Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Física, Química e Geológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2007. / Submitted by Cristiane Silva (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2013-02-18T18:13:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_nadja_berenice.pdf: 879744 bytes, checksum: bd91158b542cad242ce4c020f69b7362 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2013-06-18T21:47:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_nadja_berenice.pdf: 879744 bytes, checksum: bd91158b542cad242ce4c020f69b7362 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-18T21:47:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_nadja_berenice.pdf: 879744 bytes, checksum: bd91158b542cad242ce4c020f69b7362 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / O presente estudo foi realizado na enseada do Saco da Mangueira, inserida na área urbana do município de Rio Grande, de suma importância do ponto de vista ambiental, econômico, cultural e de lazer que vem sendo progressivamente degradada em função da expansão urbana e industrial, principalmente a partir da década de 70. É um dos ecossistemas atingidos pelo processo de crescimento urbano sem restrição, fiscalização e planejamento adequado. Entre os impactos negativos estão os aterros das margens para empreendimentos imobiliários de empresas, indústrias e de favelas. Acrescenta-se a isto o lançamento de dejetos industriais e domésticos e disposição inadequada de resíduos sólidos. Teve como objetivo principal caracterizar a distribuição do Hg nos materiais dos aterros urbanos próximos ao Saco da Mangueira, visando avaliar a migração deste metal no sistema aquático. Para isso foram realizadas análises de Hg total, utilizando o sistema de vapor frio, acoplado a AAS GBS 932AA, em 22 amostras de material de aterro e 21 amostras de sedimento. Os materiais de aterros foram investigados nos intervalos de 0 - 5 e 5 - 20cm. Concluiu-se que todos os materiais de aterros estudados estavam contaminados por Hg sendo que no intevalo de 5 - 20cm foi encontrado a maior concentração em média de Hg (1,33mg kg-1). Foram selecionados cinco pontos para serem perfurados até o aquífero e analisados. Nestas amostras, observou-se, na maioria dos pontos, um pico na concentração do Hg nas camadas de material de aterro localizadas entre 20 – 60cm. Os sedimentos apresentaram variação na concentração do Hg total de 0,09 a 0,64mg kg-1, sendo que os maiores valores foram localizados nos pontos coletados na Coroa do Boi o que pode estar relacionado com descargas de efluentes domésticos e industriais nesta enseada. Não foi revelada a relação geográfica direta entre os locais de contaminação dos materiais de aterros por Hg e sedimentos próximos da beira do Saco da Mangueira. A extração não-sequencial do Hg demonstrou que o Hg está mais disponível nas amostras de solos do que nas amostras de sedimento, sendo que a fração trocável de Hg, prevaleceu. / The present study was realized in the embayment of the Saco da Mangueira, inserted in the urban area of Rio Grande. This area is important from of the point of view of an environment, economy, and leisure has been degraded progressively in function of the urban and industrial expansion, mainly starting from the decade of 70’s. It is one of the local ecosystems subjected to the urban growth without restriction, fiscal control and appropriate planning. Among the negative there are the embankments of the margins for companies and industries constructions and uncontrolled settlements. It also is used for inadequate dumping of solid industrial and domestic residues. The main objective of the current study was to characterize mercury distribution in coastal materials of the embankments and near shore sediments with the emphasize to evaluate the relocation of this metal in the aquatic system. The analyses of total Hg were realized in 22 material embankment samples and 21 sediment samples, using the system of cold vapor. The materials embankments were sampled in the intervals of 0-5 and 5-20cm. It was found that the materials embankments at all studied points were contaminated by Hg and the largest value of average concentration of Hg (1,33mg kg-1) was found in soil interval of 5-20cm. In five selected points the material embankment drilling was performed. It was observed that in most of the points, a pick of Hg concentration is located in interval of 20 - 60 cm. Mercury concentration in studied sediments varied from 0,09 to 0,64mg kg-1, and the largest values were found in the “Coroa do Boi”, what can be related to discharges of domestic and industrial effluents in this embayment. No geographical relationship between the concentration of total Hg in materials embankments and in sediments of Saco de Mangueira was found. The non-sequential extraction of Hg testified that Hg was more labil in the samples of materials embankments than in the sediment samples, and the exchangeable fraction of Hg prevailed.

This thesis examines characters in Chinese and Japanese, including semantic shift. The writing system in China, Japan and a number of other nations whose script relates to characters, notably Korea, will also be discussed. By examining this "Character Cultural Sphere" in East Asia along with the historical and modern character standardizations and reformations, the role of Chinese characters proves to be essential. Furthermore, the thesis investigates semantic shifts of characters as windows on socio-cultural change in two given areas, namely "disorder" to "order" and "natural" to "artificial, manmade". One major aim is to explore shifts of meanings (semantic shifts), that can provide a commentary on the changes in societal and cultural values. The results reveal that the pattern of semantic shifts between China and Japan is considerably similar. Regarding "natural vs manmade" the overall trend shows that in both China and Japan, more characters acquired the meaning of "artificial, manmade" as time goes by, reflecting the changes in society. Regarding "disorder vs order", while the percentage of characters relating to "disorder" remained relatively stable in these two countries, the percentage of characters relating to "order" saw an undeniable increase - more than double in both Chinese and Japanese - showing that in both countries, the overall societal trend was obviously towards more "order" while "disorder" continues to exist. These results give quantitative data regarding the pattern of evolution of Chinese and Japanese societies, particularly Chinese, and provided an insight through written scripts into the evolution of human beings and civilizations. Also, because of its length, the main database of the research, the table of 2,500 common-use characters with commentary, is attached after the bibliography as an appendix.

Wetlands are limnic ecosystems that greatly benefit biodiversity and provide ecosystem services like water purification and carbon sequestration across the globe. However, they have for centuries suffered disturbances and intentionally been altered to make way for anthropogenic activity. In recent times many wetlands are being restored and new ones are constructed in an effort to recreate the former dynamic between wetlands and the surrounding landscape and its ecosystems. The ecological status of wetlands can be monitored by performing inventories of invertebrate indicator species. Limnic snails and mussels make for good monitoring candidates, due to their ability to bioaccumulate toxic substances, sensitivity to environmental changes and general presence in wetland habitats. Snails and mussels are also among the most threatened groups of organisms in limnic ecosystems, but do despite this seldom get included in conservation plans. This study, a collaboration with Hushållningssällskapet in Halland, investigated the occurence of limnic snails and mussels in constructed wetlands ordered in different age categories. The general purpose of the study is to expand the knowledge about the species composition of snails and mussels that occur in the catchment area of Trönninge river. Furthermore, another aim is that the results will be of use for future studies of wetland ecology and the roles that snails and mussels fill in it. / Våtmarker är viktiga sötvattenssystem för biologisk mångfald och bidrar med ekosystemtjänster över hela världen, bland annat renande av vatten och lagring av kol. De har dock under sekler påverkats och förstörts för att bistå människans olika syften. Idag konstrueras nya våtmarker eller restaureras för att återskapa processer som samverkar med de ekosystem som ingår i landskapsbilden. Våtmarkers ekologiska status kan undersökas genom insamling av evertebrata indikatorarter. I dessa biotoper är ofta sötvattensmollusker som snäckor och musslor både vanligt förekommande och reagerar på miljöförändringar. De renar vattnen på föroreningar och lagrar toxiska ämnen i sina kroppar, vilket gör dem till bra kandidater för miljöövervakning. Snäckor och musslor hör idag till de mest hotade grupperna av organismer i limniska ekosystem, men inkluderas trots detta sällan i bevarandeplanering. I denna inventeringsstudie undersöktes förekomsten av snäckor och musslor i anlagda våtmarker av olika ålderskategorier. Studien genomfördes i samarbete med Hushållningssällskapet i Halland och syftar bland annat till att tillföra utökad kännedom om snäckor och musslors artsammansättning i Trönningeåns avrinningsområde. Målsättningen är att resultaten ska komma till användning för framtida studier som inriktar sig på våtmarkers ekologiska status i allmänhet och framförallt snäckor och musslors roller i dessa.