L’image de la Perse et des Perses occupe une place importante dans l’œuvre d’Ammien Marcellin, un Syrien hellénisé du IVe siècle, auteur d’un ouvrage historique écrit en latin. La présente recherche, qui replace le sujet dans le reste de la tradition romaine et la tradition arabo-persane, s’articule en trois parties : « Ammien, une source majeure ? », « L’image de la Perse chez Ammien : l’art de la description », et enfin « Les Perses dans le récit du conflit romano-perse de 354 à 378 : l’art du portrait et de la narration ». Il en ressort qu’Ammien a adopté un point de vue romain, tout en se distinguant de la tradition historiographique romaine antérieure. Il se démarque également de la tradition arabo-persane. Ammien, auteur atypique de par ses origines et du sujet qu’il traite, l’est aussi par son écriture. / The image of Persia and Persians occupies an important place in the work of Ammianus Marcellinus, a hellenized Syrian of the 4th century, author of a historical written in latin. The present research, which replaces the subject in the rest of the roman tradition and the arabo-persian tradition, is articulated in three parts : « Ammianus, a major source ? », « The image of Persia at Ammianus : the art of description », and finally, « The Persians on the account of the Romano-Persia conflict from 354 to 378 : the art of the portrait and the narration ». This reveals that Ammianus adopted a roman point of view, while being distinguished from the former roman historiographical tradition. He also dissociates arabo-persian tradition. Ammianus, author atypical from his origins and the subject which it treats, is also by its wrinting.

The quality and nature of leadership among the superiors of religious teaching orders has not been the subject of much research. This field study examines the criteria by which the Provincial Superior of the Marist Brothers in the Sydney Province of Australia decides on the appointment of his principals. In order to establish an evaluation of these criteria, the concept of leadership in general and educational leadership are first examined as described in literature. From the literature a model is chosen against which the leadership of the founder is examined since the spirit of the founder, in this case, Marcellin Champagnat, still pervades the present day members of the order he established. The beginnings of the work of the Brothers in Australia were also important as the pioneers brought with them the spirit of the founder and were responsible for a quality of leadership in difficult circumstances, a quality which has become a feature of the work of the Brothers. It is evident that the present provincial superior is imbued with the spirit of the founder and that he has succeeded in interpreting the criteria laid down in foundation in terms which are relevant to education today. Certain constraints and factors, special to a religious teaching order bring about features of leadership which are not found in lay schools.

Ce mémoire explore le lien entre les relations politiques entretenues par l’empire romain et le royaume sassanide et la représentation que faisaient des Perses les auteurs de l’antiquité tardive. Une tradition littéraire défavorable aux orientaux est en effet perceptible tout au long de l’antiquité : les Perses, notamment, sont ainsi cruels, lâches, efféminés, paresseux et perfides. Ces topoi, dont les racines se retrouvent dès le 5e siècle avant J.-C., évoluent-ils à la fin de l’antiquité, lorsque la puissance des Sassanides rivalise avec celle des empereurs? S’appuyant sur les travaux des dernières années sur l’altérité et sur l’ethnographie antique, ce mémoire s’efforce d’autre part de mieux comprendre les Romains en eux-mêmes en faisant l’analyse de leur rapport à leurs voisins. / This dissertation is interested in the connection between romano-persian political relations and the way written sources presented the Sassanids during late antiquity. Antique tradition had indeed been quite biased towards the Orientals: Persians in particular are usually described as cruels, cowardly, effeminates, lazy, toady and treacherous. Are these topoi, noticeable from the 5th century B.C., evolving during the 4th-6th centuries A.D., when the Sassanid kingdom is causing so many problems on the eastern frontier? Using anthropological tools and up-to-date publications on alterity and ancient ethnography, this essay strives to attain a better understanding of the Romans through the study of the way they presented their neighbors.

Submitted by BRUNA CAMPOS GONÇALVES null (bruna.camposg@gmail.com) on 2016-09-04T14:54:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE.pdf: 18859745 bytes, checksum: c4742b6d12db953678c8b0f52dd73e61 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-06T19:03:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 goncalves_bc_dr_franca.pdf: 18859745 bytes, checksum: c4742b6d12db953678c8b0f52dd73e61 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-06T19:03:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 goncalves_bc_dr_franca.pdf: 18859745 bytes, checksum: c4742b6d12db953678c8b0f52dd73e61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-05 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Dans ce travail nous cherchons à comprendre l’interaction intense entre romains et barbares dans les lignes de l’armée, ce qui compose ce que nous dénommons l’armée romaine-barbare. À partir de cette confluence, nous observons comment s’est développé l’utilisation des équipements militaires par les soldats et, conséquemment, comment ils ont influencé la discipline et l’entraînement des combattants. Dans ce but, nous avons créé un catalogue d’images, d’artefacts de guerre qui ont été utilisés pendant le IVe siècle ap. J.-C., dans lequel il y a des fiches catalographiques qui contiennent l’image de chaque objet et ses caractéristiques. Nous avons aussi développé un catalogue de sources qui nous aide à comprendre comment les soldats de cette période voyaient et utilisaient les armes ; comme référence, nous avons utilisé les oeuvres Res gestae d’Ammien Marcellin, Epitoma rei militaris de Végèce (Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus), Notitia dignitatum et De rebus bellicis (ces deux dernières sont anonymes). L’étude de ces oeuvres et matériels nous a permis de vérifier comment était utilisé chaque armement, de telle façon que nous avons pu avoir une compréhension de tous les équipements et machines utilisés par l’armée romaine-barbare du IVe siècle ap. J.-C. À partir de la connaissance de l’utilisation de chaque arme, nous avons pu savoir quels étaient les exercices requis pour la pratique individuelle et collective de l’armée. Ainsi, nous avons remarqué que la coexistence avec d’autres cultures a élargi les connaissances tactiques et disciplinaires de l’armée de l’Empire romain de l’Antiquité tardive. / No presente trabalho buscamos perceber a intensa interação entre romanos e bárbaros nas fileiras do exército, compondo o que chamamos de exército romano-bárbaro. A partir dessa confluência observamos como se desenvolveu o uso dos equipamentos militares pelos soldados e, consequentemente, como influenciaram na disciplina e treinamento dos combatentes. Para tanto, compomos um catalogo de imagens, com artefatos bélicos que foram usados no período do século IV d.C, onde montamos fichas catalográficas com a imagem de cada objeto e suas características. Desenvolvemos, também, um catalogo de fontes que nos auxilia a entender como eram vistas e usadas as armas pelos soldados daquele momento, como referência utilizamos a obra Res gestae de Amiano Marcelino, a Epitome rei militaris de Flávio Vegécio Renato, a Notitia dignitatum e a De rebus bellicis, sendo as duas últimas anônimas. O estudo dessas obras e materiais nos possibilitou averiguar como eram utilizados cada armamento, de forma que podemos ter uma compreensão de todos os equipamento e máquina usado pelo exército romano-bárbaro no século IV d.C. A partir do conhecimento do uso de cada arma, pudemos apurar quais eram os exercícios requerido para a prática individual e coletiva do exército. Logo, percebemos que a convivência com outras culturas ampliou os conhecimentos tático e disciplinares do exército do Império Romano da Antiguidade Tardia. / In the present work, we realize the intense interaction between romans and barbarians in the army, forming what we called roman-barbarian army. From the confluence we observe how developed the use of military equipment by the soldiers and consequently how they influenced in the discipline and training of fighters. Therefore, we compose a catalog of images with war artifacts of the fourth century A.D. In this, we set cards with the image of each object and its features. We have also developed a catalog of sources which helps us to understand how the soldiers seen and used the weapons of that time. As a reference, we analyze the Res gestae of Ammianus Marcellinus, the Epitome rei militaris of Flavius Vegetius Renatus, the Notitia dignitatum and the De rebus bellicis, the latter two anonymous. The study of these works and materials enabled us to find out how each weapon were used, then we can have an understanding of all equipment and machinery used by the roman-barbarian soldiers in the fourth century A.D. We could tell which were the exercises required for the individual and collective practice of the army, by knowing the use of each weapon. Soon, we realized that living with other cultures expand tactical and disciplinary knowledge of the late Roman army. / FAPESP: 12/13654-6

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sonia Regina Tonetto.pdf: 1372040 bytes, checksum: 8041dda5cc94d8c48e9bf949419c38de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work aims to analyze the ideas about methods of teaching science in the early twentieth advocated by prominent scientists as Marcellin Berthelot, Paul Langevin and Henri Poincaré and the important contribution of these scientists in the reform of French teaching, 1902. Furthermore, we sought to understand the difficulties faced in teaching in French schools of that period, we sought to also to understand what these scientists believed to be the ideal science teaching method and the influence of positivist ideas in these discussions. We analyzed in particular the role of Co-operative Education of Mme Curie (1907-1908) and the objectives of the group of teachers, including Paul Langevin, which was involved in the discussions on the reform. This work was developed from the analysis of documents filed at the Institut Curie and at Bibliothèque Nationale de France, texts and books written by scholars and scientists, with direct and indirect participation in the reform, records of lectures, articles and manuscripts of the children who participated in the cooperative, as Isabelle Chavannes and Irène Curie / Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as ideias sobre métodos de ensino de ciências, no início do século XX, defendidas por cientistas de destaque, como Marcellin Berthelot, Paul Langevin e Henri Poincaré e a importante participação desses cientistas na reforma do ensino francês de 1902. Além disso, procurou-se entender as dificuldades enfrentadas no ensino nas escolas francesas daquele período, compreendendo o que esses cientistas acreditavam ser o método ideal para o ensino de ciências e a influência das ideias positivistas nessas discussões. Analisa-se em particular o papel da Cooperativa de Ensino de Mme Curie (1907-1908) e os objetivos do grupo de professores que, como Paul Langevin, se envolveu nos debates sobre a reforma. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido a partir da análise de documentos depositados no Institut Curie e na Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris, textos da época, livros escritos por estudiosos e cientistas com participação direta e indireta na reforma, registros de conferências, artigos publicados, manuscritos das crianças que participaram da cooperativa, como Isabelle Chavannes e Irène Curie

L'omniprésence du merveilleux dans l'historiographie romaine de l'Empire ne s'explique pas par les divagations d'une prétendue " mentalité primitive ". Les historiographes ne manquent pas de soumettre les prodiges à une critique rationaliste et de manifester leur scepticisme. Ils distinguent clairement les processus soumis à la régularité et à la continuité des séries causales, des phénomènes dont l'origine surnaturelle se manifeste par une interruption soudaine du cours habituel des choses. Ils admettent la possibilité de l'illusion, voire de l'hallucination, et élaborent une psycho-sociologie de la rumeur publique qui n'épargne pas leurs sources, parfois soumises à un examen suspicieux. Les individus eux-mêmes et la société dans son ensemble apparaissent divisés : loin d'être unanimes, les réactions à l'égard du merveilleux témoignent d'une tension permanente entre le doute et la croyance. Les historiographes conservent toutefois au merveilleux une place essentielle dans leurs œuvres parce qu'il a un sens et qu'il remplit une fonction positive. Il est l'instrument privilégié d'une transformation de la matière événementielle qui se trouve élevée à la hauteur du mythe. Le merveilleux illustre le prestige d'un héros, rend sensibles les égarements d'une époque ou fonde l'autorité politique d'un chef. Il joue le rôle d'un révélateur qui permet de déchiffrer les événements mais aussi de transfigurer la réalité, de la magnifier, et de faire apparaître de façon saisissante les valeurs qu'elle incarne. Avec le merveilleux, le sacré fait irruption dans l'histoire de Rome ; la ville et son destin échappent à la contingence des choses humaines et sont marqués du sceau de la transcendance. C'est enfin par le merveilleux et par la puissance de signification dont il est chargé que les historiographes exorcisent le spectre de la banalité.

Questa ricerca si propone di contribuire ad una prima analisi storiografica del ciclo di protesta esploso in Italia nel 1977. A nove anni dal ’68, la contestazione tornò ad agitare le università e le piazze, lottando sul terreno della creatività e dell’ironia, ma esprimendo contestualmente una forte carica violenta. L’illegalità di massa e la guerriglia diffusa finirono infatti per ingrossare le fila del «partito armato» e del terrorismo. Il ‘movimento’ degli indiani metropolitani e delle P38, proprio in ragione di questa ambiguità, fatica ancora a trovare una descrizione esaustiva, mentre la sua escalation violenta è ancora in attesa di un’eziologia convincente. Questo studio tenta quindi, in primo luogo, di ricostruire un’immagine unitaria e realistica di quel fenomeno socio-politico, a partire dalle fonti del ‘movimento’ e dalle cronache. In secondo luogo, integra la variabile istituzionale nello studio della protesta, al fine di verificare quale grado di influenza ebbe lo Stato sui processi di riattivazione della mobilitazione e, soprattutto, sulla radicalizzazione dello scontro. Il focus dell’analisi è rappresentato dall’azione assai controversa del ministero dell’Interno, allora guidato da Francesco Cossiga, che viene qui ricostruita sulla base di documenti provenienti dagli archivi di Stato. Il policing of protest è infine messo a confronto con quello della Francia dei primi anni dopo il maggio ’68, quando l’estrema sinistra minacciò una deriva violenta ma si arrestò prima di passare all’atto. / his research aims to contribute to a first preliminary historiographical analysis of the cycle of protest which spread out in Italy in 1977. Nine years after 1968, revolts started again on in the streets and inside universities. This new wave of protest was characterized by the use of creativity and humour but also by the acceptance of the violence: illegal action and urban guerrilla warfare became quite common and contributed to the expansion of the red terrorism. As a matter of fact, this ‘movement’ shows an inherent ambiguity: it put together political emulators of Dadaism with old-styled armed revolutionaries. Therefore, it is still hard and an open challenge to find an inclusive description of it and the escalation of political violence is still waiting for a convincing aetiology. The objective of this is research is twofold. On the one hand, it tries to rebuild a coherent and realistic picture of this phenomenon under analysis, adopting insider sources of the ‘movement’ and chronicles. On the other hand, it aims at integrating the institutional variable in the study of the protest, in order to verify to which extent the State was can be held responsible for the mobilization processes and, especially, for the radicalization of the social conflict. The analysis is centred on the action of the ministry of Interior and based on records from State archives. The Italian policing of protest is finally compared with to the case study of France during the first years after May 68. At that time, extreme-left activists threatened a similar escalation of violence, but they came to a halt before shooting.