Measures aimed at mitigating environmental impacts, especially the anthropic ones, are being progressively studied. Increasing greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions are among the biggest environmental problems in the world, with agriculture one of the major contributors to this impact. Water eutrophication from land misuse and agricultural systems also fits into such a scenario of concern. Biochar, the product of the pyrolysis of organic materials, appears as a recover of a list of environmental problems, among them the mitigation of GHG and the recovery of eutrophic or wastewater. In this sense, biochars of sugarcane straw (BCS) and poultry manure (BPM) were used in GHG emission tests in soils with contrasting textures. To do so, two pyrolysis temperatures (350 and 650 °C), three doses (12.5, 25 and 50 Mg ha-1), two texture classes (sandy and clayey) and two pH values (original pH and pH 5.5) were used. These same biochars were submitted to doping processes pre-pyrolysis with Mg2+ and post-pyrolysis with Al3+ for the adsorption of phosphorus (P). Desorption and adsorption experiments in competition with other anions by the exchange sites were done. The potential GHG mitigation of both biochars has been proven in the gas emission tests. The increase of the pyrolysis temperature (350 to 650 °C) further increases the gas mitigation, and the acidification of the original pH of the biochar causes a similar effect. The benefits of pyrolyzing such organic materials are best seen in sandy soil, with the production of biochar from these residues being an environmentally safe way of depositing these materials, at least with regard to the emission of GHG. Both biochars do not have P adsorption capacity without passing through chemical modification, and the doping process, with Mg or Al, granted this ability. The pre-doping process with Mg2+ generated a P maximum adsorption capacity (PMAC) of 250.8; 163.6; 17.7; 17.57 mg g-1 for the pyrolyzed BPM at 350 and 650 °C and for the BCS also pyrolysed at 350 and 650 °C, respectively. The post-doping process with Al3+ generated a PMAC of 701.6 and 758.9 mg g-1 for BPM and BCS, both of which were pyrolysed at 350 °C, respectively. The superior PMAC of the Al doped biochars was attributed to the fact that the cation that makes the bridge (Al3+) is trivalent, with high affinity for P. The high adsorption of Al by the biochars corroborates with such a statement. Both biochars, produced by the two doping processes, had a desorption of P around 80 % of the adsorbed value, allowing the inference that these products have the capacity to be used in nutrient reuse, mitigating another environmental problem: the use of the finite reserves of P. With the positive results coming from the pyrolysis of the materials in this thesis, we certify the biochar potential as a GHG mitigator, recovery for waters and a potential slow release fertilizer in P reuse. / Medidas que visam a mitigação de impactos ambientais, especialmente os antrópicos, estão sendo cada vez mais estudadas. A crescente emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) está entre os maiores problemas mundiais, sendo a agricultura um dos grandes contribuintes para este impacto. A eutrofização de águas, ocasionada pelo mau uso do solo e dos sistemas agrícolas, também se encaixa em tal cenário de preocupação. O biocarvão, produto da pirólise de materiais orgânicos, aparece como recuperador de uma lista de problemas ambientais, dentre eles a mitigação de GEE e a recuperação de águas eutrofizadas ou residuárias. Neste sentido, biocarvões de palha de cana-de-açúcar (BPC) e de dejeto de galinha (BDG), foram utilizados em ensaios de emissão de GEE em solos com texturas contrastantes. Para tal, duas temperaturas de pirólise (350 e 650 °C), três doses (12,5; 25 e 50 Mg ha-1), duas classes texturais (arenoso e argiloso) e dois pHs (pH original e pH 5.5), foram utilizados. Estes mesmos biocarvões foram submetidos a processos de dopagem pré-pirólise com Mg2+ e pós-pirólise com Al3+ para a adsorção de fósforo (P). Ensaios de dessorção e de adsorção em competição com outros ânions pelo sítio de troca foram feitos. O potencial mitigador de GEE de ambos os biocarvões foi comprovado nos ensaios de emissão de gases. O aumento da temperatura de pirólise (350 para 650 °C) eleva ainda mais a mitigação dos gases, sendo que a acidificação do pH original do biocarvão causa efeito semelhante. Os benefício de se pirolisar tais materiais orgânicos são melhores vistos no solo arenoso, sendo a produção de biocarvão a partir destes resíduos uma forma ambientalmente segura de deposição destes materiais, ao menos no que se diz respeito a emissão de GEE. Ambos os biocarvões não possuem capacidade de adsorção de P sem passar por modificação química, sendo que o processo de dopagem, seja ele com Mg ou Al, concedeu tal habilidade. O processo de pré-dopagem com Mg2+ gerou uma capacidade máxima de adsorção de P (CMAP) de 250,8; 163,6; 17,7; 17,6 mg g-1 para o BDG pirolisado a 350 e 650 °C e para o BPC também pirolisado a 350 e 650 °C, respectivamente. O processo de dopagem por pós-pirólise com Al3+ gerou uma CMAP de 701,6 e 758,9 mg g-1 para o BDG e BPC, ambos pirolisados a 350 °C, respectivamente. A superior CMAP dos biocarvões dopados com Al foi atribuída ao fato de o cátion que faz a ponte (Al3+) ser trivalente, com elevada afinidade pelo P. A elevada adsorção de Al pelos biocarvões corrobora com tal afirmação. Ambos os biocarvões, produzidos pelos dois processos de dopagem, tiveram uma dessorção de P em torno de 80 % do valor adsorvido, permitindo a inferência de que estes produtos possuem a capacidade de serem utilizados no reuso de nutrientes, mitigando outro problema ambiental: o uso das reservas finitas de P. Com os resultados positivos advindos da pirolisação dos materiais nesta tese, constatamos o potencial do biocarvão como mitigador de GEE e recuperador de águas.

O Brasil é o país que possui o maior potencial de crescimento na produção de etanol, podendo esse aumento ser através do incremento na produtividade da cana-de-açúcar ou a partir do uso dos resíduos vegetais, etanol de segunda geração. A recuperação do nitrogênio proveniente do fertilizante pela planta (RNP-fertilizante) é baixa, sendo questionado a importância desse no sistema de colheita sem queima associado à rotação de cultura. Dessa maneira, muito se questiona sobre a possibilidade de redução da dose de N-fertilizante e de remoção da palha do campo no atual sistema de manejo da cana-de-açúcar. Experimentos de campo foram desenvolvidos com os seguintes objetivos: avaliar a RNP-fertilizante, a dinâmica desse nutriente e a resposta da segunda soqueira de cana-de-açúcar à doses de N-fertilizante; e avaliar a RNP-fertilizante, a imobilização do N no solo (RNS) e na palha (RNPa) e os parâmetros produtivos da cana-de-açúcar ao longo do ciclo, na mesma dose de nitrato de amônio, com remoção parcial ou total ou manutenção total da palha em área com e sem plantio de Crotalaria spectabilis sob sistema de plantio direto. O plantio da crotalária na renovação do canavial apresentou pequena influência na segunda soqueira da cana-de-açúcar em sistema de plantio direto. Nos parâmetros produtivos e tecnológicos não houve alteração na produção de açúcar e de colmos, aumentou-se a RNP-fertilizante quando associada à remoção total da palha, não houve interferência na imobilização do N-fertilizante na palha e diminuiu-se a imobilização desse no solo ao final do ciclo. As quantidades de palha deixada sobre o solo também não modificaram os atributos tecnológicos, contudo a presença desse resíduo vegetal favoreceu a produtividade de colmos. A RNP-fertilizante no início da rebrota da cana foi beneficiada pela presença da palha em ambas as áreas a qual não se manteve até a colheita devido à condição climática e aos benefícios do plantio direto. Os resultados indicaram que pode-se reduzir a dose de nitrogênio a fim de aumentar a RNP-fertilizante, não havendo influência da rotação de cultura, e que a palha proporciona diversos benefícios à cultura, como aumento da RNP-fertilizante no início do ciclo na segunda soqueira da cana-de-açúcar, tornando a remoção desse resíduo vegetal inviável. / Brazil is the country that has the greatest increase potential in ethanol production, which may be achieved through a rise in the sugarcane yield or from the use of the plant residue\'s waste to produce second generation ethanol. The recovery of the nitrogen from the fertilizer by the plant (NPR-fertilizer) is low when questioning the importance of this in the new sugarcane system (green cane trash blanket) associated with crop rotation. In this case, there are a lot of questions about the possibility of reducing the fertilizer-N rate and about the straw removal from the field in the current management system of sugarcane. Field experiments have been developed with the following aims: to evaluate the NPR-fertilizer, the nitrogen dynamic and the response of the second sugarcane ratoon to the fertilizer-N rates; as well as to evaluate the NPR-fertilizer, the fertilizer-N immobilization in soil (NSR) and straw (NStR), and the productive parameters of sugarcane over the cycle in the same ammonium nitrate rate with partial or total removal or total maintenance of straw in the area with and without planting Crotalaria spectabilis under a no-till system. The planting of sunn hemp in the sugarcane\'s renewal presented little influence in the second sugarcane ratoon under the no-tillage system. In the productive and technological parameters there was no change in sugar and stalk production, NPR-fertilizer increased when associated with total removal of straw, there was no interference in the N-fertilizer immobilization in straw and it decreased the fertilizer-N immobilization in soil at the end of the cycle. The quantities of the straw left on the soil also did not change the technological attributes, however the maintenance of plant residue favored stalk yield. The NPR-fertilizer in the beginning of the sugarcane regrowth was benefited by the straw presence in both areas which did not remain until the harvest due to weather conditions and to the no-till system benefits. The results indicated that the fertilizer-N rate can be reduced in order to increase the NPR-fertilizer without influence of the crop rotation in this parameter and that the straw provides several benefits to the crop such as an increase of NPR-fertilizer in the beginning regrowth of the second sugarcane ratoon, making the straw removal infeasible.

A integração das espécies de adubos verdes, que imobilizam P, com a aplicação de fontes minerais fosfatadas é uma das medidas agronômicas mais promissoras para melhorar a disponibilidade de P para a cultura principal, com o objetivo de recuperar a fertilidade do solo, aumentar a matéria orgânica do solo e assim, otimizar eficiência de fertilizantes minerais. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram selecionar entre as espécies de adubos verdes mais eficientes em absorver o P na forma menos disponível e pela marcação isotópica destas plantas com ³²P, quantificar o aproveitamento deste nutriente proveniente dos adubos verdes e do fertilizante mineral pela cultura da cana-de-açúcar e do arroz, determinando suas reais contribuições como fonte de P. O estudo foi desenvolvido três fases, em amostras de Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico típico, com baixo teor de P, em casa-de-vegetação no CENA/USP. O primeiro experimento foi realizado com a finalidade de identificar e selecionar entre as 25 espécies de adubos verdes (AV) mais eficientes em absorver P através de métodos de diluição isotópica. As plantas foram cultivadas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Com os resultados (13 variáveis) das 25 espécies de adubo verde realizou-se análise estatística de componentes principais (PCA) e de agrupamento hierárquico (AHA) visando grupar os mais similares. A PCA foi explicada pelas duas primeiras componentes, definidas como P acumulado na planta e o valor L, resultando em três grupos, sendo o tremoço a espécies mais eficiente em absorver o P menos disponível, portanto, há diferença entre as espécies quanto à absorção. A partir desses grupos foram selecionadas algumas espécies de adubos verdes para avaliar o aproveitamento do P (AP) do adubo verde e do superfosfato triplo (SFT) pela raiz e parte aérea da cana-de-açúcar (experimento II) e pela parte aérea do arroz (experimento III) através da técnica da diluição isotópica. Para a cana-de-açúcar, foram selecionados braquiária ruziziensis, crotalária juncea, guandu anão, estilosante cv. Campo grande e para o arroz, a crotalária juncea e guandu anão e quatro doses de SFT (0; 30; 60 e 120 mg/vaso de P). Em média, os AVs apresentaram baixo aproveitamento, sendo 0,1 % pela raiz da cana; 0,8% pela parte aérea da cana e 2,0% pelo arroz. Para SFT, o AP pela raiz da cana foi de 1,0%; 9,9% pela parte aérea e 4,0% pelo arroz. Assim, o AP do SFT é superior aos dos adubos verdes para as duas culturas, independente das espécies de adubos verdes. Obtêm-se maior aproveitamento do SFT para ambas as culturas, na dose de 30 mg/vaso de P. O P do adubo verde não é suficiente para suprir a total demanda da cultura principal, mas favorece a absorção do P pela cultura quando associada ao SFT. / Integration of green manures species, which immobilize P, with supplying mineral P sources is one of the most promising agronomic practices for improving the availability of P for the main crop in order to recover soil fertility, increasing soil organic matter and thus optimize the efficiency of mineral fertilizers. The objectives of this work was to select among the green manure species the most efficient in absorbing the less available form of P, and by isotopic labeling of this plants, quantify the use of this nutrient from the green manures and mineral fertilizer by the sugar cane and rice crops, determining their real contributions as a P source. It was developed in three phases, in dystrophic Typical Hapludox, low-P, in the greenhouse in CENA / USP. The first experiment was conducted to identify and select the green manure species the more efficient one in absorbing P by isotopic dilution techniue. The plants were grown in a completely randomized design with three replications. With 25 species of green manures and 13 variables statistical analysis of principal components (PCA) and hierarchical clustering (HCA) were carried out in order to group the most similar ones. The PCA was explained by the first two components, defined as plant accumulated P and the L value, resulting three groups, and the white lupin being the most efficient in absorbing less available P, so there is difference between species on the ability to absorb the less available form of soil P absorption. From these groups some species of green manure were selected to evaluate the P use efficiency (PUE), from green manure and triple superphosphate (TSP), both labeled with ³²P, by sugar cane (experiment II) and rice plant (experiment III) through the isotopic dilution technique. Brachiaria, sunnhemp, dwarf pigeon pea, stylosante cv. campo grande were selected for sugar cane and sunnhemp and dwarf pigeon pea for rice, and four rates of TSP (0, 30, 60 and 120 mg P/ pot). On average, the AVs had low PUE, begin 0.1% by the root of sugar cane, 0.8% by shoot of sugar cane and 2.0% by rice. For TSP, the PUE by sugar cane roots were 1.0%, 9.9% by shoots and 4.0% by rice plants. Thus PUE of TSP is greater than that of green manure for both crops, regardless of green manure species. The highest PUE of TSP for both crops was obtained at rate of 30 mg P/pot. The green manure P is not sufficient to meet total demand for the main crop, but improves the absorption of P by the crop when associated with SFT.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscila_texto.pdf: 1440192 bytes, checksum: 020e7fe3fc653232ee8db5ae1340c1fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-23 / Agriculture is one of the major contributors for the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG), being directly related to global warming. Soil and fertilizer management is the agricultural activity that contributes most to emissions. Considering that the western region of Paraná state has a history of land application of swine wastewater (ARS) for crop fertilization, and that studies of GHG emissions from this activity are scarce in our country, the objective of this research is to quantify the carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from ARS and mineral fertilizer (AD) application in soybean culture. The experiment was conducted in drainage lysimeters at the Experimental Center of Agricultural Engineering from Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE). The static chamber method was used to capture the gases, and CO2 emission was measured by the alkaline method at soybean cycle. At the time of the gas collections, temperature and moisture analyses were performed in all plots. Gas analyses were by gas chromatography, and the alkaline CO2 was quantified by titration method. The experiment was arranged in a 4x2 factorial randomized blocks with three replications. The factors evaluated were ARS at doses of 0, 100, 200 or 300 m³ ha-1, and AD levels absence (A) and presence (P). Interactions between SW and SF factors were tested and performed by ANOVA for statistical analysis of GHG, C-equivalent and alkaline CO2 emission. The significant results were compared by Tukey test at 5% significance level. For the correlations, treatments were tested. The CO2 efflux was significant (p-value < 0.05) mainly for the factor ARS, as the N2O one in most sample days. Treatments with 0 m3 ha-1 showed the lowest effluxes and the largest were recorded in treatments with the highest level of ARS (300P and 300A). For both gases, there was no differentiation on the effluxes in D125 and D128 between treatments. This is due to soybean plants decomposition, which provides carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) for micro-organisms. There was interaction (p-value> 0.05) between AD and ARS in D1 for CH4 influx, and AD were significant at D125, in which the CH4 efflux was higher in AD presence. The presence of large amount of N in the ARS does not seem to affect the soil methanotrophic community. The GEE C-equivalent emission was affected by AD and by ARS, with interaction between the factors. There was no significant difference in accumulated CO2 efflux through the alkaline method. The ARS N was probably percolated to deeper soil areas, not affecting the decomposition rate of oat straw. No correlation has been established between the alkaline and chromatographic methods for CO2 efflux recording. It is concluded with this work that ARS land spread is a key factor for the soil GEE increased emissions and that the global warming potential increases with ARS dose applied. / O desenvolvimento do setor agropecuário está diretamente relacionado ao aquecimento global e é grande contribuinte na emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE). As atividades agrícolas que mais contribuem para essas emissões são o manejo do solo e o uso de fertilizantes. Sabendo que a região oeste do Paraná possui histórico de aplicação de água residuária da suinocultura (ARS) no solo, aplicada para a fertilização de grandes culturas, e que estudos sobre a emissão de GEE, a partir dessa atividade, são escassos no país, objetivou-se com este trabalho quantificar a emissão de dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4) e óxido nitroso (N2O), oriundos da aplicação de ARS e fertilizante mineral (AD) na cultura da soja. O experimento foi conduzido no Núcleo Experimental de Engenharia Agrícola NEEA da UNIOESTE em LATOSSOLO com histórico de cinco anos de aplicação de ARS. A captura dos gases se deu pelo método da câmara estática e a emissão de CO2 foi quantificada pelo método alcalino no ciclo da soja. Juntamente com a coleta dos gases, foram registradas a temperatura e a umidade do solo em todas as parcelas em estudo. As análises dos gases foram feitas por cromatografia gasosa e o CO2 do método alcalino foi quantificado por titulometria. O experimento foi em arranjo fatorial 4 x 2 em blocos ao acaso com 3 repetições. Os fatores avaliados foram ARS nos níveis 0, 100, 200 ou 300 m³ ha-1, e AD nos níveis ausência (A) e presença (P). Para a análise estatística da emissão de GEE, C-equivalente e CO2 por captura alcalina testou-se a interação entre os fatores por meio da ANOVA. Os resultados significativos foram comparados pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. Para as correlações testaram-se os diferentes tratamentos. O efluxo de CO2 foi significativo (p-value<0,05) principalmente para o fator ARS, assim como de N2O na maioria dos dias amostrados, em que os tratamentos com 0 m3 ha-1 de ARS demonstraram os menores efluxos. Os maiores efluxos foram registrados nos tratamentos com o maior nível de ARS (300A e 300P). Para ambos os gases, não houve diferenciação do efluxo entre os tratamentos em D125 e D128. Tal fato é devido à decomposição das plantas de soja, que fornece carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N) aos microrganismos. Houve interação (p-value>0,05) entre AD e ARS em D1 para os fluxos de CH4; em D125 foram significativos para AD, em que o fluxo de CH4 foi maior na presença de AD. A presença de grande quantidade de N presente na ARS parece não afetar a comunidade metanotrófica do solo. A emissão de GEE em C-equivalente foi afetada tanto pela fertilização mineral quanto pela aplicação de ARS, apresentando interação entre os fatores. Não houve diferença significativa para a emissão de CO2 acumulado por meio do método alcalino. O N presente na ARS, provavelmente, foi percolado para zonas mais profundas do solo, não afetando as taxas de decomposição da palha de aveia. Não foi estabelecida correlação entre os métodos alcalino e cromatográfico para registro da emissão de CO2. Concluiu-se neste trabalho que a aplicação da ARS é um fator chave para o aumento da emissão de GEE pelo solo e que o potencial de aquecimento global é maior quando se aplica ARS no solo.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscila_texto.pdf: 1440192 bytes, checksum: 020e7fe3fc653232ee8db5ae1340c1fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-23 / Agriculture is one of the major contributors for the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG), being directly related to global warming. Soil and fertilizer management is the agricultural activity that contributes most to emissions. Considering that the western region of Paraná state has a history of land application of swine wastewater (ARS) for crop fertilization, and that studies of GHG emissions from this activity are scarce in our country, the objective of this research is to quantify the carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from ARS and mineral fertilizer (AD) application in soybean culture. The experiment was conducted in drainage lysimeters at the Experimental Center of Agricultural Engineering from Western Paraná State University (UNIOESTE). The static chamber method was used to capture the gases, and CO2 emission was measured by the alkaline method at soybean cycle. At the time of the gas collections, temperature and moisture analyses were performed in all plots. Gas analyses were by gas chromatography, and the alkaline CO2 was quantified by titration method. The experiment was arranged in a 4x2 factorial randomized blocks with three replications. The factors evaluated were ARS at doses of 0, 100, 200 or 300 m³ ha-1, and AD levels absence (A) and presence (P). Interactions between SW and SF factors were tested and performed by ANOVA for statistical analysis of GHG, C-equivalent and alkaline CO2 emission. The significant results were compared by Tukey test at 5% significance level. For the correlations, treatments were tested. The CO2 efflux was significant (p-value < 0.05) mainly for the factor ARS, as the N2O one in most sample days. Treatments with 0 m3 ha-1 showed the lowest effluxes and the largest were recorded in treatments with the highest level of ARS (300P and 300A). For both gases, there was no differentiation on the effluxes in D125 and D128 between treatments. This is due to soybean plants decomposition, which provides carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) for micro-organisms. There was interaction (p-value> 0.05) between AD and ARS in D1 for CH4 influx, and AD were significant at D125, in which the CH4 efflux was higher in AD presence. The presence of large amount of N in the ARS does not seem to affect the soil methanotrophic community. The GEE C-equivalent emission was affected by AD and by ARS, with interaction between the factors. There was no significant difference in accumulated CO2 efflux through the alkaline method. The ARS N was probably percolated to deeper soil areas, not affecting the decomposition rate of oat straw. No correlation has been established between the alkaline and chromatographic methods for CO2 efflux recording. It is concluded with this work that ARS land spread is a key factor for the soil GEE increased emissions and that the global warming potential increases with ARS dose applied. / O desenvolvimento do setor agropecuário está diretamente relacionado ao aquecimento global e é grande contribuinte na emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE). As atividades agrícolas que mais contribuem para essas emissões são o manejo do solo e o uso de fertilizantes. Sabendo que a região oeste do Paraná possui histórico de aplicação de água residuária da suinocultura (ARS) no solo, aplicada para a fertilização de grandes culturas, e que estudos sobre a emissão de GEE, a partir dessa atividade, são escassos no país, objetivou-se com este trabalho quantificar a emissão de dióxido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4) e óxido nitroso (N2O), oriundos da aplicação de ARS e fertilizante mineral (AD) na cultura da soja. O experimento foi conduzido no Núcleo Experimental de Engenharia Agrícola NEEA da UNIOESTE em LATOSSOLO com histórico de cinco anos de aplicação de ARS. A captura dos gases se deu pelo método da câmara estática e a emissão de CO2 foi quantificada pelo método alcalino no ciclo da soja. Juntamente com a coleta dos gases, foram registradas a temperatura e a umidade do solo em todas as parcelas em estudo. As análises dos gases foram feitas por cromatografia gasosa e o CO2 do método alcalino foi quantificado por titulometria. O experimento foi em arranjo fatorial 4 x 2 em blocos ao acaso com 3 repetições. Os fatores avaliados foram ARS nos níveis 0, 100, 200 ou 300 m³ ha-1, e AD nos níveis ausência (A) e presença (P). Para a análise estatística da emissão de GEE, C-equivalente e CO2 por captura alcalina testou-se a interação entre os fatores por meio da ANOVA. Os resultados significativos foram comparados pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. Para as correlações testaram-se os diferentes tratamentos. O efluxo de CO2 foi significativo (p-value<0,05) principalmente para o fator ARS, assim como de N2O na maioria dos dias amostrados, em que os tratamentos com 0 m3 ha-1 de ARS demonstraram os menores efluxos. Os maiores efluxos foram registrados nos tratamentos com o maior nível de ARS (300A e 300P). Para ambos os gases, não houve diferenciação do efluxo entre os tratamentos em D125 e D128. Tal fato é devido à decomposição das plantas de soja, que fornece carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N) aos microrganismos. Houve interação (p-value>0,05) entre AD e ARS em D1 para os fluxos de CH4; em D125 foram significativos para AD, em que o fluxo de CH4 foi maior na presença de AD. A presença de grande quantidade de N presente na ARS parece não afetar a comunidade metanotrófica do solo. A emissão de GEE em C-equivalente foi afetada tanto pela fertilização mineral quanto pela aplicação de ARS, apresentando interação entre os fatores. Não houve diferença significativa para a emissão de CO2 acumulado por meio do método alcalino. O N presente na ARS, provavelmente, foi percolado para zonas mais profundas do solo, não afetando as taxas de decomposição da palha de aveia. Não foi estabelecida correlação entre os métodos alcalino e cromatográfico para registro da emissão de CO2. Concluiu-se neste trabalho que a aplicação da ARS é um fator chave para o aumento da emissão de GEE pelo solo e que o potencial de aquecimento global é maior quando se aplica ARS no solo.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T14:38:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raquel_Valmorbida.pdf: 1039911 bytes, checksum: f9af83c22da423b866713b0a21b70adb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-22 / Fundação Araucária / Muvuca is a seed sowing technique of various tree species succession of distinct stages, together with species of green manure, in order to restore a degraded area. In this seeding technique, there can be biological interaction exudates, seeds and seedlings adjunct, different species of which may be mutually benefit or impaired, as germination and early development. An attempt was made in this study to investigate the allelopathic potential of exudates of Cajanus cajan seeds and Bauhinia forficata on bioindicator species (Solanum lycopersicum - tomato); and the allelopathic effect of these same exudates on forest species (Bauhinia forficata and Parapiptadenia rigida). The experiment was conducted in the laboratory, and the treatments were: control; exudates of Phase I and II of the soaking curve of C. cajan seeds and B. forficata, who underwent pH testing, electrical conductivity and phytochemical screening. The bioindicator species subjected to treatment was evaluated for germination, early growth, antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation. Forest species subjected to the treatments were evaluated for germination and early development. According to the electrical conductivity, a greater release of exudates of precursor species in phase II of soaking. All exudates showed allelochemicals in its composition. As for the allelopathic potential, it is concluded that the exudates of C. cajan seeds and B. forficata not adversely affect germination, early growth and antioxidant enzyme activity of bioindicator, on the contrary, benefited performance these variables evaluated tomato. As for the allelopathic effect, the exudate of phase I of soaking C. cajan, and phases I and II of the seeds of B. forficata stimulated shoot length P. rigida. However, the exudate of the soaking stage II seeds of C. cajan, negatively affected the germination and initial development B. forficata. And still retarded germination of P. rigida. / Muvuca de sementes é uma técnica de semeadura de diversas espécies florestais, de distintos estágios sucessionais, juntamente com espécies de adubos verdes, com a finalidade de restaurar uma área degradada. Nesta técnica de semeadura, pode ocorrer interação biológica de exsudatos de sementes e plântulas adjuntas, das diferentes espécies, que mutuamente podem ser beneficiadas ou prejudicadas, quanto à germinação e desenvolvimento inicial. Procurou-se neste trabalho investigar o potencial alelopático de exsudatos de sementes de Cajanus cajan e Bauhinia forficata sobre espécie bioindicadora (Solanum lycopersicum - tomate); e o efeito alelopático destes mesmos exsudatos sobre espécies florestais (Bauhinia forficata e Parapiptadenia rigida). O experimento foi conduzido em laboratório, e os tratamentos foram: Testemunha; Exsudatos das Fases I e II da curva de embebição das sementes de C. cajan e B. forficata, que foram submetidos a testes de pH, condutividade elétrica e prospecção fitoquímica. A espécie bioindicadora submetida aos tratamentos foi avaliada quanto à germinação, desenvolvimento inicial, atividade enzimática antioxidante e peroxidação lipídica. As espécies florestais submetidas aos tratamentos foram avaliadas quanto à germinação e desenvolvimento inicial. Segundo a condutividade elétrica, houve maior liberação de exsudatos das espécies precursoras na fase II de embebição. Todos os exsudatos apresentaram aleloquímicos em sua composição. Quanto ao potencial alelopático, conclui-se, que os exsudatos das sementes de C. cajan e B. forficata não afetaram negativamente a germinação, desenvolvimento inicial e atividade enzimática antioxidante da planta bioindicadora, pelo contrário, beneficiou o desempenho das variáveis avaliadas do tomate. Quanto ao efeito alelopático, o exsudato da fase I de embebição de C. cajan, e das fases I e II das sementes de B. forficata estimularam o comprimento da parte aérea de P. rigida. Porém, o exsudato da fase II de embebição das sementes de C. cajan, influenciou negativamente a germinação e desenvolvimento inicial de B. forficata. E ainda retardou a germinação de P. rigida.

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To date, there has been little research into the role of microbial community structure in the functioning of the soil ecosystem and on the links between microbial biomass size, microbial activity and key soil processes that drive nutrient availability. The maintenance of structural and functional diversity of the soil microbial community is essential to ensure the sustainability of agricultural production systems. Soils of the same type with similar fertility that had been under long-term organic and conventional crop management in Canterbury, New Zealand, were selected to investigate relationships between microbial community composition, function and potential environmental impacts. The effects of different fertilisation strategies on soil biology and nitrogen (N) dynamics were investigated under field (farm site comparison), semi-controlled (lysimeter study) and controlled (incubation experiments) conditions by determining soil microbial biomass carbon (C) and N, enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, arginine deaminase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis), microbial community structure (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis following PCR amplification of 16S and 18S rDNA fragments using selected primer sets) and N dynamics (mineralisation and leaching). The farm site comparison revealed distinct differences between the soils in microbial community structure, microbial biomass C (conventional > organic) and arginine deaminase activity (organic > conventional). In the lysimeter study, the soils were subjected to the same crop rotation (barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), maize (Zea mays L.), rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera (Moench)) plus a lupin green manure (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and two fertiliser regimes (following common organic and conventional practice). Soil biological properties, microbial community structure and mineral N leaching losses were determined over 2½ years. Differences in mineral leaching losses were not significant between treatments (total organic management: 24.2 kg N per ha; conventional management: 28.6 kg N per ha). Crop rotation and plant type had a larger influence on the microbial biomass, activity and community structure than fertilisation. Initial differences between soils decreased over time for most biological soil properties, while they persisted for the enzyme activities (e.g. dehydrogenase activity: 4.0 and 2.9 µg per g and h for organic and conventional management history, respectively). A lack of consistent positive links between enzyme activities and microbial biomass size indicated that similarly sized and structured microbial communities can express varying rates of activity. In two successive incubation experiments, the soils were amended with different rates of a lupin green manure (4 or 8t dry matter per ha), and different forms of N at 100 kg per ha (urea and lupin) and incubated for 3 months. Samples were taken periodically, and in addition to soil biological properties and community structure, gross N mineralisation was determined. The form of N had a strong effect on microbial soil properties. Organic amendment resulted in a 2 to 5-fold increase in microbial biomass and enzyme activities, while microbial community structure was influenced by the addition or lack of C or N substrate. Correlation analyses suggested treatment-related differences in nutrient availability, microbial structural diversity (species richness or evenness) and physiological properties of the microbial community. The findings of this thesis showed that using green manures and crop rotations improved soil biology in both production systems, that no relationships existed between microbial structure, enzyme activities and N mineralisation, and that enzyme activities and microbial community structure are more closely associated with inherent soil and environmental factors, which makes them less useful as early indicators of changes in soil quality.

This research was conducted in order to evaluate natural trace element (TE) contents and anthropogenic contamination in soils and vegetables in Chenggong County (Yunnan Province, China). In this way, trace element contents in soils have been analysed to assess TE contamination in soils and vegetables, and transfer of TE from soil to vegetables. Agricultural practises have been proposed to amend the quality of vegetables. We identified three geomorphopedological units: lacustrine unit, transition unit and mountain unit.  In the mountain unit, soil texture is clay more often from the weathering of limestone and marlstone. Soil colour is red or reddish brown with acid reaction.  In the transition unit, soil texture is loamy clay. Soil colour is red-brown with acid reaction.  In the lacustrine unit, soil texture mainly is sandy developed from lacustrine-alluvial deposits. Soil colour is brown and is slightly acid. Total TE contents in the topsoil are higher than usual and even Kunming Prefecture soil. TE contents indicate a high contaminated level when considered globally. Pb, Cd and Zn present however individually low contaminated levels, and Cu presents a medium contaminated level. TE contents decrease from northeast to southwest, which is consistent with the elevation gradient. Significant differences of TE contents are observed according to distance from Chenggong town in the lacustrine unit and with distance from the mountain in the transition unit. TE accumulation is usually observed along roads. TE contents in subsoil are related to soil colour, texture, parent materials and mottles. Accumulation of Pb and Zn in topsoil and of Cu and Cd in subsoil are observed. The highest contents are observed for Pb in cauliflower, Cd in lettuce and Chinese cabbage, and Cu and Zn in pea. The order of TE accumulation in plants varies according to the plant species and organ. According to relations between TE contents in Chinese cabbage and extraction sequential fractions of TE in soils, different soil fractions are suggested as soil assessment indicators. Lime and pig manure have been applied to modify the soil pH and to decrease the mobility of TE in situ. With increasing in lime rate and pH, contents of acetic-acid extractable TE fractions in soil decrease. Enrichment coefficients related to TE availability (AEC) of Pb and Cu are stable and are not changed by lime or pig manure. AEC of Cd and Zn which are high in low pH, decrease with increased pH and application rates of lime and pig manure. When application rates of lime and pig manure increase, TE contents in Chinese cabbage decrease and biomass of Chinese cabbage increases. Application rates of lime and pig manure are recommended, but their quality should also be taken into account. / Cette recherche a pour objet l'étude de la teneur naturelle en éléments traces métalliques (ET) et de la contamination anthropique des sols et des productions légumières dans le Comté de Chenggong (Province du Yunnan, RP de Chine). Pour cela, la variabilité des teneurs en fonction des conditions géomorphopédologiques a été analysée, ainsi que les transferts des ET du sol vers les végétaux. Cette approche a permis ensuite d'aborder l'évaluation de la qualité des sols et des légumes, puis de proposer des pratiques agricoles alternatives dans le but d'améliorer la qualité des légumes produits. La zone d'étude a été divisée en 3 unités géomorphopédologiques: unité de montagne où les sols brun rouge à rouge résultent notamment de l'altération de calcaires et de marnes. Une texture argileuse et une réaction acide dominent. unité de piedmont (dite de transition) où les sols de couleur jaune clair à jaune rougeâtre résultent principalement de l'altération de grès et de shales. Une texture limono-argileuse en surface et argileuse en profondeur, ainsi quune réaction acide dominent. unité lacustre, à proximité du Dianchi Lake, dont les sols de couleur brun foncé sont essentiellement développés à partir de sédiments lacustres. Une texture sableuse domine en surface, ainsi qu'une réaction faiblement acide à neutre. Les teneurs en ET rencontrées en surface des sols de la zone d'étude sont plus élevées que les teneurs moyennes observées dans les sols du monde ou même de la préfecture de Kunming. Evaluées séparément pour chaque ET, les teneurs rencontrées correspondent à des niveaux de contamination jugés faibles pour Pb, Cd et Zn, moyen pour Cu. Considérées simultanément, ces teneurs permettent de déterminer un indice de contamination global correspondant à un niveau de contamination élevé. Les teneurs en ET décroissent globalement du nord-est vers le sud-ouest, suivant le gradient d'altitude. Ces teneurs varient également de façon significative en fonction de l'éloignement de la montagne dans l'unité de transition et de l'éloignement de l'agglomération de Chenggong dans l'unité lacustre . Une accumulation en ET est souvent observée le long des routes. Dans le sous-sol, les teneurs en ET sont liées à la couleur, à la texture, au matériau parental, et aux marques d'altération. Les teneurs sont plus élevées en surface pour Pb et Zn, et en profondeur pour Cu et Cd. Les teneurs les plus élevées pour Pb sont observées dans le chou-fleur, pour Cd dans la laitue et le chou chinois, pour Cu et Zn dans le pois.L'ordre d'accumulation des ET dans la plante dépend de l'espèce et de l'organe considérés. En fonction des corrélations observées entre les teneurs du chou chinois et les résultats obtenus avec différentes modalités d'extraction des ET du sol, des indicateurs d'évaluation de la qualité du sol ont été proposés. Un amendement carbonaté et du fumier de porc ont été épandus afin de réduire in situ la mobilité des ET. L'augmentation de l'apport d'amendement carbonaté permet d'augmenter le pH du sol et de diminuer la fraction extraite avec l'acide acétique dilué (AA) pour chaque élément. Les AEC, rapports teneur dans la plante : teneur dans le sol extractible à lAA, sont stables pour Pb et Cu et ne sont modifiés par aucun des 2 apports. Cependant, les AEC de Zn et de Cu, élevés quand le pH du sol est acide, diminuent si le pH devient plus alcalin, ainsi qu'avec les apports d'amendement carbonaté et de fumier de porc. Quand les apports d'amendement carbonaté et de fumier de porc augmentent, les teneurs en ET du chou chinois diminuent et sa biomasse augmente. Un épandage d'amendement carbonaté est donc recommandé. Cependant la plus grande attention doit être portée à la qualité des fumiers de porcs dont les teneurs en Zn et Cu ne sont pas négligeables.

Eutrophication was recognized in the early 1900's and results in severe algal blooms, increased biomass production and eventually leads to an altered ecosystem. In Mälardalen we find the most eutrophic lakes. Most of the applied phosphorus and nitrogen into seas and oceans comes from agriculture, and the nutrients losses are affected by local weather conditions and soil type. Guidelines for storage and distribution of manure were introduced in the 80s, and the rules were strengthened January 1, 2010. Localities and previous county administrations can whether there are special reasons, grant an exemption for manure application during winter-periods despite the current ban. In this essay I have examined how many exemptions of manure application that has been granted at the Sagån river, and what implications it has for the eutrophication of Lake Mälaren. Sagån’s catchment area extends through Enköping, Sala, Heby, Västerås and Uppsala. Since 2000, 23 waivers of manure application have been granted, most of these deviations have occurred on snow-covered ground or when the weather change considerably. This means that much of the nutriment in the manure went down to the nearby water when the snow melted. Computations were made In order to find out how much phosphorus was spread each time. The conclusion is that the pig manure contains significantly more phosphorus, meaning greater phosphorus losses. However, these calculations are only estimates. Several farmers were contacted to find out what they think about the regulation of the management and application of manure. They believe that the new legislation does not pose a problem for them. But farmers with small distribution areas in relation to the number of animals could have some problems.