permanently to strengthen the guidelines on the prevention of CVD and also the risk factors that put the communities at risk of developing CVD. Communities need to adhere to preventative strategies ti order prevent CVD. / SPICES Project - (Scaling -up Packages of Interventions for CVD prevention in Europe and sub-Saharan)

No description available.

Bakgrund Social isolering och ensamhet hos äldre är ett välkänt problem som är svårt att definiera, upptäcka och behandla. Det finns inga effektiva och standardiserade metoder för att diagnostisera problemen och ansvaret för att hantera konsekvenserna hamnar inte sällan hos personen själv eller hos deras närstående. Primärvården är den första linjen som äldre med dessa problem söker hjälp hos, men primärvården saknar i stor utsträckning den kunskap och de resurser som behövs för att åtgärda problemen. Författarna till denna litteraturöversikt har som avsikt att beskriva och uppmärksamma dessa komplexa problem som äldre ofta står inför. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva ensamhet och social isolering hos äldre personer som bor i eget boende. Metod En icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt genomfördes baserat på 18 vetenskapliga artiklar, publicerade 2012–2022, av både kvantitativ och kvalitativ design. De inkluderade artiklarna togs fram via de valda databaserna: PubMed, CINAHL och PsycInfo. Artiklarnas kvalitet värderades och innehållet i artiklarna analyserades och gav en sammanställning med fem huvudkategorier: Ensamhet, Upplevd hälsa, Upplevd hälsa och ensamhet under Covid-19, Hanteringsstrategier samt Primärvården och sjuksköterskans roll. Resultat Från de utvalda artiklarna framkom det att ensamhet och social isolering hos äldre var ett utbrett problem och riskfaktorerna för att utveckla ensamhet var hög ålder, kvinnligt kön, ekonomiska bekymmer, att bo ensam, att ha dålig upplevd hälsa och att sällan träffa familj och vänner. Olika strategier för att hantera problemen hittades och det framkom att de som redan hade goda hanteringsstrategier innan en kris fick mindre negativa utfall i samband med den. Slutsats Studien visade att äldre personer som upplever ensamhet eller social isolering inte alltid berättar om sina känslor och är missnöjda med den hjälp de fick från vården. De som hade sämre hälsa var i större utsträckning missnöjda. Att uppmärksamma och åtgärda dessa problem ligger i sjukvårdens och samhällets intresse av flera anledningar; för att förbättra livskvaliteten hos äldre och för att minska kostnader för vården. / Background Social isolation and loneliness in older people are a well-known problem that is difficult to define, detect and treat. There are no effective and standardized methods for diagnosing the problems and the responsibility for dealing with the consequences often falls with the person himself or with their relatives. Primary care is the first line that older people with these problems seek help from, but primary care largely lacks the knowledge and resources needed to remedy the problems. The authors of this literature review intend to describe and draw attention to these complex problems that older people often face. Aim The aim of this study was to describe loneliness and social isolation in communitydwelling older people. Method A non-systematic literature review was conducted based on 18 scientific articles, published 2012–2022, of both quantitative and qualitative design. The included articles were found via the selected databases: PubMed, CINAHL and PsycInfo. The quality of the articles was evaluated, and the content of the articles was analyzed and gave a compilation with five main categories: Loneliness, Perceived health, Perceived health and loneliness during Covid-19, Management strategies and Primary care and the role of the nurse. Results From the selected articles it emerged that loneliness and social isolation in the elderly was a widespread problem and the risk factors for developing loneliness were old age, female gender, financial worries, living alone, having poorly experienced health, and rarely meeting family and friends. Different strategies for dealing with the problems were found and it emerged that those who already had good management strategies before a crisis had fewer negative outcomes in connection with it. Conclusions The study showed that older people who experience loneliness or social isolation do not always share their feelings and are dissatisfied with the help they received from care. Those who were in poorer health were to a greater extent dissatisfied. Paying attention to and remedying these problems is in the interest of healthcare and society for several reasons; to improve the quality of life of the elderly and to reduce costs for care.

Digitalization includes a technical and digital development that plays a central role in today's banking sector. In step with digitalization, FinTech has developed and resulted in a collaboration between banks and FinTech companies, which leads to the development of new digital payment options within the banks. Digital payment options have grown in the banking sector and are widely used against customers in various ways. Along with the introduction of digital payment options, and a collaboration between banks and FinTech companies, challenges and risks have also developed. With this as a basis, the study intends to analyze how the Swedish banks handle digital payment alternatives, in relation to the challenges and risks that arise as a result of the banks' collaboration with FinTech companies. The study uses an abductive approach and the empirical answers are based on in-depth interviews, which results in a qualitative study. The study has focused on both large banks and other newly developed banks, with the aim of reaching large parts of the banking sector. The study has identified that the development of FinTech, digital payment options, risks and challenges do not differ broadly between the different banks. All respondents highlight how they experienced cyber attacks, data leakage and human errors. Furthermore, different management strategies have been highlighted for the challenges and risks that arise, many of the responses being mutually reinforcing while others are more unique. The study shows how the banks' management strategies are based on technical and organizational improvements. Different management strategies that the study can highlight are training, authorization levels, monitoring systems and the employment of hackers. The study has contributed with several aspects that explain the management strategies in more detail and contributes with new research on the cooperation between banks and FinTech companies.

Underachievement is a perennial problem in many secondary schools in South Africa. One of the reasons for this state of affairs, is the inhibitive learning climate in such schools. This study attempts to determine the extent and causes of the problem and to develop guidelines for parents, teachers, learners and school management teams to resolve some of the issues that cause the problem. This is a qualitative study using focus group and individual interviews. The main findings contributing to underachievement among learners, include lack of parental guidance and supervision, negative attitudes of teachers towards learners, inflexible teaching methods, overcrowded classrooms, lack of resources and facilities in schools, lukewarm attitude of learners towards their work and the absence of positive role models in communities. The findings highlight important factors, which contribute to underachievement among learners in an inhibitive learning climate. The recommendations are an attempt towards solving this important issue. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Special Needs Education)

本研究旨在以國中導師信念、班級經營策略與班級經營效能之關聯作實證性之研究。具體而言，本研究欲瞭解：（1）國中導師信念、班級經營策略及班級經營效能的現況。（2）國中導師信念及班級經營策略在導師背景變項上之差異程度。（3）國中導師信念、班級經營策略與班級經營效能的相關程度。（4）國中導師班級經營策略與效能在導師性別及信念上之差異程度。（5）各變項對國中導師班級經營效能的預測力。 本研究之研究對象為桃園縣公立國中導師及學生，以「國中導師信念及班級經營策略量表」、「國中學生反應意見量表」為工具進行研究。預試有效導師樣本95份、有效學生樣本149份，以次數分析、因素分析、相關分析、信度分析等方法，分析研究信度與效度。正式施測的有效導師樣本183份、有效學生樣本1113份，分別以描述分析、t考驗、單因子變異數、二因子變異數、積差相關分析、逐步迴歸分析等統計方法進行研究分析。本研究重要發現如下： 一、「導師職責信念」與「學校地區」、「年齡」、「婚姻狀況」、「導師年資」等變項達顯著差異。 二、「開明領導信念」與「婚姻狀況」達顯著差異。 三、「班級經營策略」分別與「導師年資」、「任教年級」達顯著差異。 四、「班級經營策略」分別與「導師職責信念」、「開明領導信念」成正相關。 五、「班級經營效能」分別與「導師職責信念」、「開明領導信念」成正相關。 六、「班級經營效能」與「班級經營策略」成正相關。 七、在威權管理與消極防堵信念方面女性導師的班級經營效能優於男性導師。 八、「任教年級」、「團隊合作策略」、「學校規模」三變項對班級經營效能具有預測力。 本研究根據研究結果提出建議，以提供中小學教師、中小學校、教育行政機關、師資培育機構及未來研究者之參考。 / The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationships among classroom management beliefs,strategies and efficiency of hoomroom teachers in junior high schools. The Subjects in this research are 183 teachers and 1113 students in Tao-Yuan County's junior high schools.The statistic methods used in this research include: descriptive analysis, T-test, One-way ANOVA, Two-way ANOVA, product-moment correlation, etc.The findings are as follow: 1.Significant differences existed among "Schools' location", "Age", "Marriage status" and "Years of being teachers" for "Tutor-charge belief" . 2.Significant differences existed between "Marriage status" and "Open-minded leadership belief". 3.Significant differences existed among "Years of being teachers" and "The grade the teachers teach" for classroom management strategies. 4.Significant positive correlation among "Tutor-charge belief and "Open-minded leadership belief for classroom management strategies. 5.Significant positive correlation among 'Tutor-charge belief and "Open-minded leadership belief for classroom management efficiency. 6.Significant positive correlation between "Classroom management strategies" and "Classroom management efficiency". 7.As to "authoritive-management belief and "negative -prevention belief , female teachers' management efficiency are higher than male teachers' management efficiency. 8.The best predictors for classroom management efficiency are "The grade the teachers teach", "Co-operation strategy", and "The scale of the school" . Based on the results of this study, to make some suggestions for educational administration, the elementary and high schools, the teachers in elementary and high schools and future study.