Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-02-09T18:33:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Marcos_Lins2017.pdf: 1306769 bytes, checksum: e562bcb30c504f3ac5e0a7e12446e473 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-09T18:33:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Marcos_Lins2017.pdf: 1306769 bytes, checksum: e562bcb30c504f3ac5e0a7e12446e473 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The use of anaerobic reactors with energetic purposes is an effective decision-making to treat swine farming wastewater. But, the applied organic loading rate (OLR)must be correct, since itvaries according to the reactor configuration and other process conduction conditions, such as temperature. Thus, this trial aimed at showing the effect of OLR progression on biogas generation and quality of swine manure in anaerobic reactors as continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), covered lagoon digester (CLD) and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB).The experiment with CSTR reactor of 17-L useful volume, semicontinuously fed at 37 ± 1 °C, was divided into three phases. In the first phase, a constant OLR was applied with 1.0 g VS add L-1reactor d-1 until biogas productivity was stable. This occurred after the fortieth day of operation. In phase II, the OLR progressions had begun, starting with 2.0 g VS add. L-1reactor d-1 and after stabilizing biogas production rate, OLR was increased to 3.0 g VS add. L-1 reactor d-1. In phase III, OLR answers were 1.0, 1.9 and 0.7 g Vs add. L-1reactor d-1 and submitted in this order, according to the hydraulic retention time (HRT) in order to identify the relation among these variables. In the trial with CLD of 17-L useful volume, and semicontinuously fed, OLR answers were 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 g VSadd. L-1reactor d-1, respectively. The experiment with theUASB reactor of 6.6-L useful volume, continuously fed at 37 ± 1 °C, was divided into two phases. In phase I, OLR answers were:1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 g VSadd L-1reactor d-1. In phase II, OLR answers were 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.4, 1.6, 2.2, 2.9 and 8.4 g VS add. L-1reactor d-1.For CSTR reactor, the best results of methane content and biogas production rate was in OLR 1.9 g VS add. L-1reactor d-1 and HRT of 15 days, with 53 ± 10% (v v-1) and 0.7 ± 0.1 LNbiogas L-1reactord-1, respectively. In the experiment with CLD reactor, the best results of methane content and biogas production rate was in OLR 0.5 g VS add L-1reactor d-1 and HRT of 34 days, with 61 ± 5% (v v-1) and 0.3 ± 0.1 LN biogas L-1reactor d-1, respectively. For the UASB reactor, the best result of methane content and biogas production rate was in OLR 2.9 g VS add. L-1reactor d-1 and HRT of 1.5 days, with 74 ± 1% (v v-1) and 1.6 ± 0,5 LN biogas L-1reactor d-1, respectively. This research aimed at understanding the effect of OLR progression on the biogas production rate up from DS, establishing a relation among other variables that affect this biofuel production, contributing with important information to choose the most available reactor configuration to be settled in a full scale. / O uso de reatores anaeróbios com finalidades energéticas é uma forma eficiente para o tratamento de efluentes da suinocultura, desde que seja aplicada a correta carga orgânica volumétrica (COV), que varia de acordo com a configuração do reator e demais condições de condução do processo, tais como a temperatura. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar o efeito de progressão da COV sobre a geração e qualidade do biogás a partir de dejetos de suínos em reatores anaeróbios do tipo:Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), biodigestor de lagoa coberta (BLC) e Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB). O experimento com o reator CSTR de 17 L de volume útil, alimentado de forma semicontínua a 37 ± 1°C foi dividido em três fases. Na fase I, foi submetida COV constante de 1,0 g SV adic L-1 reator d-1 até estabilização da produção de biogás, que ocorreu a partir do quadragésimo dia de operação. Na fase II, iniciaram-se as progressões de COV, começando com 2,0 g SV adic. L-1reator d-1 e após estabilização da produtividade de biogás, a COV foi elevada para 3,0 g SV adic. L-1 reator d-1. Na fase III, as COV 1,0, 1,9 e 0,7 g SV adic. L-1reator d-1, submetidas nesta ordem, foram controladas pelo tempo de retenção de hidráulica (TRH), com o objetivo de identificar a relação entre essas variáveis. No experimento com o BLC de 17 L de volume útil, alimentado de forma semicontínua, foram submetidas as COV 0,3, 0,4 e 0,5 g SV adic L-1 reator d-1, respectivamente. O experimento com o reator UASB de 6,6 L de volume útil, alimentado de forma contínua a 37 ± 1°C, foi dividido em duas fases. Na fase I,foram submetidas as COV: 1,5, 2,0, 2,5 e 3,0 g SV adic L-1 reator d-1. Na fase II, foram submetidas as COV: 0,5, 0,7, 1,0, 1,4, 1,6, 2,2, 2,9 e 8,4 g SV adic L-1 reator d-1. Para reator CSTR, os melhores resultados de teor de metano e produtividade de biogás foram na COV de 1,9 g SV adic L-1 reator d-1 e TRH de 15 dias, com 53 ± 10% (v v-1) e 0,7 ± 0,1 LN biogás L-1 reator d-1, respectivamente. No experimento com o BLC, os melhores resultados de teor de metano e produtividade de biogás foram na COV 0,5 g SV adic L-1 reator d-1 e TRH de 34 dias, com 61 ± 5% (v v-1) e 0,3 ± 0,1 LN biogás L-1reator d-1, respectivamente. Para reator UASB, os melhores resultados de teor de metano e produtividade de biogás foram na COV 2,9 g sv adic L-1 reator d-1 e TRH de 1,5 dias, com 74 ± 1% (v v-1) e 1,6 ± 0,5 LN biogásL-1reator d-1, respectivamente. Esta pesquisa possibilitou compreender o efeito da progressão de COV sobre a produção de biogás a partir de DS, estabelecer relação com outras variáveis que afetam a produção deste biocombustível e contribuir com informações importantes para a escolha da configuração de reator, mais adequada para a implantação em escala real.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:59:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jesse Siqueira.pdf: 809003 bytes, checksum: 6021d4aac82f4c76ae84284b8bb770cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In seeking to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, alternative energy sources and less environmental impact has been widely studied, biofuels. Among them, we highlight the biodiesel and biogas. The increased production of biodiesel to meet with Brazilian legislation, invariably leads to an increase in the supply of a co-product called crude glycerin. With a generation of about 10% of the total volume of biodiesel produced large amounts of glycerin are generated annually, however, the costs for purification of the co-product are high. It is necessary to note its correct disposal, since it has high organic load and its improper disposal could mean major environmental impacts. One way is the biodigestion with other organic waste such as cattle manure. Its high carbon biodegradable can be used in co-digestion with cattle manure as a supplement in the production of biogas. The addition of different concentrations of crude glycerin (2%, 4% and 6% m / m) was used as a supplement in anaerobic digestion co-dairy cattle manure in laboratory batch digesters (3.5 L working volume) . The digesters were operated at mesophilic conditions (30 ° C), with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 30 days. It was analyzed the total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) to determine the process efficiency in the removal of organic matter and its effect on biogas production. The addition of 4% glycerin resulted in higher production of biogas, about 9307 ml. The COD removal efficiency decreased with addition of glycerin, with the greatest reduction in control treatment, 68%. In other treatments increased by 90% and 118% for treatments Gli4% and Gli6% respectively. The VS reductions for the treatments Gli0%, Gli2% Gli4% and Gli6% were 18.17%, 61.60%, 24.36% and 44.83% for the respective treatments. / Em busca de se diminuir a dependência do uso de combustíveis fósseis, fontes alternativas e de menor impacto ambiental tem sido amplamente estudadas, os biocombustíveis. Dentre eles, destacam-se o biodiesel e o biogás. O aumento da produção de biodiesel a fim de atender à legislação brasileira, invariavelmente acarreta um aumento na oferta de um co-produto chamado glicerina bruta. Com uma geração de cerca de 10% do volume total de biodiesel produzido, grandes quantidades de glicerina são geradas anualmente, sendo que os custos para a purificação são elevados. São necessárias formas de se destinar corretamente esse co-produto, já que apresentam elevada carga orgânica e sua disposição inadequada poderia significar grandes impactos ambientais. Uma forma é a biodigestão juntamente com outro resíduo orgânico, como os dejetos bovinos. Seu teor elevado de carbono biodegradável pode ser aproveitado na co-digestão com dejetos bovinos como um suplemento na produção de biogás. A adição de diferentes concentrações de glicerina bruta (0%, 2%, 4% e 6% m/m) foi utilizada como suplemento na co-digestão anaeróbia de dejetos bovinos de leite, em biodigestores laboratoriais de batelada ( 3,5 L de volume útil). Os biodigestores foram operados em condições mesofílicas (30º C), com tempo de retenção hidráulica (TRH) de 30 dias. Foram analisados os sólidos totais (ST), sólidos voláteis (SV) e demanda química de oxigênio ( DQO) a fim de determinar a eficiência do processo na remoção da matéria orgânica e seu efeito na produção de biogás. A adição de 4% de glicerina resultou na maior produção de biogás, cerca de 9307 mL. A eficiência na remoção de DQO diminuiu nos tratamentos com adição de glicerina, sendo a maior redução no tratamento controle, de 68%. Nos demais tratamentos houve um aumento de 90% e 118% para os tratamentos Gli4% e Gli6% respectivamente. As reduções de SV para os tratamentos Gli0%, Gli2%, Gli4% e Gli6%, foram de 18,17%, 61,60%, 24,36% e de 44,83%, para os respectivos tratamentos.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T19:39:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Doutorado - Marco Antonio de Almeida Leal.pdf: 1243520 bytes, checksum: b9888e8db72503bb47296e545d7a86b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-16 / The demand for organic fertilizers in Brazil is increasing, mainly in the South and Southeastern regions. The composting is a technique that can be used to increase the availability and the quality of organic fertilizers. This research aimed to study the usage of the composting of legumes and Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) as substitutes for cattle and poultry manure, traditional organic fertilizers used in the vegetables production. Featuring in Chapter I, the objective of the study was to determine the time of planting, and the age of cutting, which were more adequate for production of mass and accumulation o N in the Canavalia ensiformis e Crotalaria juncea. These species were chosen due to their high potential for biomass production, uniform seedling, upright growth, and determined growing pattern, which turn easy the handling of harvesting, and have no problems when cultivated in rotation systems with commercial crops. In Chapter II different conditions of composting and diverse proportions of the raw materials were studied, having as reference the mixture of Crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea) and Napier grass. The resulting composts were tested and the results are discussed on Chapter III. The composts were used as substrate for the production of vegetables seedlings and bed fertilizer in an organic system production of lettuce, beetroot and tomato. The speed of N release from the composts was also evaluated. The results indicate the Crotalaria as the most promising legume specie. It was observed that it is possible to obtain composts with high N levels by using only Crotalaria or mixed with Napier grass, without the need of inoculation or other additives. The composts obtained with these materials may substitute the commercial substrate Plantmax HT in the production of vegetables seedlings, and the cattle manure as bed fertilizers in the production of organically grown vegetables. / ? crescente a demanda por fertilizantes org?nicos no Brasil, principalmente nas regi?es Sul e Sudeste. A compostagem ? uma t?cnica que pode ser utilizada para aumentar a disponibilidade e a qualidade dos fertilizantes org?nicos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a utiliza??o da compostagem de palhada de leguminosas e capim Napier (Pennisetum purpureum) para obter substitutos para o esterco bovino e a cama de avi?rio, fertilizantes org?nicos tradicionalmente utilizados na produ??o de hortali?as. Nos experimentos apresentados no Cap?tulo I, buscou-se determinar a ?poca de plantio e a idade de corte mais adequadas para a produ??o de massa e acumula??o de N para Feij?o de Porco (Canavalia ensiformis) e Crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea), esp?cies escolhidas devido ao alto potencial de produ??o de massa, germina??o uniforme, porte ereto e h?bito de crescimento determinado, o que facilita o seu manejo de corte e n?o causa problemas quando cultivadas em sistemas de rota??o com culturas comerciais. No Cap?tulo II estudou-se diferentes condi??es de compostagem e diversas propor??es de mat?ria prima, tendo como base a mistura de Crotalaria e capim Napier. Os compostos obtidos foram testados no Cap?tulo III, sendo utilizados como substratos para a produ??o de mudas de hortali?as e como adubo org?nico de plantio para a produ??o de alface, beterraba e tomate em sistema org?nico. Avaliou-se tamb?m a velocidade de disponibiliza??o de N destes compostos. Os resultados obtidos indicam a Crotalaria como a leguminosa mais promissora para obten??o de massa e acumula??o de N. Observou-se que ? poss?vel a obten??o de compostos com elevados teores de N utilizando-se Crotalaria pura ou misturada com capim Napier, sem a necessidade de inoculantes ou outros aditivos. Compostos obtidos com estes materiais podem substituir o substrato comercial Plantmax HT na produ??o de mudas de hortali?as e tamb?m podem substituir o esterco bovino como adubo de cova na produ??o de hortali?as em sistemas de produ??o org?nicos.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi o de avaliar o desempenho de um reator anaeróbio híbrido de alta taxa (AHHR), contendo biomassa imobilizada em leito ordenado, alimentado com a fração líquida de esterco bovino, na produção de biogás. No estudo, foi utilizado um reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente de 12,4 L de volume total (9,2 L de volume útil) com leito ordenado composto por hastes de espuma de poliuretano (PU). O leito ordenado utilizado possuía 32 hastes de espuma de 1,25 cm2 de seção com 50,0 cm de comprimento, posicionadas verticalmente no interior do reator. A alimentação do reator e a recirculação foram realizadas por meio de bombas dosadoras de diafragma. O reator operou na faixa mesofílica de temperatura (de 20 a 40 &#176C) sem a utilização de mecanismos de controle de temperatura. Foram testadas 7 condições operacionais diferentes, variando o tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH), carga orgânica volumétrica (COV) aplicada e a utilização de recirculação interna. Para cada fase operacional, foram avaliadas a remoção de matéria orgânica e a produção de biogás. O sistema apresentou elevada remoção de matéria orgânica operando com TDH de 3 e 1d, respectivamente, com valores médios de remoção de DQO de 79 &#37 e 71 &#37. O biogás produzido pelo reator apresentou concentração de metano de 57,6 ± 0,5 &#37 e não foi detectada a presença de sulfeto. A maior produção média de metano foi de 1,676 L CH4/d, obtida com COV de 20 kg DQO/m3.d e TDH de 1d, enquanto a maior produção relativa de metano foi de 0,023 L CH4./ g SV.d, obtida com COV de 5 kg DQO/m3.d e TDH de 1d e recirculação. A relação entre alcalinidade intermediária e parcial teve valor médio de 0,32, oscilando na maior parte do tempo entre 0,27 e 0,33, indicando a estabilidade do processo de digestão anaeróbia. Os resultados obtidos indicaram o potencial satisfatório do AHHR para a remoção de matéria orgânica e produção de biogás a partir da fração líquida do esterco bovino nas condições operacionais testadas na pesquisa. / This study aimed at evaluating the biogas production for electricity generation performance of an anaerobic high-rate hybrid reactor (AHHR), containing immobilized biomass in structured-bed, fed with the liquid fraction of cattle manure. In this study, it was used an upflow 12,4 L anaerobic reactor (9,2 L working volume) with structuredbed composed by 32 PU foam stripes (1,25 cm2 cross section and 500 mm length) vertically fixed inside the reactor. The reactor feeding and internal recirculation was made by diaphragm metering pumps. The reactor operated at mesophilic temperature (20 - 40 &#176C) without temperature control system. Different operating conditions were tested (7 stages), changing hydraulic retention time (HRT), organic loading rate (OLR) and recirculation use. COD removal and biogas production were evaluated for each operational condition. The system resulted in high COD removal operating with HRT of 3 and 1d, respectively, with average COD removal of 79 &#37 and 71 &#37. Produced biogas had 57,6 ± 0,5 &#37 of methane and no sulfide. The highest average volumetric methane production was 1,676 L CH4, obtained with OLR of 20 kg COD/m3.d and 1d HRT, and the highest methane yield was 0,023 L CH4/ g VS obtained with OLR of 5 kg COD/m3.d, 1d HRT and recirculation. The intermediate and partial alkalinity relation had an average value of 0,32, varying most of the time between 0,27 and 0,33, indicating the anaerobic digestion process stability. The results indicated the decent COD removal and biogas production using the AHHR fed with the liquid fraction of cattle manure at the operation conditions used in this study.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Gabriel_Almeida.pdf: 2251762 bytes, checksum: f48973cb39ff1566f7617f9742859cc5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-25 / A trial was conducted to evaluate earthworm composting as an alternative for treating a mixture of bovine manure, wood shavings and rice hull ash, in order to produce an organic fertilizer. The fertilizer might be sold, becoming an alternative income for dairy cattle producers and reducing the environmental impact of dairy cattle activity, turning it into an environmental friendly and economic activity. Earthworm composting took place in 20 wood boxes (0.40m x 0.50m x 0.30m). Each box received 300 earthworms (Eisenia andrei). A total of five treatments with four replications were studied: T1 (100% bovine manure); T2 (50% bovine manure + 25% wood shavings + 25% rice hull ash); T3 (33% bovine manure + 33% wood shavings + 33% rice hull ash); T4 (25% bovine manure + 50% wood shavings + 25% rice hull ash); and T5 (25% bovine manure + 25% wood shavings + 50% rice hull ash). A completely randomized design was used. ANOVA was used for data analysis and the averages were compared by Tukey test at 5%. Humus samples were collected at day 45 and at the end of trial (day 60). The following variables were studied: pH, dry matter, ash, organic matter, carbon, nitrogen, C/N ratio, phosphorus, calcium, potassium and magnesium. Earthworm composting of pure bovine manure is an effective alternative for treating such dairy cattle production residue. The produced humus contains physical and chemical properties which allow it to be used as an organic fertilizer. However, the mixture of wood shavings and rice hull ash does not produce a good quality fertilizer, according to the current Brazilian legislation. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo da vermicompostagem como tratamento de esterco bovino misturado com serragem e cinza de casca de arroz, a fim de produzir um adubo orgânico com qualidade para ser comercializado e gerar uma fonte extra de renda para os produtores de gado de leite, minimizando assim os impactos ambientais gerados por este setor e tornando-o mais sustentável ambientalmente e economicamente. A vermicompostagem foi realizada em 20 caixas de madeira com dimensões de 0,40m x 0,50m x 0,30m instaladas em minhocário coberto. Em cada caixa foram inoculadas 300 minhocas da espécie Eisenia andrei. Foram testados cinco tratamentos com quatro repetições cada: T1 (100% esterco bovino); T2 (50% esterco bovino + 25% serragem + 25% cinza de casca de arroz); T3 (33% esterco bovino + 33% serragem + 33% cinza de casca de arroz); T4 (25% esterco bovino + 50% serragem + 25% cinza de casca de arroz); e T5 (25% esterco bovino + 25% serragem + 50% cinza de casca de arroz). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado e o período experimental foi de 60 dias, sendo que a amostragem do húmus foi realizada aos 45 e aos 60 dias. Foram avaliados o pH, os teores de matéria seca, cinzas, matéria orgânica, carbono, relação C/N, nitrogênio, fósforo, cálcio, potássio e magnésio em todos os vermicompostos. Verificou-se que a vermicompostagem de esterco bovino puro é uma alternativa para o tratamento desse resíduo gerado no sistema de produção de gado de leite, pois o húmus produzido possui ótimas características químicas para ser utilizado na agricultura ou comercializado. Entretanto, as misturas com serragem e cinza de casca de arroz, nas proporções utilizadas, não produziram um adubo de qualidade conforme os parâmetros exigidos pela legislação.i.

Le secteur de la méthanisation à la ferme ou territoriale connait un fort développement, entrainant la production de grandes quantités de digestats. Si la fraction solide de ces digestats est généralement utilisée en tant qu’amendement organique, la fraction liquide peut être valorisée par la récupération des éléments minéraux bien que la présence de composés organiques pose des problèmes de traitement et d’élimination. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont i) de caractériser la fraction liquide des digestats et donner des premiers éléments pour leur futur traitement et ii) d’expliquer la variabilité des composés résiduels présents dans cette fraction liquide en relation avec l’origine des substrats, les paramètres du procédé de méthanisation et le type de séparation solide/liquide. Dans une première partie, nous avons caractérisé de manière détaillée onze digestats issus d’installations industrielles de co-digestion. Le fractionnement par neuf filtrations successives de la fraction liquide des digestats a permis de quantifier la contribution des matières en suspension, des colloïdes grossiers et fins et des matières dissoutes aux différents paramètres physico-chimiques et biologiques. Il a été montré la faible biodégradabilité aérobie des composés organiques dont la majeure partie se trouve dans la matière en suspension (> 1,2 µm). Pour élargir la base de données, nous avons caractérisé dix-huit digestats supplémentaires et un digestat de boues de station d’épuration dont les fractions liquides ont été fractionnées par deux filtrations successives (1,2 μm et 1 kDa). L’analyse en composantes principales, la classification hiérarchique et la matrice de corrélation réalisées sur l’ensemble des 30 digestats ont mis en avant l’impact majeur des techniques de séparation solide/liquide sur la composition de la fraction liquide des digestats. Dans le groupe des techniques de séparation hautement performantes, des sous-groupes ont permis de distinguer les digestats à base de boues d’épuration, ceux à base de lisiers porcins et ceux issus de procédés piston thermophiles. Dans le groupe des procédés de séparation à faible performance, les teneurs en DCO et matières sèches de la fraction liquide des digestats ont été corrélées aux teneurs en cultures énergétiques et fumiers bovins dans l’alimentation. Finalement, pour l’ensemble des digestats, le paramètre SUVA, lié à la teneur en matière aromatique et à la stabilisation des composés, a été corrélé au temps de séjour des digesteurs. Pour comprendre l’origine des composés résiduels observés dans la fraction liquide des digestats issus de la co-digestion avec de fortes proportions de fumier bovin, quatre réacteurs CSTR alimentés avec respectivement de la paille de blé, de la bouse de vache et du fumier ont été conduits pendant 48 semaines. Les performances de méthanisation ont mis en évidence le caractère âgé du fumier qui avait été partiellement dégradé pendant le stockage à la ferme. Ainsi la fraction liquide du digestat du fumier a présenté les plus fortes concentrations en composés organiques qui en outre présentaient une complexité, mesurée par fluorimétrie 3D, plus élevée que les autres substrats. La fraction liquide du digestat issue de la méthanisation de la paille a révélé les plus fortes proportions de DCO dans les fractions colloïdales et dissoutes. La faible biodégradabilité des composés organiques et leur forte proportion dans les matières en suspension suggèrent le développement de procédés physico-chimiques de séparation tels que la coagulation pour le traitement de la fraction liquide des digestats. / Agricultural and centralized biogas plants are facing a fast development, leading to the production of huge amounts of digestates. Whereas the solid fraction of digestates is used as fertilizer, the liquid fraction can be valorized by the recovery of mineral materials, although the presence of organic compounds may be problematic for the treatment and disposal of this effluent. The objectives of this thesis are: i) to characterize the liquid fraction of digestates and to provide guidelines for its further treatment, ii) to explain the variability of residual compounds in the liquid fraction of digestates in relation with substrate origin, process parameters and the type of solid-liquid separation. In a first part, eleven digestates from full scale codigestion plants were thoroughly characterized. Their liquid fractions were fractionated by nine successive filtrations, which allowed quantifying the contribution of suspended particles, coarse and fine colloids and dissolved matter on several physico-chemical and biological parameters. Organic compounds were mainly found in suspended particles (> 1.2 µm) and presented low aerobic biodegradability. To enlarge the data base, eighteen more digestates from codigestion and one digestate from waste activated sludge were characterized; their liquid fractions were fractionated by two successive filtrations (1.2 μm and 1 kDa). Principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis and correlation matrix carried out on the 30 digestates set, highlighted the major impact of the solid-liquid separation process on the composition of the liquid fraction of digestates. In the high performance separation process group, subgroups allowed separating digestates from sewage sludge, digestates from pig manure and digestates from plug-flow thermophilic processes. In the low performance separation process group, COD and total solids concentration in the liquid fraction of digestates were correlated to the percentage of energy crops and cow manure in the feed. Finally, SUVA parameter which accounts for aromatic compounds content and the stabilization of organic matter, was correlated to the retention time in digester for the whole digestates set. To understand the origin of residual compounds in the liquid fraction of digestates from co-digestion of high proportions of cattle manure, four CSTR reactors fed with wheat straw, cow dung and cow manure were operated for 48 weeks. Anaerobic digestion performances showed that cow manure had undergone some aerobic degradation during its storage at the farm. Therefore, the liquid fraction of manure digestate had the highest concentrations in organic compounds. In addition, these organic compounds had the highest complexity measured by 3D fluorimetry. The low biodegradability of organic compounds and their high percentage in suspended particles suggest the development of physico-chemical separation process such as coagulation for the treatment of the liquid fraction of digestates

While the growth of Turkey brings many prosperities, the required energy for this development creates a dependency that goes up to 80% of total energy consumption. In order to have a resilient energy system that adapts to sudden changes in an area where political and social conditions are not stable, Turkey needs a renewable energy source produced by domestic resources. This study shows that the abundant resources in agriculture sector for biomass energy production, especially biogas production, can be that energy source however, this will require a new rural development model that uses cooperatives in its centre. Further research and interviews suggest that, the cooperatives have the capacity, but not all of them have the opportunity and the support to take upon this task.

En Guadeloupe, l'utilisation de composts se heurte à de nombreux freins, aussi bien en termes de leur qualité qu’en termes d’un manque de plateformes de compostage à grande échelle et de proximité. Des études récentes ont montré que la qualité des composts locaux était plus faible qu’en milieu tempéré, ce qui constituerait un verrou majeur à l’adoption de la pratique et l’utilisation des composts industriels locaux. Pourtant, les objectifs de valorisation des déchets organiques fixés par les instances publiques sont ambitieux et le gisement local, bien que diffus et actuellement mal géré ou négligé, présenterait un réel intérêt pour la profession agricole à être orienté vers la valorisation biologique telle que le compostage. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de ce travail était d'évaluer la qualité des composts élaborés en milieu tropical et d'apporter des éléments factuels pour son amélioration et, plus spécifiquement, d’apporter de l’information sur les potentialités agronomiques du compostage des effluents d’élevage en Guadeloupe, présentant ainsi le compostage comme une alternative durable pour le recyclage des déchets d’origine animale.Une méta-analyse de 442 composts d'origine diverse, la première réalisée sur le sujet, nous a permis de démontrer que les composts produits en milieu tropical présentent des teneurs en carbone, azote, potassium et fraction soluble de la matière organique plus faibles que celles des composts produits en milieu tempéré, et que cela pourrait notamment être dû à l’influence des conditions climatiques lors du compostage. En revanche, nous avons pu mettre en évidence que certaines matières premières permettaient l’obtention de composts de meilleure qualité quelque soit le climat considéré, il s’agissait entre autres des effluents d’élevage.Les résultats issus d'une série d’expérimentations menée sur la production de composts d’effluents d’élevage avec co-compostage et vermicompostage ont été traités avec une approche méthodologique innovante dans ce domaine, les Réseaux Bayésiens. L’évaluation réalisée sur le co-compostage effluents/déchets verts nous a permis d’identifier l’"effet de concentration" du carbone et de la lignine, comme celui qui définit la qualité des composts en termes de quantité et de stabilité de la matière organique. En revanche, dans le cas des nutriments, seule la qualité des matières premières a été identifiée comme le facteur déterminant de la qualité des produits finaux. Ces résultats nous ont amené à considérer les effluents d’élevage de bovin comme la matière première la plus efficace pour produire des co-composts de qualité satisfaisante, répondant à la problématique d’usure de la matière organique des sols guadeloupéens et permettant de satisfaire les attentes de la profession agricole.De plus des expérimentations réalisées sur les composts domestiques ont montré que la gamme analysée présentait une variabilité trop importante pour être considérée comme acceptable par la profession agricole. Le compostage domestique peut permettre de produire des composts de bonne qualité agronomique à utiliser à la petite échelle des jardins particuliers et des jardins créoles. / In Guadeloupe, the practice of composting faces many obstacles and preconceptions both in terms of quality and in terms of lack of large-scale composting plants as well as local composting facilities. Recent studies have shown that the quality of local composts was lower compared to those from temperate regions. This constitutes an important constraint for the adoption of the former by farmers. However, organic waste recovery targets set by the government are ambitious and local resources, although diffused and currently poorly managed or neglected would be of real interest for the farming profession by being directed towards organic recycling such as composting. In this context, the aim of this thesis was to evaluate the quality of compost produced in the tropics, provide factual elements for improvement and, more specifically, to provide information on the agronomic potential of composting livestock manure in Guadeloupe, presenting composting as a sustainable alternative for the recycling of animal waste.A meta-analysis of 442 composts from various sources, the first one to be conducted on the subject enabled us to demonstrate that composts produced in the tropics present lower contents of carbon, nitrogen, potassium and soluble fraction of organic matter than those produced in temperate environments. This could especially be due to the influence of climatic conditions during composting. However, we were able to show that some raw materials allow better quality composts whatever the considered climate, especially the case of livestock manure.A series of experiments conducted on the production of livestock manure composts with co-composting and vermicomposting were treated with an innovative methodological approach in this field, the Bayesian Networks. The evaluation carried out on co-composting has allowed us to identify that the "concentration effect" was the main factor affecting compost quality in terms of amount and stability of organic matter. While in the case of nutrients, only the quality of raw materials has been identified as the determining factor affecting the quality of the end products. These results led us to consider manure, mainly cattle manure, as the most efficient feedstock for producing satisfactory quality composts, meeting the needs of loss of soil organic matter in Guadeloupe and the needs of the farming profession.Further experiments performed on household composts showed that their quality exhibited a too important variability to be considered acceptable by farmers. Our results indicate that household composts could be suitable for use in small-scale private gardens and Creole gardens.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Soil pollution by heavy metals such as copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) has deserved special attention as it may represent risks to the quality of the environment. In Brazil particularly in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the application of high doses of pig slurry in soil as nutrient source to plants and the continued application of copper-based fungicides in vineyards are two activities that are alarming due to the addition of high amounts of Cu and Zn in the soil. For this reason continued application of copper-based fungicides and pig slurry along the years has caused great increment in Cu and Zn contents, mainly in the superficial layers, thus increasing bioavailability of these metals which can cause phytotoxicity to the plants. The objectives of this paper were to infer the possibility of phytotoxicity of Cu and Zn to plants grown in soils submitted to successive applications of pig slurry and in soils collected from vineyards with a long history of copper-based fungicide applications of the Serra Gaúcha and Campanha Gaúcha regions, as well as to evaluate bioavailability of accumulated Cu in soils collected from vineyards of the aforementioned regions. To develop this work was carried out three studies. In first study was grown corn until 25 days after plant emergence in a greenhouse using deformed and undeformed soil samples collected in 0 - 20 cm depth was setup where 19 successive pig slurry applications of 0, 20, 40 and 80 m3 ha-1 were done for the period of seven years. A second study which composes this work was done with soils collected from vineyards of the Serra Gaúcha and Campanha Gaúcha regions. In March 2009, soil samples were collected in soil depths of 0 - 20 and 0 - 5, 5 - 10, 10 - 15, 15 - 20, 20 - 25, 25 - 30, 30 - 40 cm in three vineyards and native forest from the Serra Gaúcha region and in two vineyards and native land of the Campanha Gaúcha region. Soil samples of the 0 20 cm depth were dried, grounded and later used for the cultivation of black oat in a greenhouse for period of 40 days after plant emergence the plants. In both studies, enzymatic biochemical parameters linked to oxidative stress in the aerial part of corn and black oat plants such as lipid peroxidation, H2O2 concentration, superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were evaluated. Further, non-enzymatic parameters linked to oxidative stress in the aerial part of corn and black oat plants such as ascorbic acid and non-protein thiol group concentrations were also evaluated. The third study was conducted with vineyard soils, which assessed the bioavailability of Cu in soils. The total content of Cu, pseudo-total content (extraction using the EPA 3050B method), available content (extraction with HCl 0.1 mol L-1 and EDTA), as well the chemical fractionation of Cu through sequential extraction were determined. Overall, the biochemical parameters were not intensely altered in the corn plants, thus indicating that the 19 pig slurry applications did not cause excessive accumulation of copper and zinc in soil. On the other hand, Haplumbrept soil from vineyards of the Serra Gaúcha region and the Typic Hapludalf soil from the vineyards of the Campanha Gaúcha region with a long history of cupric fungicide application caused great oxidative stress and the antioxidant system of the black oat plants was not effective enough to reverse the stress condition, indicating that these soils present toxic levels of copper to the black oat plants. Lastly, it was observed that a high concentration of Cu in black oat roots may be an indicator of bioavailability of Cu in soil, but it is not an indicator to evaluate phytotoxicity to the plants. In addition, copper added to the soil via foliar application in grapevines accumulates mainly in the superficial layers of soil predominately in bioavailable forms, especially those linked to the mineral fraction of the soil. / A poluição do solo por metais pesados como cobre (Cu) e zinco (Zn) tem merecido atenção especial, porque pode representar riscos à qualidade do ambiente. No Brasil, especialmente, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a aplicação de altas doses de dejeto de suínos no solo, como fonte de nutrientes às plantas, e a aplicação continuada de fungicidas à base de Cu em vinhedos são duas atividades que preocupam pelo incremento das quantidades de frações de Cu e Zn no solo, principalmente em camadas superficiais, aumentando a biodisponibilidade destes metais, o que pode causar fitotoxidez. O presente trabalho teve por objetivos: (a) inferir sobre a possibilidade de fitotoxidez de Cu e Zn às plantas cultivadas em solos submetidos a aplicações sucessivas de dejeto líquido de suínos e em solos coletados sob vinhedos, com longo histórico com aplicações de fungicidas a base de Cu, da Serra e da Campanha Gaúcha; (b) avaliar a biodisponiblidade do Cu acumulado em solos coletados sob vinhedos da Serra e da Campanha Gaúcha. Para desenvolvimento deste trabalho foram realizados três estudos. No primeiro estudo foi realizado o cultivo de milho em casa de vegetação por um período de 25 dias após amergência das plantas, utilizando-se de amostras de solo deformadas e indeformadas coletadas da camada de 0 - 20 cm de profundidade, onde foram feitas 19 aplicações sucessivas de 0, 20, 40 e 80 m3 ha-1 de dejeto líquido de suínos, durante sete anos. O segundo estudo foi realizado com solos coletados sob vinhedos da Serra e da Campanha Gaúcha. Em março de 2009 foram coletadas amostras de solo nas camadas de 0 - 20 e de 0 - 5, 5 - 10, 10 - 15, 15 - 20, 20 - 25, 25 - 30, 30 - 40 cm de profundidade, em três vinhedos e mata nativa na Serra Gaúcha e, em dois vinhedos e em campo nativo, na Campanha Gaúcha. Os solos da camada 0 - 20 cm foram secos, moídos e, posteriormente, utilizados para o cultivo com aveia preta em casa de vegetação por um período de 40 dias após a emergência das plantas. Nos dois primeiros estudos foram avaliados parâmetros bioquímicos enzimáticos ligados ao estresse oxidativo na parte aérea das plantas de milho e aveia preta, tais como peroxidação lipídica, concentração de H2O2 e atividade das enzimas superoxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbato peroxidase (APX). Além disso, foram avaliados parâmetros não enzimáticos ligados ao estresse oxidativo na parte área das plantas de aveia preta e milho como concentração de ácido ascórbico e de grupos tióis não protéica. O terceiro estudo foi realizado com solos de vinhedos, onde foi avaliado a biodisponibilidade de Cu nos solos. Foram determinados os teores totais de Cu, teores pseudo-totais (extração pelo método 3050B da EPA), teores disponíveis (extração com HCl 0,1 mol L-1 e EDTA), além do fracionamento químico do Cu através da extração sequencial. De forma geral, os parâmetros bioquímicos não foram alterados de forma intensa nas plantas de milho, indicando que o acúmulo de Cu e Zn no solo proporcionado pelas 19 aplicações de dejeto líquido de suínos não causaram impacto negativo sobre as plantas. Por outro lado, os solos Cambissolo Húmico de vinhedos da Serra Gaúcha e os solos Argissolo Vermelho da região da Campanha, com longo histórico de aplicação de fungicidas cúpricos, apresentaram teores de Cu que causaram estresse oxidativo e o sistema antioxidante das plantas de aveia preta não foi suficientemente eficaz para reverter à condição de estresse, indicando que estes solos apresentam teores de cobre tóxicos para as plantas de aveia preta. Em adição, se observou que a concentração de Cu nas raízes da aveia preta pode ser utilizada como indicativo de biodisponiblidade de Cu no solo, mas não é indicador para avaliar fitotoxidez às plantas. Além disso, o cobre adicionado ao solo via aplicação foliar nas videiras acumulou, principalmente, nas camadas superficiais no solo e predominantemente em formas biodisponíveis, especialmente aquelas ligadas à fração mineral do solo.

Du fait de la réduction de l'usage des produits phytosanitaires, les bioagresseurs du sol, notamment les champignons Sclerotinia et les nématodes à galles Meloidogyne, sont de plus en plus préoccupants en maraîchage sous abri. Des techniques alternatives existent, mais leurs efficacités partielles et variables nécessitent la recherche de nouvelles stratégies pour leur gestion.Cette étude vise à déterminer l'intérêt de combiner deux techniques, la solarisation et l'engrais vert (Sorgho sudanense) et les influences des successions culturales et des fréquences d'utilisation de ces techniques sur leurs efficacités.Pour cela, un dispositif en parcelles de producteurs a permis de suivre l'évolution des incidences et sévérités de Sclerotinia et Meloidogyne dans différents systèmes de culture.Les effets des cultures de melon sont prédominants sur ceux des techniques alternatives, de façon opposée pour ces deux bioagresseurs. Les successions incluant du melon favorisent les plus fortes attaques de Meloidogyne alors qu'elles réduisent celles de Sclerotinia. Pour ce pathogène, l'utilisation de solarisation tous les ans ou un an sur deux en combinaison avec l'engrais vert en assure le contrôle le plus efficace. Par contre, la culture de melon étant très sensible à Meloidogyne, elle masque les effets des techniques alternatives.Des propositions d'amélioration de systèmes de culture, basées sur la modification des fréquences de culture du melon et sur l'optimisation de l'usage des techniques alternatives, ont été faites pour la gestion commune de Sclerotinia et Meloidogyne.Ces résultats montrent les interactions entre les différentes pratiques culturales utilisées sur une parcelle et l'intérêt des études agronomiques systémiques. De plus, les effets opposés observés d'un même système de culture soulignent l'intérêt d'études multi-bioagresseurs, pour ne pas faire de propositions qui résolvent un problème mais en aggravent d'autres. / In the current context of the reduction of pesticide use, soilborne pests and diseases, and especially the fungi Sclerotinia and the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne, become more and more worrying in vegetable production under shelter in Southern France. Alternative techniques exist, but their partial and varying efficiencies require the search for new strategies of management of these pests and diseases fit for producers.Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the benefit of combinations of two techniques, soil solarisation and green manure (Sorghum sudanense). It is also to determine the influences of crop successions and frequences of these techniques on their individual efficiencies.To this effect, a setup of producers' plots has been designed. The spatiotemporal evolution of incidences and severities of Sclerotinia and Meloidogyne in several cropping systems has been observed on this setup.The presence of a melon crop has a major influence on the efficiency of the alternative techniques. Opposite effects for the two considered pests and diseases appeared. Crops successions with melon are most favourable to highest infestations of Meloidogyne whereas, Sclerotinia infections are reduced. For this pathogen, a solarisation every year or every two years ensures the most effective control. On the contrary, in the case of Meloidogyne, the melon crop is very sensitive to this pest, a characteristic that masks the positive effects of alternative techniques.