In our environment we do two things with objects: identify them, and act on them. Perhaps not coincidentally, research has shown that the brain appears to have two distinct visual streams, one that is engaged during the identification of objects, and one that is associated with action. Although these visual streams are distinct, there has been increasing interest in how the action and identification systems interact during grasping and identification tasks. In particular, the current research explored the role that previous motor experience with familiar manipulable objects might have on the time it takes healthy participants to identify these objects (relative to non-manipulable objects). Furthermore, previous research has shown that there are multiple, computationally and neuro-anatomically different, action systems. The current research was particularly interested in the action systems involved in 1) grasping, and 2) functionally using an object. Work began by developed a new stimulus set of black & white photographs of manipulable and non-manipulable objects, and collecting ‘graspability’ and ‘functional usage’ ratings (chapter 2). This stimulus set was then used to show that high manipulability was related to faster naming but slower categorization (chapter 3). In chapter 4, the nature of these effects was explored by extending a computational model by Yoon, Heinke and Humphreys (2002). Results from chapter 5 indicated independent roles of graspability and functional usage during tasks that required identification of objects presented either with or without a concurrent mask. Specifically, graspaility effects were larger for items that were not masked; and functional use effects were larger for items that were masked. Finally, chapter 6 indicated that action effects during identification tasks are partly based on how realistic the depictions of the objects are. That is, results from chapter 6 indicated the manipulability effects are larger for photographs than they are for line-drawings of the same objects. These results have direct implications for the design of future identification tasks, but, more broadly, they speak to the interactive nature of the human mind: Action representations can be invoked and measured during simple identification tasks, even where acting on the object is not required. / Manuscript-based dissertation. One introductory chapter, one concluding chapter, and five manuscripts (seven chapters in total).

Les objets fabriqués manipulable (ou outils) sont caractérisés entre autre par leur Fonction (i.e. ce à quoi sert l’objet) et par leur Manipulation (i.e. gestes typiques associés à leur utilisation). Le présent travail de thèse s’inscrit dans une approche incarnée de la cognition et défend l’idée que les connaissances gestuelles sont le point d’ancrage au développement de la représentation conceptuelle des objets. Néanmoins, des études antérieures ont montré que les jugements de similarité de Fonction sont réalisés plus rapidement que ceux de Manipulation suggérant un accès plus précoce à la Fonction. En utilisant le paradigme d’amorçage, nous avons exploré l’organisation des connaissances de Manipulation et de Fonction tout au long de la vie. Nous avons montré que les traits gestuels facilitent la dénomination d’objets chez les enfants de 8 ans et que cet effet diminue linéairement avec l’âge. Cet effet est inhibiteur chez l’adulte jeune et âgé. Parallèlement, les traits fonctionnels ne sont activés de façon incidente que chez l’adulte jeune et entrainent une facilitation de la dénomination. Toutefois le sens de l’effet d’amorçage semble dépendant du type de traitement opéré sur l’objet-cible. En effet, l’amorçage par la Manipulation devient facilitateur chez les adultes dans une tâche de décision d’objet. Ces résultats supportent deux idées cruciales ; ils confirment la primauté de représentations gestuelles et l’ancrage plus lent des connaissances fonctionnelles dans les représentations d’objets, d’autre part, ils montrent que le format procédural des traits gestuels peut ralentir le traitement sémantique de l’objet. Ce dernier point est précisé par l’investigation des processus en jeu durant le jugement de deux objets sur la base de leur Fonction vs. Manipulation en imagerie cérébrale. Notre étude IRMf a montré que le jugement de similarité en termes de gestes entraine l’activation spécifique de régions pariétales (représentations gestuelles), frontales (simulation motrice) et cérébelleuses (inhibition de l’exécution du geste) comparativement à la Fonction. Cette dernière ne présentant pas d’activation spécifique. Enfin, notre étude en EEG a montré que le jugement de Manipulation entraine un traitement structurel de l’objet précoce et accru, ainsi que deux traitements plus tardifs observés sur les composantes P300 et P400-700 reflétant respectivement un accès plus profonds aux représentations gestuelles et un traitement en mémoire de travail. Ensemble, ces résultats montrent que l’allongement des temps de réponse aux tâches de jugements de Manipulation s’explique par un coût cognitif plus important pour la comparaison de traits gestuels plutôt que par un accès tardif à ces représentations. La prédiction de l’approche incarnée de la cognition n’est pas écartée. / Manipulable artifacts (or tools) can be defined according to their Function (i.e. what the object is for) or their Manipulation (i.e. the typical gestures associated with its use). The present PhD thesis is inscribed in the embodied cognition approach and supports the idea that gestural knowledge is the anchor point to the development of the conceptual representation of objects. Nevertheless, previous works showed that Function similarity judgments are made faster than those of Manipulation suggesting that Function is more readily available than Manipulation. Using the priming paradigm, we explored the organization of Manipulation and Function knowledge throughout life. We showed that gestural traits facilitate the naming of objects in 8-year-olds and that this effect decreases linearly with age. This inhibitory effect appears in young and in elderly. At the same time, the functional features are only incidentally activated in the young group and lead to facilitation effect. However, the direction of the priming effect seems to depend on the type of processing performed on the target object. Indeed, by using an object decision task, a facilitation is observed in Manipulation . These results support two crucial ideas: they confirm the primacy of gestural representations, and the slower anchoring of functional knowledge in the representations of objects; and, on the other hand, they show that the procedural format of gestural traits can slow down the semantic processing of the object. This last point is clarified by the investigation of the processes involved during the judgment of two objects on the basis of their Function vs. Manipulation in brain imaging. Our fMRI study showed that the similarity judgment in terms of gestures leads to the specific activation of parietal (gestural representations), frontal (motor simulation), and cerebellar (inhibition of gesture execution) regions compared to function. The latter does not show any specific activation. Finally, our EEG study showed that Manipulation judgment leads to an increased structural object processing occurring early, as well as two other processing observed on the P300 and P400-700 components, and reflecting, respectively, a deeper access to gestural representations, and a working memory processing. Together, these results show that slower response times to Manipulation with respect to Function judgment tasks is explained by a higher cognitive cost for the comparison of gestural traits rather than by late access to these representations. The prediction of the embodied approach of cognition is still maintained.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:15:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paricia Stenico do Prado.pdf: 1930894 bytes, checksum: 9dc9d1889e83628a311c233af7be2819 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research aims to investigate the contemporary notion of body presented by Vogue magazine. The body, understood beyond its biological aspect, can be considered - inspired by corpomídia theory of Helena Katz and Christine Greiner, which analyzes the corporeality in relation to communication - as the result of its interaction with the environment in which it is inserted and the culture. There is no division between body and culture, as one becomes the other. Thereby, it‟s possible to be thought as transitional and specific, generated in the interactions of which it is part. A historical analysis of corporeality shows how the society transformations passes through are able to operate significant changes in ways of seeing/ think and deal with the body. The media, for its turn, plays an increasingly inflated role as an important way of dissemination, maintenance and even revolution of the body notions The biopolitics convocations, as José Luiz Aidar Prado says, is one of the media facets that exercise power over the contemporary body, leading to outline the ways of living that culminate in the privileged ideal of attention. Therefore, the fundamental objective of the study is to analyze the speech about the ocidental body that Vogue magazine features during the twenty-first century, relating it to the notion of a corporeality that is changeable and that must be considered in accordance to the lived moment by proposing a critical analysis. In order to fulfill an historical background the authors selected were Denise Bernuzzi de Sant'Anna, Nikolas Rose, Michel Foucault and also some authors that worked for the History of the Body collection (organized by Jean-Jacques Courtine, Alain Corbin and Georges Vigarello). The discourse analysis were made based in the works of Helena Katz, Gilles Lipovetsky, Nikolas Rose, David Le Breton, José Luiz Aidar Prado and Jurandir Freire Costa. Vogue shows concepts of bodies who value the thinness, youth and smooth skin, conquered through body manipulation and constant consumption. Although some positivity certainly can be found in worship to contemporary body, the privilege of only one type of body as valid and desirable places in the darkness all other possibilities of bodily existence. Observing this situation allows to build a critique that aims to liberty and to the emancipation of corporeality. Prizes by the need to see what is hidden beneath the visible body / A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar a noção de corpo contemporâneo apresentada pela revista Vogue. O corpo, analisado além de seu aspecto biológico, pode ser considerado inspirado pela teoria corpomídia de Helena Katz e Christine Greiner, que analisa a corporalidade em relação à comunicação como o resultado de sua interação com o ambiente em que está inserido e a cultura. Não há divisão entre corpo e cultura, já que um torna-se o outro. É dessa maneira que é possível pensá-lo como transitório e específico, gerado nas interações das quais faz parte. Uma análise histórica da corporalidade mostra como as transformações pelas quais a sociedade passa são capazes de operar mudanças significativas nos modos de ver/tratar e pensar o corpo. A mídia, por sua vez, tem seu papel cada vez mais inflacionado como importante meio de disseminação, manutenção e mesmo de revolução das noções de corpo. As convocações biopolíticas, das quais fala José Luiz Aidar Prado, são uma das facetas da mídia que exercem poder sobre o corpo contemporâneo, tratando de delinear os modos de viver que culminam no ideal privilegiado de atenção. Dessa forma, o objetivo fundamental do estudo é analisar o discurso sobre o corpo ocidental que a revista selecionada apresenta durante o século XXI, relacionando-o à noção de corporalidade mutável e em consonância ao momento vivido, propondo uma análise crítica do mesmo. O percurso histórico é baseado nas obras de Denise Bernuzzi de Sant‟Anna, Nikolas Rose, Michel Foucault e em alguns artigos da coletânea História do Corpo (organizada por Jean-Jacques Courtine, Alain Corbin e Georges Vigarello). As análises dos discursos são feitas a partir das obras de Helena Katz, Gilles Lipovetsky, Nikolas Rose, David Le Breton, José Luiz Aidar Prado e Jurandir Freire Costa. Vogue exibe corpos que prezam pela magreza, juventude e pele lisa, conquistados através da manipulação corporal e do consumo constante. Apesar de, certamente, haver certa positividade no culto ao corpo contemporâneo, o privilégio de apenas um tipo de corpo como válido e desejável, coloca na escuridão todas as outras possibilidades de existência corporal. Observar tal situação permite construir uma crítica que visa a liberdade e a emancipação da corporalidade. Preza-se pela necessidade de enxergar o que está escondido por baixo do corpo visível

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:02:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5736.pdf: 2625805 bytes, checksum: 4561c12dbfe262f92a7207b44898afa2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-31 / This research has as its context the exploration potential of manipulative materials in mathematics teaching Geoespaço. In order to increase knowledge of the development and implementation of exploratory-investigative tasks and tasks of figural representation involving manipulative materials Geoespaço and having specific objectives the development and use of Geoespaço in different didactic sequences. The theoretical foundation takes the qualitative and quantitative analysis Proceedings of the National Meetings of Mathematics Education (ENEMs) from 2001 to 2010 and the Proceedings of the National Association of Postgraduate Education and Research (Anped) from 2000 to 2013, more specifically, on the use of manipulative materials from of Lorenzato (2006) and Bezerra (1962), on the theory of figural representations of Fischbein (1993) and on the exploratory-investigative tasks Bridge (2009). The relevance of this research is partly because of making clear the importance of making use of manipulative materials in exploratory-investigative tasks in various methodologies of teaching math. / Essa pesquisa tem como contexto a exploração das potencialidades do material manipulativo Geoespaço no ensino de matemática. Com o objetivo de aprofundar conhecimentos sobre a elaboração e aplicação de tarefas exploratório-investigativas e tarefas de representação figural envolvendo material manipulativo Geoespaço e tendo como objetivos específicos o desenvolvimento e a utilização do Geoespaço em diferentes sequências didáticas. A fundamentação teórica toma a analise qualitativa e quantitativa dos Anais dos Encontros Nacionais de Educação Matemática (ENEMs) de 2001 a 2010 e os Anais da Associação Nacional de pós-graduação e Pesquisa em Educação (Anped) de 2000 a 2013, de modo mais específico, sobre o uso de materiais manipulativos a partir de Lorenzato (2006) e Bezerra (1962), sobre a teoria de representações figurais de Fischbein (1993) e sobre as tarefas exploratório-investigativas de Ponte (2009). A relevância dessa pesquisa se dá pelo fato de tornar clara a importância de se valer de material manipulativo em tarefas exploratório-investigativas em diversas metodologias de ensino de matemática.

L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était d’approfondir les connaissances actuelles sur l’organisation des concepts d’objets fabriqués manipulables. Plus particulièrement, nous nous sommes intéressés au traitement implicite des relations thématiques (e.g., scie-bois) et des relations de similarité fonctionnelle spécifique (e.g., scie-hâche) et générale (e.g., scie-couteau) lors de l’identification des objets fabriqués manipulables. Les stimuli ont été sélectionnés par une tâche de génération de propriétés et le traitement implicite des relations sémantiques a été évalué grâce à l’enregistrement des mouvements oculaires dans le Paradigme du Monde Visuel. Tout d’abord, nous avons évalué le développement du traitement implicite des relations thématiques et de similarité fonctionnelle chez les enfants de 6-, 8- 10- ans et chez l’adulte. Les résultats ont montré que le traitement implicite des relations de similarité fonctionnelle générale évolue progressivement avec l’âge, alors que les relations thématiques sont déjà implicitement traitées dès 6-ans. Ensuite, nous avons testé le rôle de l’action dans le traitement de ces relations. Chez l’adulte, les résultats ont montré que l’action amorce le traitement des relations thématiques différemment en fonction du niveau de représentation de l’action impliqué. Le traitement thématique est facilité par l’action représentée au niveau du geste mais gêné par l’action représentée au niveau de l’intention. Chez l’enfant, les données ont montré que le traitement de relations de similarité fonctionnelle générale est facilité par l’action représentée au niveau de l’intention. Les données préliminaires chez le patient cérébro-lésé renforcent l’idée d’une structure conceptuelle multidéterminée et graduelle. Dans l’ensemble, ce travail démontre que les connaissances sur les objets fabriqués manipulables sont organisées selon des relations sémantiques distinctes qui présentent des trajectoires développementales différentes et correspondent à diffèrent niveaux de représentation d’action. / The general aim of this work was to provide a better understanding of the cognitive mechanisms underlying manipulable artifact object conceptual organization. Specifically, we investigated implicit processing of thematic (e.g., saw-wood) and functional similarity relations at the specific (e.g., saw-axe) and general (e.g., saw-knife) levels during manipulable artifact object identification. Stimuli were selected from property generation and implicit semantic processing was investigated using eye-tracking in the Visual World Paradigm. First, we assessed the development of thematic and functional similarity processing in 6-, 8-, 10- year-old children and adults. Results demonstrated progressive emergence of general function similarity processing with age, while thematic and specific function similarity processing was already present from 6. Findings support a graded involvement of distinct mechanisms in object semantic processing and development. In the second series of experiments, we investigated the role of action in thematic and functional similarity processing by combining action priming with the Visual World Paradigm in adults and 6-year-olds. In adults, action primed thematic processing differently depending on the level of action representation entailed. Thematic processing was facilitated by gesture-level action representations but disturbed by intention-level action representations. In 6-year-olds, intention-level action representations improved general functional similarity relation implicit processing. Findings highlight the role of different action representation levels in manipulable artifact object semantic processing. Finally, preliminary data collected in 8 stroke patients provided additional evidence in favor of a multidetermined and graded manipulable artifact semantic structure. Together, findings demonstrate that knowledge about manipulable artifacts is organized along distinct types of semantic relations that show different developmental trajectories and relate to different levels of action representations.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T16:38:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERT Odete Agostinho Fernando2.pdf: 5107247 bytes, checksum: 0dc430566be54ea4f745d91b63232a58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-17 / This dissertation discusses how manipulable materials and games have been used in math education for deaf children. The question of this work was: how games and manipulative materials are used in mathematics education for deaf children? To answer this and other questions, interviews were conducted with teachers of three deaf education centers. The general objective was to analyze the games and manipulative materials used by math teachers in deaf education in schools of Cascavel and Foz do Iguaçu. To choose the schools the following criteria were used: only schools for the deaf, bilingual schools, schools where teachers use games to teach mathematics to deaf students. First, is presented a historical summary about deaf education and the main approaches: oralism, total communication and bilingualism. The oralist approach defends the teaching of oral speech for the deaf. Total communication defends all types of communication during the educational process of the deaf. Total communication is not recommended, because isn't systematized. In this work the bilingualism is defended. Bilingualism starts with the teaching of the sign language as the first language and of the written form of the portuguese as second language. In order to teach deaf students is necessary to consider that they learn different than listeners. Deaf people need a sensorial education. To address the games and manipulative materials in mathematics education, the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky are adopted. Piaget is the starting point to understand the play and its role in the construction of the number. Vygotsky's theory helps to understand the importance of sign language for a meaningful teaching to the deaf child. We conclude that the games are indispensable in the lives of deaf and hearing children, as they influence the development and the construction of the number. / Esta dissertação aborda os materiais manipuláveis e jogos usados na educação de matemática de crianças surdas. A investigação partiu da seguinte questão: como os jogos e materiais manipuláveis são utilizados no ensino de matemática de crianças surdas? Para responder esta e outras questões, foram realizadas entrevistas com as professoras de três centros de educação de surdos. O objetivo geral foi analisar os jogos e materiais manipuláveis utilizados pelas professoras de matemática em escolas de educação de surdos de Cascavel e Foz do Iguaçu. Para a escolha das escolas foram utilizados os seguintes critérios: escolas somente para surdos, escolas bilíngues, escolas com professores que usam jogos no ensino de matemática para alunos surdos. Primeiramente, o trabalho trata do histórico da educação de surdos e apresenta as três principais abordagens: oralismo, comunicação total e bilinguismo. O oralismo defende que a fala seja ensinada para o surdo. A comunicação total aceita todos os tipos de comunicação. Não é considerada uma abordagem recomendável, por não ser sintetizada. O bilinguismo, aqui defendido, parte do ensino da língua de sinais como primeira língua e o ensino da língua portuguesa como segunda língua na modalidade escrita. Tal abordagem é considerada mais adequada à educação de surdos. É necessário considerar que os surdos aprendem de modo diferente dos ouvintes. Os surdos precisam de uma educação visual. Para abordar os jogos e materiais manipuláveis no ensino de matemática, são adotadas as teorias de Piaget e Vygotsky. Piaget é o ponto de partida para entender o brincar e a construção do número pela criança. A teoria de Vygotsky ajuda a compreender a importância da língua de sinais para que o ensino seja significativo para a criança surda. Conclui-se que os jogos são indispensáveis na vida das crianças surdas e ouvintes, pois influenciam no desenvolvimento e na construção do número.

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