Stress, a feeling of pressure, tension, strain or threat, is a problem for contemporary female participants in the primary and secondary educational milieus who automatically respond to stressors (causes of stress), in the same way as women and girls in the past, since human beings have not changed psychologically and biologically over the millennia. Like their ancestors many female educators, learners and caregivers today do not return to a calm mental and physical state after an initial stress reaction. They often remain under stress, which results in emotional, behavioural, physical and cognitive manifestations of stress. Moreover, females may be predisposed to stress because of psychological, biological and social factors that have underpinned their response to time-related stressors that have faced them throughout history. Yet, history has also shown that women and girls taught and learnt successful stress coping mechanisms. Insight into these universal truths may provide educational solutions to a universal problem / Educational Studies / D.Ed. (History of Education)

Dissertation / The aim of this study is to investigate teacher stress and to identify factors that contribute to the stress experienced by township secondary school teachers. Based on an extensive literature study, an inventory, the Teacher Stress Identification Test was developed. The inventory was completed by 368 teachers who live in townships and work in township secondary schools in the Free State. Information thus gained was analysed with the use of a statistical computer programme. It appears from the research that the inventory has both a high reliability coefficient and construct validity. The empirical research revealed that township secondary school teachers experience moderate to high levels of stress. It also gave a clear indication of the factors contributing to the stress experienced by these teachers, allowing the researcher to make several recommendations. Lastly, the manifestations of stress as well as the coping mechanisms of these teachers were briefly investigated. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

<p>UVOD: Početak multiple skleroze (MS) u dečijem uzrastu je dijagnostički i terapijski izazov. I ako rani početak MS-a uglavnom ukazuje na dobru kratkoročnu prognozu, neka deca razviju te&scaron;ku onesposobljenost, fizičku ili kognitivnu, a vi&scaron;e od 50% obolelih uđe u sekundarno progresivnu formu bolesti pre 30. godine života. Rana dijagnoza je neophodna za uvođenje imunomodulatorne terapije, kojom se obezbeđuje dobra dugoročna prognoza. CILJ: Analiza parametara koji bi omogućili ranu dijagnozu multiple skleroza sa ranim početkom u odnosu na simptome, sprovedene dijagnostičke procedure i tok bolesti. Sagledavanje inicijalnih kliničkih manifestacija multiple skleroze, prisustva ologoklonaliteta, nalaza MRI endokranijuma i njihovih osobenosti u dečijoj populaciji uz komparaciju sa inicijalnim kliničkim manifestacijama kod pacijenata obolelih od multiple skleroze u odraslom dobu. MATERIJALI METODE: Ova retrospektivno/ prospektivna studija obuhvata pacijente lečene na Klinici za neurologiju KCV u Novom Sadu u periodu od dvanaest godina, od januara 2003. godine do januara 2015. godine sa znacima i simptomima inicijalne demijelinacione bolesti CNS. Od ove kohorte izdvojeno je dve grupe pacijenata; prva grupa pacijenata kod kojih je bolest nastala pre 18. godine života, i druga grupa uzrasta od 20-55 godina. Pacijenti su epidemiolo&scaron;ki obrađeni prema godinama početka bolesti, polu, porodičnoj istoriji, simptomima na početku bolesti (inicijalni simptom), toku bolesti- pojavi drugog relapsa i vremena do pojave drugog relapsa, nalazu MRI, nalazu evociranih potencijala i prisustvo oligoklonalnih traka u likvoru. Tokom praćenja beleži se vreme do drugog relapsa i tip relapsa. Tražila se korelacija između kliničkih i dijagnostičkih rezultata sa brzinom pojave drugog relapsa. Za testiranje razlika između grupa kori&scaron;ćen je Pirsonov hi-kvadrat test, a za testiranje jačine povezanosti kori&scaron;ćeno je Kramerovo V. Neparametrijski podaci su obrađivani Men-Vitni U testom. REZULTATI: Od ukupnog broja ispitanika, u grupi pacijenata sa ranim početkom MS-a odnos ženskog i mu&scaron;kog pola je bio 1,3:1, a u grupi pacijenata sa uobičajenim početkom MS-a 2,2:1. Iz dobijenih rezultata vidimo da ima manje nego &scaron;to je očekivano pacijenata rođenih u mesecima decembru 4,6% i januaru (5,9%), a vi&scaron;e nego &scaron;to je očekivanu u mesecima martu (11,3%) i julu (10,6%), &scaron;to nije statistički značajno (p=0,726). Prema manifestaciji bolesti kod dece 17,6% ima polisimptomatski početak, a kod odraslih 37,6% ima polisimptomatski početak.Polisimptomatski početak statistički je značajno vi&scaron;e zastupljen kod odraslih pacijenata (p=0,020).Poremećaj piramidnog sistema (P=0,010) i senzorne smetnje (P=0,006) su zastupljeniji kao inicijalni stimptom u grupi odraslih.Nisu nađene statistički značajne razlike u zastupljenosti optičkog neuritisa (p=0,366 ili p&gt;0,05) i ataksije /stablarne simptomatologije (p= 0,791) u ove dve grupe. Najče&scaron;ći inicijalni simptom kod dece, gotovo u istoj razmeri su optički neuritis (35,3%) i ataksija (35,3%). U grupi odraslih pacijenata senzorne smetnje (41,6%) su najče&scaron;ći inicijalni simptom, odmah za njim sledi piramidna simptomatologija (37,6%). Prema nalazu broja lezija na MRI pregledu, u grupi ispitanika sa ranim početkom MS-a vi&scaron;e su zastupljeni oni sa manje od 4 lezije, nego &scaron;to je to slučaj u grupi odraslih. Odnos broja pacijenata sa 4-10 i preko 10 lezija simetričan je u obe grupe. Korelacija između doba početka MS-a i broja lezija viđenih na MRI je statistički značajna i neznatna (P=0,06). Nije nađena statistička značajnost u prisustvu lezija u korpusu kalozumu između ove dve grupe pacijenata ( P=0,920). Primenom Fi&scaron;erovog dvostranog egzaktnog testa koji je u ovom slučaju statistički značajan (p=0,034), možemo reći da se grupa sa ranim početkom MS-a i ona sa uobičajenim početkom statistički značajno razlikuju, tumefaktivne lezije su prisutnije kod ispitanika sa ranim početkom MS-a. Pozitivni oligoklonali su zastupljeniji u grupi odraslih pacijenata ( P= 0,018). U na&scaron;oj grupi ispitanika kada smo pratili vreme pojave drugog pogor&scaron;anja, najkraće godinu dana, u grupi dece 11 pacijenata (21,6%) nije imalo pogor&scaron;anje , dok je 40 pacijenata imalo pogor&scaron;anje (78,4%),. Medijana kod grupe dece za pojavu drugog &scaron;uba bolesti je 12 meseci. U grupi odraslih 22 pacijenta ( 21,8%) nije imalo drugi relaps tokom perioda praćenja, dok je njih 79 (78,2%) imalo drugi relaps. Prosečno vreme u grupi odraslih pacijenata do drugog relapsa je 9 meseci. U grupi dece ne postoje značajne razlike u odnosu broja lezija viđenih na inicijalnom MRI pregledu i vremenu pojave drugog relapsa ( p=0,884) Kod odraslih postoji značajna razlika u vremenu relapsa između grupe sa manje od 4 lezije i grupe sa 4-10 lezija (p=0,09).Korelirali smo pacijente sa pozitivnim i negativnim ologoklonalnim trakama u likvoru u obe grupe sa vremenom nastanka prvog pogor&scaron;anja, pri toj korelaciji nije dobijena statistički značajna razlika ni u grupi dece ( P= 0,598) ni u grupi odraslih (P=0,133). Kod ispitanika sa ranim početkom če&scaron;ća je pozitivna porodična anamneza, u vidu prisustva MS i drugih imunolo&scaron;kih bolesti( P =0,042). ZAKLJUČAK: Polisimptomatski početak je če&scaron;ći kod odraslih, pozitivne oliogoklonalne trake su ređe pozitivne kod dece, kod dece je najče&scaron;ći inicijalni simptom optički neuritis a kod odraslih senzitivne i motorne smetnje. Manje od 4 lezije se če&scaron;će javljaju kod dece na inicijalnom MRI pregledu, &scaron;to je najverovatnije povezano sa vremenom stvarnog početka bolesti i njenom kliničkom manifestacijom. Kod pacijenta sa ranim početkom MS-a duži je period do drugog pogor&scaron;anja. U grupi dece ne postoje statistički značajne razlike u odnosu broja lezija viđenih na inicijalnom MRI pregledu i vremenu pojave drugog relapsa. Kod odraslih postoji značajna razlika u vremenu relapsa između grupe sa manje od 4 lezije i grupe sa 4-10 lezija. Inicijalne manifestacije MS-a u dečijem uzrastu ne razlikuje se u mnogome od MS-a kod odraslih po karakteristikama i toku bolesti.</p> / <p>INTRODUCTION: Тhe onset of multiple sclerosis (MS) in childhood poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Althougth the onset of MS in childhood typically predicts a fevoruable short/term prognosis, some children are severy disabled. Etiher physically or cognitively, and more then 50% are predicted to enter the secondary-progressive phase of the disease by the age of 30 years. Immunomodulatory therapies for MS and their safe application in children can improve long-therm prognosis. AIM: We saught to identifay clinical and diagnostic features in children wich inplicate to early diagnosis of MS in children. We aimd to determine the clinical features, cerebro spinal fluid, magnetic resonance imagin (MRI) features of children and their comparation with adult MS patients. METHODS: In this retrospective/prospective study we present data from 152 patients with clinical isolated syndrom (CIS) for the first time, which are obtained throught Clinic of Neurology , Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, Novi Sad from January 2003 to January 2015g. Patients were divided into two grups - in first group patients 51 with early onset of disease before 18 years, and second group patients with adult onset desease (20-55 year). Patients wer observed for a minimum one year. The common presenting symptoms, gender, MRI finding, oligoclonal band (OCB) and Visual evoked potential findings, corse of disease, family history were compared between the two groups and with thime of second relaps. To test the difference between groups was used Chi-square Pearson product moment test, and to test the strength of connection used is a Kramer V. Population data are processed Men-Whitney U test. RESULTS: Of the total number of respondents, in the Group of patients with early beginning MS the ratio of women and men was 1.3:1, and in the group of adult MS patients 2, 2:1. From the results we can see that fewer than expected has patients born in the months December ( 4.6%) and January (5.9%), and higher than expected in a March (11.3%) and July (10.6%), which is not statistically significant (p = 0,726). According to the manifestation of disease in children 17.6% has a polifocal onset, and in adults 37.6% has a polifocal onset. Polifocal beginning is significantly over represented in adult MS patients (p = 0,020). Motor disorder (P = 0,010) and sensory disabilities (P = 0.006) are more present as the initial manifestation illness in the adult. They not found statistically significant differences in the representation of optic neuritis (p = 0,366 or p &gt; 0.05) and ataxia (p = 0.791) in these two groups. The most common initial symptom in children, almost in the same scale are the optical neuritis (35.3%) and ataxia 6 (35.3%). In a group of adult patients sensory disturbances (41.6%) are the most common initial symptom, right behind him follows a motor disturbens (37.6%). According to the number of lesions on the MRI exam, in a group of subjects with early MS more are they less than four lesions, than is the case in the group adults. The ratio of the number of patients with 4-10 and over 10 symmetrical lesions in both groups. Correlation between the time of the beginning of the MS and the number of lesions seen on MRI is statistically significant and insignificant (P = 0.06). There was no statistical significance in the presence of lesions in the corpus callosum indicates between these two groups of patients (P = 0,920). Application of Fisher the exact test case that is in this case a statistically significant (p = 0.034). We can say that the group with the early start of MS and the one with the usual beginning of significantly different, tumefactiv lesions are present in patients with early onset MS, Positive oligoclonal bands are more present in a group with adult MS patients (P = 0.018). In our group of respondents when we track time appear another relapse, minimum one year, 11 children (21,6%) had no deterioration, while the 40 children had worsening (78,4%). The median at groups of children for the appearance of second relapse is 12 months. In the adult these 22 (21,8%) had another relapse for tracking period, while 79 (78.2%) had another relapse. The average amount of time in the adult patients relapse to another is 9 months. In a group of children there are no statistically significant differences in the relative number of lesions seen on the initial MRI examination and time show up another relapse (p = 0,884). In adults there is a significant difference in relapse time between groups with fewer than four lesions and groups with 4-10 lesions (p = 0.09). Pressures are patients with positive and negative ologoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid in both groups with the time of occurrence of the first downturn, when the correlation is not get statistically significant difference in the children (P = 0.598) or in a group of adults (P = 0,133). In patients with early starting stacks is a negative family history, and often the presence of MS and other immunological diseases (P = 0,042). CONCULSIONS: Polisifocal beginning is more common in adults, positive oliogoklonalne bands are less positive in children, with children being the most common initial symptom is optic neuritis, in adult sensitive and motor disturbances. Tumefactiv lesions are present in patients with early onset MS. Less than four lesions are more common in children on the initial MRI examination, which is probably connected with the time of the real onset of the disease and its clinical manifestation n the group of children there are no statistically significant differences in relation to the number of lesions seen on MRI at the initial examination and the timing of another relapse. For adults there is a significant difference in time of relapse between the groups with less than 4 lesions and groups with 4-10 lesions. Children onset MS does not significantly differ from that it has been typically seen in adults in terms of major clinical manifestations and course of disease.</p>

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Ce mémoire porte sur les représentations qui ont circulé sur Internet avant et durant le mouvement historique et inattendu de révolte sociale au Brésil, pendant la Coupe des confédérations de 2013. La vague de manifestations a provoqué un débat passionné sur Internet à propos des méga-événements, mais des études sur ce phénomène récent sont encore absents de la littérature. La présente recherche est un effort de combler cette lacune en examinant le cas de la ville de Rio de Janeiro, qui accueillera la finale de la Coupe du monde de soccer de 2014 et sera la ville hôte des Jeux olympiques de 2016. Le but du travail est de comprendre quelles sont les représentations qui émergent des nouvelles en réseau au sujet des transformations et des conflits urbains dans le cadre des méga-événements. À partir d'une analyse logico-naturelle des documents publiés entre 2009 et 2013 sur des sites Web avec quatre profils communicationnels distincts, la recherche met en évidence dans quelle mesure les représentations sociales reproduisent (1) la stratégie de branding urbain de la part du gouvernement et (2) les stratégies de résistance civile de la part des populations affectées par les transformations urbaines. Du point de vue théorique et méthodologique, l'étude mobilise la notion de journalisme liquide, inspiré des travaux du sociologue Zygmunt Bauman, qui s’est concentré sur les conséquences culturelles, économiques et politiques de la mondialisation. Les résultats de l'analyse documentaire ont permis d'exposer les représentations sociales construites autour de trois thématiques centrales : les favelas, les expulsions forcées dans la ville de Rio de Janeiro et les manifestations de juin 2013. En plus d'une discussion théorique critique à propos des résultats, l'étude les confronte avec la littérature scientifique repérée dans la recension des écrits. / This master thesis deals with the representations circulating on the Internet before and during the historical and unexpected popular uprising in Brazil, during the 2013 Confederations Cup. The wave of protests, which triggered a passionate online debate about mega-events, is still an understudied phenomenon. To fill this gap, this research investigates the problem by examining the case of the city of Rio de Janeiro, host of the finals of 2014 World Cup and of 2016 Olympic Games. The study aims to analyze on the representations emerging from news networks in the light of the fast-paced urban transformations and conflicts that currently characterize mega-events in the city. A natural logic analysis of documents published between 2009 and 2013 by four particular types of news sites highlights how social representations reproduced: (1) the government strategy of urban branding and (2) the civil movements strategies to face urban transformations. At the theoretical and methodological levels, the study explores the research path of liquid journalism, inspired by the work of sociologist Zygmunt Bauman, who focused on the cultural, economic and political consequences of globalization. The collected data were analyzed from a critical and theoretical viewpoint. The results were discussed by confronting those obtained by the researchers who we referenced in the literature.

Centrée essentiellement autour de la parole épiscopale congolaise, la présente recherche porte sur les articulations de la religion et du politique dans une perspective limitée au catholicisme en RDC. En prenant pour base empirique la ville de Kinshasa, elle thématise les effets des dynamiques religieuses sur les fermentations sociales et les changements politiques dans un contexte d’autoritarisme. Celui-ci est, dans ce travail, problématisé comme le fait conjoint de l’institution étatique et de l’organisation religieuse catholique. Le choix de cette approche relationnelle basée sur les interactions entre religion et politique, permet d’inscrire ce travail dans le champ d’études des sciences des religions. L’approche retenue s’appuie également sur les avancées de la sociologie politique et éclaire la régulation religieuse du politique, rarement étudiée par les sciences humaines. Cette recherche s’inscrit donc à l’intersection entre l’histoire, la sociologie, les sciences politiques, l’anthropologie, l’analyse du discours, la philosophie et la théologie. Sa thèse centrale est organisée autour d’une question principale : comment la religion participe-t-elle à la régulation du politique dans le contexte d’autoritarisme caractéristique de la RDC ? La réponse à cette question croise l’approche fonctionnelle de la religion et l’analyse des déclarations institutionnelles de l’épiscopat congolais. Elle esquisse les relations entre, d’une part, contextes et événements sociopolitiques et d’autre part, discours et pratiques religieuses. Elle construit la scène religieuse à partir de la trajectoire sociopolitique, économique et culturelle de la RDC entre 1990 et 2015, sous les Présidents J.-D. Mobutu, L.-D. Kabila et J. Kabila. Elle étudie l'offre normative de sens de leurs éminences J.-A. Malula, F. Etsou et L. Monsengwo. L’analyse de la rhétorique de l’épiscopat sur les élections vérifie la plausibilité sociale et l’efficience politique de la parole épiscopale congolaise. Elle se ressource dans la pragmatique de la communication telle que mise en œuvre dans l’analyse argumentative du discours de R. Amossy et dans celle du discours politique de P. Charaudeau. En mettant la focale sur l’objet linguistique « vérité des urnes », la recherche pose au niveau normatif, juridique et éthique, le problème de l’institutionnalisation d’un État de droit en RDC. Les élaborations sur ce dernier niveau s’articulent autour de l’inscription de l’éthique dans l’agir politique. L’examen des modes conventionnels d’action des chrétiens (élections de 2006 et 2011) et non conventionnels (marche des chrétiens de 1992 et 2012) conduit à éclairer les modes de reproduction ou de contestation de l’autoritarisme étatique par l’organisation religieuse. Il permet de promouvoir une démocratie des valeurs et d’action adossée à la parrhêsia. L’introduction de l’aléthique dans la vie publique donne à voir la parole épiscopale congolaise comme un discours ethopoïétique. C’est sur ce point précis que les élaborations de M. Foucault sur la parrhêsia aident à thématiser la capacité de la religion à informer et à influencer la démocratisation de la RDC. De là, la requête formulée pour un nouveau système d’action institutionnelle de l’organisation religieuse, susceptible de promouvoir le courage de la vérité en situation autoritaire. Cette innovation permet de tenir ensemble les valeurs démocratiques et les valeurs de l’Évangile, en les corrélant à la cohérence axiologique, à la probité morale et à l’intégrité existentielle des protagonistes de la démocratisation de la RDC. / Articulated mainly around the Congolese Episcopal speech, this research focuses on the joints of religion and politics in a limited perspective to Catholicism in the DRC. Taking as empirical basis Kinshasa, she thematizes the effects of religious dynamics on social fermentations and policy changes in an authoritarian context. This is, in this work, problematized as Partner of state institution and the Catholic religious organization. The choice of this relational approach based on the interaction between religion and politics, allows to place this work in the field of study of Religious Studies. The approach is also based on the advances in political sociology and illuminates the religious regulation policy, rarely studied by the humanities. This research is therefore the intersection between history, sociology, political science, anthropology, discourse analysis and theology. Its central thesis is organized around a central question: how religion she participates in the policy of regulation in the context of authoritarianism characteristic of the DRC? The answer to this question crosses functional approach to religion and the analysis of institutional statements by the Congolese bishops. It outlines the relationship between on the one hand, and socio-political events and contexts other, speech and religious practices. It built the religious scene from the sociopolitical, economic and cultural trajectory of the DRC between 1990-2015, Under the Presidents J.-D. Mobutu L.-D. Kabila and J. Kabila. She studies the normative sense to offer their eminences J.-A. Malula, F. Etsou and L. Monsengwo. The analysis of the rhetoric of the episcopate on elections plausibility checks social and political efficiency of the Congolese Bishops' word. The resource in the pragmatics of communication as implemented in the argumentative discourse analysis R. Amossy and in the political discourse of P. Charaudeau. By putting the focus on linguistic object "truth of the polls", the research raises the normative, legal and ethics, institutionalization problem of the rule of law in the DRC. Elaborations on this last level revolve around the inclusion of ethics in political action. The review of conventional modes of action of Christians (2006 elections and 2011) and unconventional (on Christians in 1992 and 2012) led to enlighten reproduction modes or challenge to the state authoritarianism by the religious organization. It helps promote democracy values and action backed parrhesia. The introduction of the alethic in public life gives you the Congolese Episcopal ethopoïétique speech as a speech. It is on this point that M. Foucault elaborations on parrhesia help thematize the ability of religion to inform and influence the democratization of the DRC. From there, the request made for a new system of institutional action of the religious organization, capable of promoting the courage of truth in authoritarian situation. This innovation allows to hold together the democratic values and the values of the Gospel, by correlating the consistency axiological, moral probity and existential integrity of the protagonists of democratization of the DRC.

The topic of this thesis is to use descant recorders (hereinafter recorder) as a therapeutic agent in children with behavioral difficulties. The main aim of the study is to analyze the impact of activities with the recorder on the problem phenomena in the behavior of selected individuals and further explore the views of preschool teachers of their own readiness to manage problem behavior in their classrooms. The theoretical part is mainly engaged in the therapeutic use of recorders and characteristics of problematic behavior. Considerable space is devoted to the review of options to promote desirable behavior in pre school children and areas of music therapy. With regard to the desired objectives mixed research is chosen in the practical part. Using a questionnaire opinions of preschool teachers on the issue of educational difficulties in children are collected and also the possibility to use the recorder for therapeutic purposes. The case studies demonstrate the impact of the recorder on the manifestations of problematic behavior. The conclusion summarizes the findings of the study. KEYWORDS descant recorder, manifestations of problematic behavior, behavior disorders, promoting the desired behavior, music therapy, supporting procedures, morning circle, therapeutic - formative methods

A pele e as mucosas constituem as primeiras barreiras na defesa contra infecções e os macrófagos são componentes essenciais do sistema imune inato, importante neste aspecto. O envolvimento destas células pode ser verificado em grande percentual das imunodeficiências primárias. Desta forma, a avaliação da função fagocitária é de extrema relevância para o reconhecimento dos distúrbios imunológicos que acometem a pele. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a metodologia laboratorial para a detecção de defeitos funcionais dos fagócitos. Para isto foram estabelecidos os seguintes testes laboratoriais: Nitro Blue Tetrazolium (NBT), Dihidrorodamina (DHR), quimiotaxia, fagocitose e a aderência de S. aureus e C. albicans por citometria de fluxo (CF), além de morte intracelular de S. aureus e C. albicans (CF). Para verificar a integridade do sistema complemento realizou-se ensaios hemolíticos para as vias clássica e alternativa (CH50 e AP50). A metodologia proposta foi aplicada em indivíduos normais para a padronização dos testes. O burst oxidativo avaliado pelo teste da dihidrorodamina (DHR) foi aplicado em 101 indivíduos saudáveis e em paralelo, 50 indivíduos sadios para o teste do NBT. Os mesmos testes foram realizados em pacientes com Candidíase mucocutânea crônica (CMC) (n=9 ), Candidíase persistente (n=5), Suspeita de distúrbios de fagócitos (SDF) (n=14), Doença Granulomatosa Crônica (DGC)(n= 7) e portadores de DGC (n=5). A quimiotaxia foi padronizada em 34 controles para neutrófilos estimulados com Lipopolissacarídeo de E.Coli (LPS) e 5 com fungo Candida albicans. A técnica de fagocitose e aderência de patógenos foi padronizada com os mesmos estímulos (n=7 para fungos/n=5 para bactéria). Após a padronização, o ensaio foi aplicado em pacientes com candidíase persistente (n=5 para bactéria e n=5 para fungo) e em pacientes com CMC (n= 3 para bactéria e n=4 para fungo). Os ensaios de fagocitose e morte intracelular (capacidade bactericida e fungicida) foram padronizados em 18 indivíduos sadios para bactérias e os ensaios de morte intracelular para S. aureus foi aplicado em pacientes com CMC (n=5), com CP (n=6), com SDF (n =9) e com DGC (n=2), para os ensaios de fagocitose com morte intracelular para fungos foram utilizados 22 indivíduos saudáveis e após a padronização do ensaio foram aplicados em pacientes com CMC (n=8), pacientes com CP ( n= 7), pacientes com DGC (n=2) e indivíduos com SDF (n= 13) O ensaio de DHR foi padronizado e estabelecido em 80% de intensidade de fluorescência para células estimuladas com PMA e 15% de intensidade de fluorescência para células sem estímulo. Nos resultados do DHR encontrou-se diferença significativa no grupo de DGC (n=7)(P= 0,0001), no grupo de portadores (n=5)(P=0,0005) e no grupo de SDF (n=14)(P= 0,0053). O ensaio do DHR foi repetido após 24 horas da coleta (n=7), não se verificando alteração da resposta. A quimiotaxia mostrou diferença significativa entre C (n=4) vs SDF (n=3)(P=0,0001) e pacientes com CMC apresentaram redução da capacidade quimiotática para bactérias (n=3)e fungos (n= 4) com soro autólogo (P= 0,0246 e P=0,0109, respectivamente). Na fagocitose e aderência de bactérias inativadas ,os grupos de CMC, CP E SDF não mostraram diferenças significativas com bactérias não opsonizadas ou opsonizadas com soro AB e apresentaram menor índice de fagocitose (C x CMC)(P=0,0357) quando foram opsonizadas com soro autólogo. Na fagocitose e aderência de fungos inativados, controles e grupos de pacientes apresentaram resposta semelhante com fagocitose preservada. Os ensaios de morte intracelular para bactérias não opsonizadas houve menor expressão de fagocitose no grupo de C x SDF (P=0,0044). Na capacidade bactericida verificou-se diferença significativa entre os grupos CxCMC (P=0,0403). A opsonização das bactérias com soro AB foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos CxCP (P=0,0129) e CxSDF (P=0,0048) e com capacidade bactericida diferente entre grupos CxCP (P=0,0258) e CxSDF (P=0,0205). Na avaliação da fagocitose de bactérias opsonizadas com soro autólogo foi verificada diferença significativa entre os grupos CxCP (P=0,0013) e CxSDF (P=0,0048). Não houve diferença na capacidade bactericida dos grupos de pacientes com o controle. Os ensaios de fagocitose e morte intracelular para fungos sem opsonização não mostrou diferença estatisticamente significativa. A morte intracelular mostrou-se diferente para o grupo CxCMC (P=0,0155) e quando opsonizado com soro AB houve diferença CxCP (P=0,0369). A fagocitose com opsonização por soro autólogo significativa no grupo CxSDF (P=0,0001) e um paciente de CMC com sua fagocitose comprometida quando comparado com o controle do dia. A morte intracelular foi diferente nos grupos CxCMC (P=0,0018) e CxCP (p=0,0203). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa à avaliação do complemento. O ensaio do DHR mostrou ser sensível e preciso para o diagnóstico de DGC e portadores de DGC, porém pode detectar outras alterações de fagócitos. O ensaio de aderência e fagocitose mostraram-se variáveis dificultando a padronização de valores de normalidade e exclusão de defeitos. Ensaios de fagocitose com morte intracelular mostraram-se como a melhor forma de detectar distúrbios de fagócitos além do diagnóstico de DGC. A aplicação de controles do dia mostrou-se necessária e importante para a detecção de defeitos funcionais. O presente trabalho mostrou que a avaliação de distúrbios de fagócitos por morte intracelular por citometria de fluxo pode ser aplicado em outras situações clínicas com comprometimento imunológico / Skin and mucosa are part of the first barriers in the defense against infections, and the macrophages are essential components of the innate immune system, important when related to this aspect. The involvement of these cells can be seen in a large percentage of the primary immunodeficiencies. Therefore, the assessment of the phagocitary function is extremely important for the recognition of immunological disorders which affect the skin. The present study focus on the evaluation of the laboratorial methodology for the detection of functional defects of phagocytes. For this the following laboratorial tests were established: Nitro Blue Tetrazolium (NBT), chemotaxis, phagocytosis and adherence of S. aureus and C. albicans through flow cytometry (FC), besides the intracellular death of S. aureus and C. albicans (FC). To assess the integrity of the complement system hemolytic assays were performed for the classic and alternative pathways (CH50 and AP50). The proposed methodology was applied to normal individuals for the standardization of the assays. The oxidative burst evaluated through the dihydrorodamine essay (DHR) was applied to 101 healthy individuals and in parallel, 50 healthy individuals for the NBT assay. The same assays were performed on patients with Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC)(n=9), persistent candidiasis (n=5), Phagocytes disorders suspicious (PDS) (n=14), Chronicle granulomatous disease (CGD)(n=7) and CGD carriers (n=5). Chemotaxis was standardized using 34 controls for neutrophils stimulated by lipopolisacharydes from e. coli (LPS) and 5 by C. albicans. Phagocytosis and adherence of pathogens were standardized using the same stimuli (n=7 for fungi and n=5 for bacteria). Following the standardization, the assay was applied to patients with persistent candidiasis (n=5 for fungi and n=5 for bacteria) and on patients with CMC (n=4 for fungi and n=3 for bacteria). Phagocytosis and intracellular death assays (bactericidal and fungicidal capacity) were standardized using 18 healthy individuals for bacteria and the intracellular death assays for S. aureus were applied on patients suffering from CMC (n=5), from PC (n=6), from PDS (n=9) and from CGD (n=2), for the phagocytosis with fungi intracellular death assays 22 healthy individuals were used, and following the standardization the assay was applied to patients suffering from CMC (n=8), from PC (n=7), from CGD (n=2) and PDS individuals (n=13). The DHR assay was standardized and established according to fluorescence intensity 80% for cells stimulated by PMA and fluorescence intensity 15% for cells without stimuli. In the DHR results a significant difference in the CGD group (n=7)(P= 0,0001), in the carriers group (n=5)(P=0,0005) and in the PDS group (n=14)(P= 0,0053) was found. The DHR assay was performed once again 24 hours after the sample collection (n=7) and no changes in the response were seen. Chemotaxis showed a significant difference between C (n=4) vs PDS (n=3)(P=0,0001) and patients suffering from CMC showed decreased ability in the chemotaxis of bacteria (n=3) and fungi (n=4) with autologous serum (P= 0,0246 e P=0,0109, respectively). In the phagocytosis and adherence of inactivated bacteria, the CMC, PC and PDS groups showed no significant differences with non-opsonizated bacteria or opsonizated with AB serum and presented a lower phagocytosis level (C x CMC)(P=0,0357) when they were opsonizated by autologous serum. In the phagocytosis and adherence of inactivated fungi, controls and patient groups presented a similar response with preserved phagocytosis. In the intracellular death assays for non-opsonizated bacteria there was a lower phagocytosis expression in the C x SDF group (P=0,0044). In the bactericidal ability a significant difference between the groups C x CMC was seen (P=0,0403). The opsonization of bacteria with AB serum showed a significant difference among the groups C x CP (P=0,0129) and C x SDF (P=0,0048) and with different bactericidal ability among the groups C x CP (P=0,0258) and C x SDF (P=0,0205). In the evaluation of the phagocytosis of bacteria opsonizated by autologous serum a significant difference among the groups C x CP (P=0,0013) and C x SDF (P=0,0048) was seen. There was no difference between the bactericidal ability of the patients group and control group. The phagocytosis and intracellular assays for fungi without opsonization presented no significant statistical difference. Intracellular death was different for the C x CMC group (P=0,0155) and when opsonizated by AB serum difference was shown C x CP (P=0,0369). The phagocytosis with opsonization by autologous serum presented significant difference in the C x SDF group (P=0,0001) and in a CMC patient with compromised phagocytosis when compared with the daily control. Intracellular death was different in the C x CMC (P=0,0018) and C x CP (p=0,0203) groups. There was no significant statistical difference according to the complement evaluation. The DHR assay was seen as very sensitive and precise for the diagnosis of CGD, however it can detect other phagocyte alterations. The phagocytosis and adherence assay varied a lot making the standardization of normal values and defects exclusion very difficult. Phagocytosis with intracellular death assays showed the best performance to detect phagocytes disorders besides CGD diagnosis. The use of daily controls was seen as very necessary and important to detect functional disorders. This study demonstrated that phagocytes disorder evaluation through intracellular death using flow cytometry can be applied to other clinical situations which are immunologically compromised

INTRODUÇÃO: O vírus da hepatite C (VHC) é a maior causa de hepatite crônica em todo o mundo. É um vírus hepatotrópico e linfotrópico que está associado a diversas manifestações extra-hepática que tem sido associada à infecção pelo VHC. A presença de RI nos pacientes com hepatite C está implicada em pior resposta ao tratamento antiviral com interferon, na progressão da fibrose hepática, na instalação da esteatose e maior risco de carcinoma hepatocelular. O método mais comumente utilizado para o diagnóstico da RI é o índice HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment). OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a frequência de resistência à insulina e os fatores associados em pacientes infectados com o vírus da hepatite C. MÉTODOS: Incluídos 202 pacientes infectados pelo VHC e não diabéticos em estudo transversal realizado no ambulatório de hepatites virais do DMIP- HCFMUSP de março de 2010 a fevereiro de 2012. Foram avaliados dados demográficos, antropométricos, bioquímicos (incluindo HOMA-IR) e dados de estudo anatomopatológico do fígado. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: resistentes à insulina (HOMA-IR >= 3) e não resistentes à insulina (HOMA-IR < 3). Esses grupos foram submetidos à análise uni e multivariada (regressão logística), para ajuste dos fatores de confusão. RESULTADOS: Dos pacientes incluídos no estudo, 87 (43,1%) eram do sexo masculino e 115 (56,9%) do sexo feminino. A média de idade foi de 49,65 anos. O fator de risco mais frequente para aquisição da VHC foi a transfusão sanguínea. O genótipo 1 foi o mais frequente (77,2%), seguido pelo genótipo 3 (18,3%). Trinta e três pacientes (16,3%) apresentaram grau de fibrose avançado (3 e 4). Noventa e cinco pacientes (47%) apresentaram algum grau de esteatose. Cinquenta e dois pacientes (25,74%) apresentaram HOMA-IR >= 3. Entre os pacientes infectados pelo VHC genótipo 1 (n = 156), encontramos 41 pacientes (26,3%) com resistência à insulina; entre os pacientes com genótipo 3 (n = 37), encontramos 10 pacientes (27,0%) com HOMA-IR >= 3. Encontramos associação positiva entre índice de massa corpórea maior ou igual a 25 kg/m2, presença de esteatose hepática e presença de resistência à insulina. Atividade necroinflamatória e esteatose hepática foram fatores independentes associados à fibrose hepática. CONCLUSÕES: Considerando a prevalência e as implicações clínicas da resistência à insulina, são necessários mais estudos para se conhecer a melhor abordagem para os pacientes resistentes à insulina nos pacientes com hepatite C crônica / BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the leading cause of chronic hepatitis worldwide. It is a hepatotropic and lymphotropic virus that is associated with several extrahepatic manifestations. Insulin resistance (IR) is an extrahepatic manifestations that have been associated with HCV infection. The presence of IR in patients with hepatitis C is implicated in poor response to antiviral therapy with interferon, in the progression of liver fibrosis, the installation of steatosis and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. The most commonly used method for the diagnosis of IR is the HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment). OBJECTIVES: To assess the frequency of insulin resistance and associated factors in patients infected with hepatitis C. METHODS: The sample comprised 202 non-diabetic patients infected with HCV and non-diabetic study performed in the outpatient clinic of the viral hepatitis DMIP-HCFMUSP between March 2010 and December 2011. We evaluated demographic, anthropometric, biochemical (including HOMA-IR) data and histological features of of the liver. The patients were divided into two groups: insulin resistant (HOMA-IR >=3) and non-insulin resistant (HOMA-IR < 3). These groups were subjected to univariate and multivariate analysis (logistic regression) to adjust for confounding factors. RESULTS: Of the patients studied, 87 (43.1%) were male and 115 (56.9%) females. The mean age was 49.65 years. The most common risk factor for acquisition of HCV was blood transfusion. Genotype 1 was the most frequent (77.2%), followed by genotype 3 (18.3%). Thirty-three patients (16.3%) had advanced fibrosis (3 and 4). Ninety-five patients (47%) had some degree of steatosis. Fifty-two patients (25.74%) had HOMA-IR >= 3. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients infected with HCV genotype 1 (n = 156), we found 41 patients (26.3%) with insulin resistance, among patients with genotype 3 (n = 37), we found 10 patients (27.0% ) with HOMA-IR >= 3. We found a positive association between body mass index greater than or equal to 25 kg/m2, presence of hepatic steatosis and presence of insulin resistance. Necroinflammatory activity and hepatic steatosis were independent factors associated with liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Given the prevalence and clinical implications of insulin resistance, further studies are needed to know the best approach for insulin resistant patients with chronic hepatitis C

Introdução: O transtorno bipolar (TB) é um problema crônico, de evolução cíclica, altamente prevalente na população geral e está associado a importante incapacitação dos pacientes e a déficits cognitivos e funcionais, constituindo, assim, um importante problema de saúde pública. A etiologia do TB parece ser multifatorial, resultante da interação entre fatores genéticos e ambientais; estudos apontam que a predisposição para manifestação de episódios pode advir da exposição a maus-tratos na infância (MTI), que comprometem o desenvolvimento emocional, cerebral e cognitivo das crianças e estão presentes em 30% a 60% dos portadores de TB. No TB, os MTI vem sendo associados com idade de início mais precoce, pior evolução clínica, maior incidência de comorbidades, apesar da literatura ser escassa e não conclusiva, tem sido associado também a alterações do funcionamento cognitivo e da morfologia cerebral. Objetivo: Investigar se o perfil cognitivo e a morfometria cerebral de portadores de TBI eutímicos diferencia-se com a exposição ou não a maus-tratos sofridos na infância. Método: 75 portadores de TBI eutímicos, com idades entre 18 e 45 anos, atendidos no ambulatório do Programa de Transtornos Afetivos (GRUDA) IPq-HC-FMUSP, sendo 32 sem história de MTI e 43 com história de MTI, de acordo com o ponto de corte do Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) e 46 voluntários sadios do ponto de vista físico e mental, com idades entre 18 e 45 anos, sem história de MTI de acordo com o CTQ e sem parentes de primeiro grau com transtornos psiquiátricos foram submetidos a uma bateria de testes neuropsicológicos que avaliou as funções atencionais, mnêmicas, executivas e cognição social e a um estudo de imagem por ressonância magnética. Resultados: Os resultados apontaram para uma diferença de desempenho cognitivo entre os grupos em uma das medidas de flexibilidade mental (p=0,04), em uma de raciocínio matricial (p=0,035) e na capacidade de reconhecimento de emoções faciais de tristeza (REF, p=0,022). Em relação à morfometria cerebral, pôde-se observar que o volume do Núcleo Caudado apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os três grupos, tanto no hemisfério direito (p=0,002) como no esquerdo (0,008). No hemisfério esquerdo, a área do Órbito Frontal Medial (p=0,0466), a área do Pré-cuneo (p=0,0193) e a área do Parietal Superior (p=0,0063) apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas. No hemisfério direito, a área do Órbito Frontal Medial (p=0,0200), a área do Pré-cuneo (p=0,0337), a área do Parietal Superior (p=0,0007), a espessura da Parte Triangular do Córtex Frontal (p=0,0013), a espessura do Pré-central (p=0,0307) e a espessura do Frontal Superior (p=0,0425) apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Por fim, a partir de uma análise exploratória, pôde-se observar que no grupo de portadores de TB com MTI os resultados apontam para possíveis associações entre regiões cerebrais e desempenhos cognitivos, sendo elas: volume do Hipocampo Direito e o TMT-B (pinteração= 0,002, r = -0,40, pr=0,013), área do Giro Superior Frontal Direito e o SCWT-I (pinteração= 0,0008, r = -0,36, pr=0,0185), área do Órbito Frontal Medial Esquerdo e o FCR-cópia (pinteração= 0,004, r = 0,49, pr=0,014), espessura do Órbito Frontal Medial Direito e COWAT-total (pinteração= 0,004, r = 0,46, pr=0,003), espessura do Frontal Medial Rostral Esquerdo e WCST-erros (pinteração= 0,007, r = -0,42, pr=0,007). Conclusões: Apesar da limitação do tamanho amostral e do número de comparações estatísticas realizadas, este é o primeiro estudo a avaliar a associação entre MTI, funcionamento cognitivo e morfometria cerebral. Os resultados foram sugestivos de que a magnitude das correlações entre as características morfométricas e cognitivas podem ser moduladas pela exposição a MTI e pelo status de caso (portador de TB) / Introduction: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic, cyclically-evolving problem that is highly prevalent in the general population and is associated with significant disability of the patients and cognitive and functional deficits, thus constituting an important public health problem. The etiology of BD seems to be multifactorial, resulting from the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, and studies show that the predisposition to the manifestation of episodes of BD may result from exposure to childhood maltreatment (CM), which compromises the emotional, cerebral and cognitive development and seems to be present in between 30 and 60% of BD patients. In BD, CM have been associated with earlier onset age, worse clinical course, higher incidence of comorbidities and, although the literature is scarce and not conclusive, it has also been associated with changes in cognitive function and brain morphology. Objective: To investigate whether the cognitive profile and the brain morphometry of patients with euthymic BD differ between those exposed or non-exposed to CM. Method: 75 euthymic BD patients, aged between 18 and 45 years, attended at the ambulatory of the Affective Disorders Program (GRUDA) IPq-HC-FMUSP, 32 of which had no history of CM and 43 with a positive history of CM according to the cut-off of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and 46 physically and mentally healthy volunteers, aged 18-45 years, with no history of CM according to the CTQ and no first-degree relatives with psychiatric disorders were submitted to a battery of neuropsychological tests that evaluated attentional, mnemonic, executive, and social cognition functions and a study of magnetic resonance imaging. Results: The results point to a difference in cognitive performance between groups in one of the measures of mental flexibility (p = 0.04), in one of matrix reasoning (p = 0.035) and in the ability to recognize facial emotions of sadness FER, p = 0.022). Regarding cerebral morphometry, it can be observed that the volume of the Caudate Nucleus showed a statistically significant difference between the three groups, both in the right hemisphere (p = 0.002) and in the left hemisphere (0.008). In the left hemisphere, the area of Medial Orbital Frontal (p = 0.0466), the area of Precuneus (p = 0.0193) and the area of Superior Parietal (p = 0.0063) presented statistically significant differences. In the right temisphere, the area of Medial Orbital Frontal (p = 0.0200), the area of Precuneus (p = 0.0337), the area of Superior Parietal (p = 0.0007), the thickness of Pars Triangularis (p = 0.0013), the thickness of Precentral (p = 0.0307) and the thickness of Superior Frontal (p = 0.0425) presented statistically significant differences. Finally, from this exploratory analysis, it is possible to observe that in the group of BD with CM the results point to possible associations between brain regions and cognitive performance, specifically: Right Hippocampus Volume and TMT-B (pinteraction = 0,002, r = -0,40, pr=0,013), Right Superior Frontal Area and SCWT-I (pinteraction = 0.0008, r = -0.36, pr = 0.0185), Left Medial Orbital Frontal area and FCR-copy (pinteraction= 0,004, r = 0,49, pr=0,014), Right Medial Orbital Frontal Thickness and COWAT-total (pinteraction = 0.004, r = 0.46, pr= 0.003), Left Rostral Medial Frontal Thickness and WCST-errors (pinteraction = 0.007, r = -0.42, pr = 0.007). Conclusions: Despite the limitation of the sample size and the number of statistical comparisons performed, this is the first study to evaluate the association between CM, cognitive functioning and brain morphometry. The results are suggestive of the magnitude of the correlations between the characteristics morphometric and cognitive variables can be modulated by exposure to CM and by case status (BD patients)