Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isabela Marega Rigolin.pdf: 2206134 bytes, checksum: a04daea692c9eb3116904c47f5416325 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-08 / One way to reduce the concentration of waste through composting is being considered as an alternative privileged treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the compostability of industrial waste through monitoring of chemical parameters. The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Sciences College, School of Agronomy, located in Campus II, Universidade do Oeste Paulista UNOESTE in Presidente Prudente/SP. For treatments we used the residue of an industrial company in the oilochemical, properly characterized chemically before the mixtures. The treatments were arranged in compost piles and characterized as follow way: (T1) = Test, (T2) = 75% Proportion of Principal residue + 25% Sewage Sludges (ETE) (3:1), (T3) = Proportion of 50% of the residue Principal + 50% Sewage Sludges (ETE) (1:1), (T4) = 25% Proportion of Principal residue + 75% of Sewage Sludges (ETE) (1:3) , (T5) = 75% Proportion of Principal residue + 25% Mineral Fertilizer (3:1), (T6) = 50% Proportion of Principal residue + 50% Mineral Fertilizer (1:1), (T7) = 25% Proportion of Principal residue + 75% Mineral Fertilizer (1:3), (T8 = 75% Proportion of Principal residue + 25% Farmyard Manure natural; (T9) = 50% Proportion of Principal residue l + 50% Proportion of Principal residue; (T10) = 25% Proportion of Principal residue + 75% Farmyard Manure natural . The samples were dried at 65 ° C for 72 hours, after that it was grinded to determine the following parameters: electrical conductivity (EC) in relation to water, pH CaCl2 0.01 mol L-1, Moisture (%) of the samples removed 65ºC; Relation C/N; Content of Organic Matter (MOT) and total C. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and mean comparison test F at 5% probability, and where relevant treatment effects were evaluated by applying the polynomial regression models. The best model to fit the data was selected based on the significance degree of the coefficient of determination (R²). The data obtained showed that composting is a technique which may be effective in the treatment of waste from the oil industry, which requires the addition of inoculum and nutrients to provide the necessary conditions for microbial activity, the proportion of 25 RI% + 75% of LE. It was considered as a treatment which obtained an important result given the difficult to composting RI, that the period of 120 days was not enough to transform into compost humified and the addition of mineral fertilizer provided no significant effect. / Uma das formas de reduzir a concentração de resíduos é através da compostagem, sendo considerada como uma alternativa privilegiada de tratamento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a compostabilidade de um resíduo industrial através do monitoramento de parâmetros químicos. O experimento foi conduzido na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, do Curso de Agronomia, localizada no Campus II, na Universidade do Oeste Paulista - UNOESTE, em Presidente Prudente/SP. Para os tratamentos, utilizou-se o resíduo industrial de uma empresa do setor de oleoquímica, devidamente caracterizado quimicamente antes da efetivação das misturas. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em pilhas de compostagem e caracterizados da seguinte forma: (T1) = Testemunha; (T2) = Proporção de 75% do Resíduo Principal + 25% de Lodo de Esgoto (ETE) (3:1); (T3) = Proporção de 50% do Resíduo Principal + 50% de Lodo de Esgoto (ETE) (1:1); (T4) = Proporção de 25% do Resíduo Principal + 75% de Lodo de Esgoto (ETE) (1:3); (T5) = Proporção de 75% do Resíduo Principal + 25% de Fertilizante Mineral (3:1); (T6) = Proporção de 50% do Resíduo Principal + 50% de Fertilizante Mineral (1:1); (T7) = Proporção de 25% do Resíduo Principal + 75% de Fertilizante Mineral (1:3); (T8) = Proporção de 75% do Resíduo Principal + 25% Esterco de Curral in natura; (T9) = Proporção de 50% do Resíduo Principal + 50% Esterco de Curral in natura; (T10) = Proporção de 25% do Resíduo Principal + 75% Esterco de Curral in natura. As amostras coletadas foram secas à 65 oC durante 72 horas e depois moídas para a determinação dos seguintes parâmetros: Condutividade elétrica (Ce) em água na relação; pH em CaCl2 0,01 mol L-1, Umidade (%) das amostras eliminada à 65oC; Relação C/N, Teor de Matéria Orgânica Total (MOT) e C total. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de comparação de médias F ao nível de 5% de probabilidade e, quando pertinente os efeitos dos tratamentos foram avaliados aplicando-se os modelos de regressão polinomial. O melhor modelo para o ajuste dos dados foi escolhido em função do grau de significância do coeficiente de determinação (R2). De acordo com os dados obtidos verificou-se que a compostagem é uma técnica que poderá ser eficiente no tratamento do resíduo proveniente da indústria oleoquímica, sendo necessária, a adição de inoculantes e nutrientes que forneçam condições necessárias para a atividade microbiana; a proporção de 25% do RI + 75% de LE, foi considerada como um tratamento que obteve um resultado relevante diante da dificuldade de compostagem do RI; que o período de 120 dias não foi suficiente para transformação em composto humificado e a adição de fertilizante mineral não proporcionou efeito significativo.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isabela Marega Rigolin.pdf: 2206134 bytes, checksum: a04daea692c9eb3116904c47f5416325 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-08 / One way to reduce the concentration of waste through composting is being considered as an alternative privileged treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the compostability of industrial waste through monitoring of chemical parameters. The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Sciences College, School of Agronomy, located in Campus II, Universidade do Oeste Paulista UNOESTE in Presidente Prudente/SP. For treatments we used the residue of an industrial company in the oilochemical, properly characterized chemically before the mixtures. The treatments were arranged in compost piles and characterized as follow way: (T1) = Test, (T2) = 75% Proportion of Principal residue + 25% Sewage Sludges (ETE) (3:1), (T3) = Proportion of 50% of the residue Principal + 50% Sewage Sludges (ETE) (1:1), (T4) = 25% Proportion of Principal residue + 75% of Sewage Sludges (ETE) (1:3) , (T5) = 75% Proportion of Principal residue + 25% Mineral Fertilizer (3:1), (T6) = 50% Proportion of Principal residue + 50% Mineral Fertilizer (1:1), (T7) = 25% Proportion of Principal residue + 75% Mineral Fertilizer (1:3), (T8 = 75% Proportion of Principal residue + 25% Farmyard Manure natural; (T9) = 50% Proportion of Principal residue l + 50% Proportion of Principal residue; (T10) = 25% Proportion of Principal residue + 75% Farmyard Manure natural . The samples were dried at 65 ° C for 72 hours, after that it was grinded to determine the following parameters: electrical conductivity (EC) in relation to water, pH CaCl2 0.01 mol L-1, Moisture (%) of the samples removed 65ºC; Relation C/N; Content of Organic Matter (MOT) and total C. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and mean comparison test F at 5% probability, and where relevant treatment effects were evaluated by applying the polynomial regression models. The best model to fit the data was selected based on the significance degree of the coefficient of determination (R²). The data obtained showed that composting is a technique which may be effective in the treatment of waste from the oil industry, which requires the addition of inoculum and nutrients to provide the necessary conditions for microbial activity, the proportion of 25 RI% + 75% of LE. It was considered as a treatment which obtained an important result given the difficult to composting RI, that the period of 120 days was not enough to transform into compost humified and the addition of mineral fertilizer provided no significant effect. / Uma das formas de reduzir a concentração de resíduos é através da compostagem, sendo considerada como uma alternativa privilegiada de tratamento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a compostabilidade de um resíduo industrial através do monitoramento de parâmetros químicos. O experimento foi conduzido na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, do Curso de Agronomia, localizada no Campus II, na Universidade do Oeste Paulista - UNOESTE, em Presidente Prudente/SP. Para os tratamentos, utilizou-se o resíduo industrial de uma empresa do setor de oleoquímica, devidamente caracterizado quimicamente antes da efetivação das misturas. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em pilhas de compostagem e caracterizados da seguinte forma: (T1) = Testemunha; (T2) = Proporção de 75% do Resíduo Principal + 25% de Lodo de Esgoto (ETE) (3:1); (T3) = Proporção de 50% do Resíduo Principal + 50% de Lodo de Esgoto (ETE) (1:1); (T4) = Proporção de 25% do Resíduo Principal + 75% de Lodo de Esgoto (ETE) (1:3); (T5) = Proporção de 75% do Resíduo Principal + 25% de Fertilizante Mineral (3:1); (T6) = Proporção de 50% do Resíduo Principal + 50% de Fertilizante Mineral (1:1); (T7) = Proporção de 25% do Resíduo Principal + 75% de Fertilizante Mineral (1:3); (T8) = Proporção de 75% do Resíduo Principal + 25% Esterco de Curral in natura; (T9) = Proporção de 50% do Resíduo Principal + 50% Esterco de Curral in natura; (T10) = Proporção de 25% do Resíduo Principal + 75% Esterco de Curral in natura. As amostras coletadas foram secas à 65 oC durante 72 horas e depois moídas para a determinação dos seguintes parâmetros: Condutividade elétrica (Ce) em água na relação; pH em CaCl2 0,01 mol L-1, Umidade (%) das amostras eliminada à 65oC; Relação C/N, Teor de Matéria Orgânica Total (MOT) e C total. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de comparação de médias F ao nível de 5% de probabilidade e, quando pertinente os efeitos dos tratamentos foram avaliados aplicando-se os modelos de regressão polinomial. O melhor modelo para o ajuste dos dados foi escolhido em função do grau de significância do coeficiente de determinação (R2). De acordo com os dados obtidos verificou-se que a compostagem é uma técnica que poderá ser eficiente no tratamento do resíduo proveniente da indústria oleoquímica, sendo necessária, a adição de inoculantes e nutrientes que forneçam condições necessárias para a atividade microbiana; a proporção de 25% do RI + 75% de LE, foi considerada como um tratamento que obteve um resultado relevante diante da dificuldade de compostagem do RI; que o período de 120 dias não foi suficiente para transformação em composto humificado e a adição de fertilizante mineral não proporcionou efeito significativo.

No description available.

MSCAGR / Department of Animal Science

Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Junior / Banca: Roberto Alves de Oliveira / Banca: Júlio Cesar Pascale Palhares / Banca: Nilva Kazue Sakomura / Banca: Mônica Sarolli Silva de Mendonça Costa / Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da reutilização de cama de quatro lotes de criações de frangos de corte sobre a produção de cama de frango, a produção de biogás e a utilização do biofertilizante para adubação de milho. No capítulo sobre produção de cama foram avaliados quatro reutilizações de cama de frangos de corte criados em um galpão comercial dividido em 12 boxes pertencente à Empresa Rei Frango em São Carlos - SP - Brasil. Para caracterização da produção de cama foi avaliado a quantidade de cama produzida na matéria seca (MS) e o coeficiente de resíduo (Cr), ou seja, a quantidade de resíduo por kg de peso vivo das aves. Na caracterização qualitativa, foram analisados os teores de macro, micronutrientes e metais na casca de amendoim e cama de frango. Com o acréscimo de casca de amendoim nova mais o aumento de excretas do lote anterior, houve aumento (P<0,05) na produção de cama (MS). Assim, o Cr aumentou de acordo com a reutilização da cama. Porém, quando se avalia o Cr acumulado, ou seja, a quantidade de resíduo por kg de peso vivo acumulado das aves dos lotes criados, não houve diferença (P>0,05). De forma geral, foi observado que, com a reutilização da cama houve aumento (P<0,05) na concentração de nutrientes na cama. Conclui-se que com a reutilização de cama é possível igualar ou diminuir os custos com a aquisição de nova cama, aumentar a quantidade de nutrientes na cama para ser utilizada como biofertilizante na agricultura e estabilizar ou diminuir o impacto ambiental com a produção de cama por ave produzida. No capítulo sobre biodigestão anaeróbia de cama de frangos, para cada lote de aves conduzidos foram realizadas duas avaliações de biodigestão anaeróbia, sendo 4 ensaios (camas de 1 a 4º reutilização) avaliados de 2 formas: as 4 camas foram avaliadas em diferentes épocas do ano e também avaliadas na mesma época... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the effect of reuse of litter of four broiler breeding cycle on the broiler litter' production, the biogas' production and use of organic fertilizer for fertilization of maize. In the chapter on production of litter were evaluated four reuses of litter of broiler chickens reared in a commercial shed divided in 12 boxes belonging to Rei Frango Company in São Carlos - São Paulo - Brazil. To characterize the production of litter was assessed the amount of litter produced in dry matter (DM) and the coefficient of waste (CW), or the amount of waste per kg of live birds. In qualitative characteristics, were analyzed the levels of macro, micro and metals in the shell of peanuts and broiler litter. With the addition of new peanut shell, plus the increase of manure of the previous batch, there was an increase (P<0.05) in the production of litter (dry matter - DM). Thus, the increased CW according to the reuse of litter. But when assessing the cumulative CW, or the amount of waste per kilogram of body weight of accumulated lots of birds created, there was no difference (P>0.05). Overall, it was observed that with the reuse of the litter there was an increase (P<0.05) in the concentration of nutrients in litter. It follows that with the reuse of litter can be equal or lower cost for the purchase of new litter, increase the amount of nutrients in litter to be used as organic fertilizer in agriculture and keep or reduce the environmental impact to the production of litter by produced per bird. In the chapter on anaerobic digester with litter of broiler, for each batch of birds conducted two evaluations were made of anaerobic digester, and 4 trials (litters from 1 to 4 reuse) evaluated in 2 ways: the 4 litters were evaluated at different times of the year and also evaluated in the same season, totaling 8 tests. 24 digesters were used in batch, distributed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Banca: Sarita Leonel / Banca: Carlos Ruggiero / Banca : Ana Lúcia Borges / Banca: Victor Galan Saúco / Resumo: Objetivando avaliar os efeitos de doses de adubo orgânico na produção da bananeira 'Prata-Anã' durante cinco ciclos de produção, bem como estudar a liberação de nutrientes deste adubo aplicado ao solo e também a decomposição e liberação de nutrientes dos restos culturais, o presente trabalho foi conduzido na FCA/UNESP, em Botucatu-SP no período de novembro de 2002 a julho de 2007. A fonte de adubo orgânico foi mantida a mesma desde o primeiro ciclo, aplicando-se composto produzido a partir de serragem de madeira e esterco bovino, que constituíram os tratamentos (doses de composto orgânico): 0, 43, 86, 129 e 172 kg de composto por planta, o que correspondeu a 0; 98,5; 197,0; 290,5 e 394,0 g de K2O por planta, sendo estas doses calculadas de acordo com o teor de potássio presente no mesmo. No solo, a eficiência dos tratamentos foi avaliada mediante análises químicas de amostras de solo, enquanto que nas plantas avaliaram-se os teores de nutrientes presentes nas folhas, circunferência do pseudocaule, altura de inserção da inflorescência, número de folhas por planta, massa do cacho; número de frutos por cacho; número de pencas por cacho; peso da 2ª penca e número de frutos na 2ª penca. Também foram avaliados teores de nutrientes presentes em partes da plantas e a decomposição e liberação de nutrientes dos restos culturais. Para os frutos produzidos no 4º e 5º ciclos avaliaram-se a qualidade dos frutos por meio de análises físicas e químicas como textura, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis e amido da polpa. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos, cinco repetições e duas plantas por parcela, sendo os dados submetidos à análise de variância e regressão. Diante das melhorias observadas no solo (manutenção do pH dentro de uma faixa adequada, elevação nos teores da matéria orgânica, do fósforo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Aiming to evaluate the effects of organic compost rates in the production of banana plants 'Prata-Anã' in a five production cycle, as well as the nutrient liberation of this compost in the soil, the decomposition and nutrient liberation of the cultural residue, this present work was carried out at FCA/UNESP dependences, in Botucatu-SP from November of 2002 to July of 2007. The organic compost was the same produced since de first cycle, where it was applied compost produced by wood residue and bovine manure, which constituted the treatments (organic compost rates): 0, 43, 86, 129 and 172 kg of compost per plant, which corresponds to 0; 98,5; 197,0; 290,5 and 394,0 g of K2O per plant. These compost rates were calculated based on the quantity of potassium contained in the compost. The effects of organic fertilization in the soil were evaluated by chemical soil analyses. The efficiency of the treatment in plant development and production were evaluated by the quantity of nutrient present in the leaves, pseudostem circumference, plant height, number of leaves per plant, bunch weight, number of fruits in the bunch, number of hands per bunch, 2nd hand weight and number of fruits in the 2nd hand. It was also evaluated the nutrient levels in parts of the banana plants, decomposition and nutrient liberation of the cultural residues. Fruit quality produced in the 4th and 5th cycles was evaluated by physical and chemical analyses such as firmness, pH, acidity, soluble solids and starch. The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks design, with 5 treatments, 5 replications and 2 plants per plot. The obtained data were submitted to variance analyses and to regression analyses. The observed improvements in the soil (maintenance of the pH inside of an adjusted band, and the rises observed in the organic matter, phosphorus and calcium levels, as well as the addition of bases, capacity... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Manure from animal farms and sewage sludge contain pathogens and opportunistic organisms in various concentrations depending on the health of the herds and human sources. Other than for the presence of pathogens, these waste substances are excellent nutrient sources and constitute a preferred organic fertilizer. However, because of the pathogens, the risks of infection of animals or humans increase with the indiscriminate use of manure, especially liquid manure or sludge, for agriculture. This potential problem can increase with the global connectedness of animal herds fed imported feed grown on fields fertilized with local manures. This paper describes a simple, easy-to-use, low-tech hygienization method which conserves nutrients and does not require large investments in infrastructure. The proposed method uses the microbiotic shift during mesophilic fermentation of cow manure or sewage sludge during which gram-negative bacteria, enterococci and yeasts were inactivated below the detection limit of 3 log10 cfu/g while lactobacilli increased up to a thousand fold. Pathogens like Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli EHEC O:157 and vegetative Clostridium perfringens were inactivated within 3 days of fermentation. In addition, ECBO-viruses and eggs of Ascaris suum were inactivated within 7 and 56 days, respectively. Compared to the mass lost through composting (15–57%), the loss of mass during fermentation (< 2.45%) is very low and provides strong economic and ecological benefits for this process. This method might be an acceptable hygienization method for developed as well as undeveloped countries, and could play a key role in public and animal health while safely closing the nutrient cycle by reducing the necessity of using energy-inefficient inorganic fertilizer for crop production.

The expansion of livestock husbandry and biogas production in large parts of northwestern Germany during the last two decades increased the amount of accruing manure, as well as the demand for maize as fodder crop and substrate for biogas plants. To overcome phosphorus deficiency symptoms during early growth of maize, farmers commonly apply mineral starter fertilizers containing ammonium-nitrogen and phosphorus on top of the usual manure applications required to meet crop nutrient demand. This practice typically leads to overfertilization of N and P and the excess nutrients are then prone to be lost into the environment. Recent developments of agricultural machinery allow for the injection of slurry bands into the soil prior to maize planting. Due to high concentrations of ammonium and phosphorus in the manure band, chemical transformation and translocation of these nutrients is reduced. When the bands are placed near the seeds, even the radicles can access the applied nutrients. Hence, application of mineral starter fertilizers might be obviated. Earlier investigations showed insufficient knowledge of nutrient transformations in manure bands and their consequences on crop growth. To resolve these problems a research project at the University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück was conducted in close cooperation with the local agricultural extension services, machinery producers and farmers. In a series of field trials, broadcasting of liquid manure was compared to injection with and without a nitrification inhibitor in three consecutive growing seasons (2013 to 2015). The trials were conducted in a split-plot design, where all liquid manure treatments were divided in subplots with and without a mineral starter fertilizer. Biomass samplings at eight leaves stage and harvest gave insight into the performance of the treatments. Compared to broadcast application with starter fertilizer, manure injection showed slightly retarded early growth in some trials. However, yields and nitrogen uptake at harvest were similar. When a nitrification inhibitor was added to the injected manure, early growth was not retarded, yields were alike broadcast and injection treatments, but nitrogen uptake was higher in all seasons (on average ~7%). To further investigate nitrogen dynamics and crop growth, another field trial was conducted on a sandy soil close to Osnabrück in 2014 and 2015. Manure injection with and without a nitrification inhibitor was compared to broadcast application with mineral starter fertilizer and an unfertilized control treatment. Plant samplings were taken at regular intervals. Major precipitation events in May and June 2014 led to significant nitrate leaching, especially in the broadcast treatment. Manure injection delayed the nitrification of slurry ammonium and consequently the translocation out of the root zone. Thus, plants in injection treatments could accumulate more nitrogen in their biomass and showed less nitrogen deficiency symptoms. This led to increased yield (+16.5%) and nitrogen uptake (+9.6%) for injection treatment with nitrification inhibitor compared to broadcast treatment. In 2015, low temperatures impaired seminal root growth and phosphorus availability. The mineral starter fertilizer in the broadcast treatment led to better early growth than injected slurry. When a nitrification inhibitor was added to the injected manure, less P deficiency symptoms were observed, and the crop growth was only slightly retarded. Due to the high compensation potential of silage maize, these differences were equalized until harvest. Nevertheless, the mean apparent nitrogen recovery efficiency of both seasons was higher in injection treatments with and without nitrification inhibitor, compared to broadcast with mineral starter fertilizer (48%, 56% and 43%, respectively). To ease the handling of field trial series by decreasing the number of tissue samplings, the use of a handheld sensor was tested during vegetative growth of maize. In the series of field trials with the local extension service, the derived vegetation index showed significant correlations to biomass and nitrogen uptake at eight leaves stage. Measurements of the vegetative growth observed during the nitrogen dynamics trial showed that the sensor needs sufficient leaf area to deliver precise data, but also tends to saturate when maize tassels evolve. The best estimates were found between six and ten leaves. Thus, the sensor can be a valuable tool to reduce numbers of tissue samples and, thus, time and effort needed in fertilization trials. Altogether, these results should encourage farmers to obviate mineral starter fertilizers by using manure injection when cropping maize on sandy soils. The advantages that come along with manure injection based on the present research indicate higher shares of manure nutrients find their way into the plants due to delayed biochemical transformations. These nutrients are consequently not lost into the environment. Nitrification inhibitors have shown a positive effect on crop performance and led to a further reduction of nitrogen losses. However, further knowledge of their decomposition with special regard to the ecological impact of their compounds and metabolites need to be thoroughly evaluated.

No description available.

No description available.