Les marges continentales, passives ou actives, sont la principale voie de transfert sédimentaire entre le plateau continental et le bassin océanique profond et les plaines abyssales. Les pentes continentales sont le siège de processus d’érosion/dépôt sous le contrôle de transfert de flux particulaires continentaux chenalisés par des structures érosives, telles que les canyons sous‐marins, puis redistribues à l’ensemble de la marge. Les canyons érodent fortement les pentes continentales et contribuent à l’évolution de leur morphologie au cours du temps. On retrouve cependant des canyons sous‐marins qui ne sont pas en relation avec la présence d’un réseau fluviatile. De ce fait, la formation et l’évolution des canyons sous‐marins sont encore peu comprises. Ce travail de thèse s’intéresse aux processus de formation et d’évolution de six canyons sous-marins sur la Marge Ouest du Bassin Ligure et à dix systèmes de canyons sur la Marge Calabro-Ionienne. Le but de cette étude est de contraindre les principales caractéristiques morphométriques (longueur, largeur, profondeur, inclinaison, sinuosité), morphologique (éléments architecturaux, configuration) des canyons, de caractériser leur évolution amont‐aval et d’analyser leur structure interne, afin de mieux comprendre l’origine des canyons sous‐marins, leurs mécanismes de construction et leur évolution au cours du temps en relation avec le contexte géologique régional et leurs potentiels bassins versants subaérien. Pour cela, une approche basée sur une analyse morpho-bathymétrique et géophysiques a été mise en œuvre à partir de relevés bathymétriques complets des marges, de profils de sismiques, de Chirp et de SAR. / Sediment transfer from the continental shelf to the deep basin is of great interest as it partially controls the morphological and architectural evolution of continental margins. Transfer of particles on the continental slope associates with processes of erosion and deposition that control the construction of typical features such as submarine canyons. Because they strongly erode the continental slope, canyons contribute significantly to its morphological evolution through time. However, a number of studies have evidenced submarine canyons that do not connect with sub‐aerial channelized systems, questioning their processes of formation and evolution. This study aims to better understand the processes of formation and evolution of six submarine canyons identified on the western margin of the Ligurian Basin and ten canyons systems on the Calabro-Ionian margin. From morphometric and structural analyses based respectively on bathymetric, seismic‐reflexion (24‐channel profiles) data, Chirp and SAR profiles we constrained the main morphometric characteristics (length, width, depth, slope gradient, sinuosity index), morphologic (architectural elements and configuration) of canyons, their downward evolution and we analyzed their internal structure in order to better understand their origin, construction mechanisms and evolution in relation with the regional geological context and their potentials subaerial systems.

Cada vez mais, a competividade fortalece a filosofia de administração empresarial baseada na orientação para o cliente e para o lucro. A busca de novas formas de relacionamento com os clientes requer instrumentos que possam personalizar inclusive os preços que compõem a equação de valor de cada um. O que temos visto, na prática, são ações que não consideram a dinâmica das forças do mercado, representada pelas curvas de oferta e demanda, e por isso expõem a organização ao risco de propor um processo de troca que não atenda ao preceito de que deve beneficiar tanto o vendedor quanto o comprador, como fator mais importante para a manutenção de um relacinamento de longo prazo. Os instrumentos apresentados como equações matemamáticas, pretendem viabilizar a adoção de forma monitorada com os objetos da gestão econômica. Como benefício complementar, os intrumentos por requererem regras claras, objetivas e bem delimitadas para os processos de negociação, permitem compartilhar de maneira justa, a responsabilidade sobre o atingimento dos resultados através de transações comerciais. / Competitiveness fortifies the entrepreneurial management philosophy that prioritizes more and more, customers and profit. The search for new relationship between companies and customers requires appropriate tools to even, embody the prices that composes the equation of value. We have noticed according to the procedures, actions disrespecting the dynamic of market forces, represented by supply and demand curves and, as a consequence, the companies can be involved in a trading process that can not serve neither the seller nor the buyer, damaging the relationship in the long run. The algorithms presented as mathematical equation aim at enabling the approval of the dynamic prices in trading processes to support their own flexibility in a controlled way that is connected to the goals of the economic management. As a complementary benefit, the algorithms require clear, delimitative and objective rules for the dealing processes and make possible sharing in a fair way, the responsability for the achievement of the results through the trading negotiations.

The Brazilian Equatorial Margin is a transform passive margin with long fracture zones and several seamounts, including the Ceará Plateau, as the largest one. This is a very complex and poorly known area, with very few available research data. The geophysical approach was used to achieve a better understanding, and to guide further surveys. Gravity and magnetic data from the Equant I Project, seismic published lines and previous studies were applied to make several models and analyses. The gravity and the magnetic anomaly sources seemed to be the same, related to a denser and magnetized basement. It is estimated the basement surface between 800 and 6000 m and the Mohorovičić discontinuity, which is about 22-23 km below the Ceará Plateau. It is also presented and discussed the position of the continent-ocean boundary, recognized at approximately 40 km from the continental shelf, that locate the plateau at the oceanic crust. The area of the transitional crust, with an extension of 40-50 km, represents the altered continental crust, formed during the rift phase, previous to the Atlantic Ocean. The lack of data gives some limitation to the analysis, and add some uncertainties in the results, which are discussed along this thesis. / A Margem Equatorial Brasileira é uma margem passiva transformante com longas zonas de fratura e diversos montes submarinos, incluindo o Platô do Ceará, o maior deles. Essa é uma área muito complexa e pouco conhecida, com poucos dados disponíveis. A abordagem geofísica foi utilizada para alcançar uma melhor compreensão da área e para guiar próximas pesquisas. Dados gravimétricos e magnéticos do Projeto Equant I, linhas sísmicas publicadas e estudos prévios foram aplicados para desenvolver os modelos e as análises. A fonte das anomalias gravimétricas e magnéticas pareceram ser as mesmas, relacionadas a um embasamento mais denso e magnetizado. É estimada a superfície do embasamento entre 800 e 6000 m e a descontinuidade de Mohorovičić, aproximadamente a 22-23 km abaixo do Platô do Ceará. Foi também apresentada e discutida a posição do limite crosta continental-oceânica, aproximadamente a 40 km da plataforma continental, colocando o platô na crosta oceânica. A área da crosta transicional, com uma extensão de 40-50 km, demarca uma crosta continental mais alterada, formada durante a fase rifte, anterior à abertura do Oceano Atlântico. A falta de dados limitou as análises, e certamente implicou em diversas incertezas nos resultados, que são discutidas durante esta dissertação.

The Brazilian Equatorial Margin is a transform passive margin with long fracture zones and several seamounts, including the Ceará Plateau, as the largest one. This is a very complex and poorly known area, with very few available research data. The geophysical approach was used to achieve a better understanding, and to guide further surveys. Gravity and magnetic data from the Equant I Project, seismic published lines and previous studies were applied to make several models and analyses. The gravity and the magnetic anomaly sources seemed to be the same, related to a denser and magnetized basement. It is estimated the basement surface between 800 and 6000 m and the Mohorovičić discontinuity, which is about 22-23 km below the Ceará Plateau. It is also presented and discussed the position of the continent-ocean boundary, recognized at approximately 40 km from the continental shelf, that locate the plateau at the oceanic crust. The area of the transitional crust, with an extension of 40-50 km, represents the altered continental crust, formed during the rift phase, previous to the Atlantic Ocean. The lack of data gives some limitation to the analysis, and add some uncertainties in the results, which are discussed along this thesis. / A Margem Equatorial Brasileira é uma margem passiva transformante com longas zonas de fratura e diversos montes submarinos, incluindo o Platô do Ceará, o maior deles. Essa é uma área muito complexa e pouco conhecida, com poucos dados disponíveis. A abordagem geofísica foi utilizada para alcançar uma melhor compreensão da área e para guiar próximas pesquisas. Dados gravimétricos e magnéticos do Projeto Equant I, linhas sísmicas publicadas e estudos prévios foram aplicados para desenvolver os modelos e as análises. A fonte das anomalias gravimétricas e magnéticas pareceram ser as mesmas, relacionadas a um embasamento mais denso e magnetizado. É estimada a superfície do embasamento entre 800 e 6000 m e a descontinuidade de Mohorovičić, aproximadamente a 22-23 km abaixo do Platô do Ceará. Foi também apresentada e discutida a posição do limite crosta continental-oceânica, aproximadamente a 40 km da plataforma continental, colocando o platô na crosta oceânica. A área da crosta transicional, com uma extensão de 40-50 km, demarca uma crosta continental mais alterada, formada durante a fase rifte, anterior à abertura do Oceano Atlântico. A falta de dados limitou as análises, e certamente implicou em diversas incertezas nos resultados, que são discutidas durante esta dissertação.

證券信用交易在我國雖行之有年，然而，自民國69年復華證券開辦股票融 資融券以來，信用交易之範圍仍僅侷限於有價證券之融資融券，直到近幾 年有關融資融券的各項規定才逐漸放寬，融資融券的工具也日漸增加。在 此同時，有關信用交易的融資成數與融券保證金比率調整之規定也有重大 變革，由以往主管當局視市場狀況調整，改變為依財政部於民國77年 11月10日頒布的「證券融資比率及融券保證金成數調整參考指標」，而本 研究之目的有三，即：一、探討調整融資比率與融券保證金成數對台灣股 市長期與短期結構之影響：二、釐清制定「證券融資比率及融券保證金成 數調整參考指標」是否具有實務上之意義，符合政策之需求？以供決策當 局參考；三、融資融券比率參考指標之調整，反應在不同類股、不同產業 類股之分類上，對股價指數與成交量是否有不同程度之影響？本研究所涵 蓋之研究期間，係自民國76年1月1日起至81年12月31日止，共計六年。本 研究採用之研究方法包括統計分析與實地訪談，經過實證分析結果，得到 以下兩點結論：一、在長期的觀察方面，制定「證券融資比率及融券保證 金成數調整參考指標」對臺灣股市的長期結構（包括總市場加權股價指數 、成交總股數、不同類別指數、成交總股數、產業別股價指數、融資金額 及融券股數等）雖有影響，但在研究限制下，未能有效加以衡量出來。二 、在短期的觀察方面，制定「證券融資比率及融券保證金成數調整參考指 標」對臺灣股市的短期結構（包括總市場加權股價指數、成交總股數、不 同類別指數、成交總股數及產業別股價指數等）雖有影響，但影響的效果 卻隨著政策公告實施、第一次修訂、第二次修訂而效果日減。

In dieser Arbeit werden statistische Lernprobleme betrachtet. Lernmaschinen extrahieren Informationen aus einer gegebenen Menge von Trainingsmustern, so daß sie in der Lage sind, Eigenschaften von bisher ungesehenen Mustern - z.B. eine Klassenzugehörigkeit - vorherzusagen. Wir betrachten den Fall, bei dem die resultierende Klassifikations- oder Regressionsregel aus einfachen Regeln - den Basishypothesen - zusammengesetzt ist. Die sogenannten Boosting Algorithmen erzeugen iterativ eine gewichtete Summe von Basishypothesen, die gut auf ungesehenen Mustern vorhersagen. <br /> Die Arbeit behandelt folgende Sachverhalte: <br /> <br /> o Die zur Analyse von Boosting-Methoden geeignete Statistische Lerntheorie. Wir studieren lerntheoretische Garantien zur Abschätzung der Vorhersagequalität auf ungesehenen Mustern. Kürzlich haben sich sogenannte Klassifikationstechniken mit großem Margin als ein praktisches Ergebnis dieser Theorie herausgestellt - insbesondere Boosting und Support-Vektor-Maschinen. Ein großer Margin impliziert eine hohe Vorhersagequalität der Entscheidungsregel. Deshalb wird analysiert, wie groß der Margin bei Boosting ist und ein verbesserter Algorithmus vorgeschlagen, der effizient Regeln mit maximalem Margin erzeugt.<br /> <br /> o Was ist der Zusammenhang von Boosting und Techniken der konvexen Optimierung? <br /> Um die Eigenschaften der entstehenden Klassifikations- oder Regressionsregeln zu analysieren, ist es sehr wichtig zu verstehen, ob und unter welchen Bedingungen iterative Algorithmen wie Boosting konvergieren. Wir zeigen, daß solche Algorithmen benutzt werden koennen, um sehr große Optimierungsprobleme mit Nebenbedingungen zu lösen, deren Lösung sich gut charakterisieren laesst. Dazu werden Verbindungen zum Wissenschaftsgebiet der konvexen Optimierung aufgezeigt und ausgenutzt, um Konvergenzgarantien für eine große Familie von Boosting-ähnlichen Algorithmen zu geben.<br /> <br /> o Kann man Boosting robust gegenüber Meßfehlern und Ausreissern in den Daten machen? <br /> Ein Problem bisheriger Boosting-Methoden ist die relativ hohe Sensitivität gegenüber Messungenauigkeiten und Meßfehlern in der Trainingsdatenmenge. Um dieses Problem zu beheben, wird die sogenannte 'Soft-Margin' Idee, die beim Support-Vector Lernen schon benutzt wird, auf Boosting übertragen. Das führt zu theoretisch gut motivierten, regularisierten Algorithmen, die ein hohes Maß an Robustheit aufweisen.<br /> <br /> o Wie kann man die Anwendbarkeit von Boosting auf Regressionsprobleme erweitern? <br /> Boosting-Methoden wurden ursprünglich für Klassifikationsprobleme entwickelt. Um die Anwendbarkeit auf Regressionsprobleme zu erweitern, werden die vorherigen Konvergenzresultate benutzt und neue Boosting-ähnliche Algorithmen zur Regression entwickelt. Wir zeigen, daß diese Algorithmen gute theoretische und praktische Eigenschaften haben.<br /> <br /> o Ist Boosting praktisch anwendbar? <br /> Die dargestellten theoretischen Ergebnisse werden begleitet von Simulationsergebnissen, entweder, um bestimmte Eigenschaften von Algorithmen zu illustrieren, oder um zu zeigen, daß sie in der Praxis tatsächlich gut funktionieren und direkt einsetzbar sind. Die praktische Relevanz der entwickelten Methoden wird in der Analyse chaotischer Zeitreihen und durch industrielle Anwendungen wie ein Stromverbrauch-Überwachungssystem und bei der Entwicklung neuer Medikamente illustriert. / In this work we consider statistical learning problems. A learning machine aims to extract information from a set of training examples such that it is able to predict the associated label on unseen examples. We consider the case where the resulting classification or regression rule is a combination of simple rules - also called base hypotheses. The so-called boosting algorithms iteratively find a weighted linear combination of base hypotheses that predict well on unseen data. We address the following issues:<br /> <br /> o The statistical learning theory framework for analyzing boosting methods.<br /> We study learning theoretic guarantees on the prediction performance on unseen examples. Recently, large margin classification techniques emerged as a practical result of the theory of generalization, in particular Boosting and Support Vector Machines. A large margin implies a good generalization performance. Hence, we analyze how large the margins in boosting are and find an improved algorithm that is able to generate the maximum margin solution.<br /> <br /> o How can boosting methods be related to mathematical optimization techniques?<br /> To analyze the properties of the resulting classification or regression rule, it is of high importance to understand whether and under which conditions boosting converges. We show that boosting can be used to solve large scale constrained optimization problems, whose solutions are well characterizable. To show this, we relate boosting methods to methods known from mathematical optimization, and derive convergence guarantees for a quite general family of boosting algorithms.<br /> <br /> o How to make Boosting noise robust?<br /> One of the problems of current boosting techniques is that they are sensitive to noise in the training sample. In order to make boosting robust, we transfer the soft margin idea from support vector learning to boosting. We develop theoretically motivated regularized algorithms that exhibit a high noise robustness.<br /> <br /> o How to adapt boosting to regression problems?<br /> Boosting methods are originally designed for classification problems. To extend the boosting idea to regression problems, we use the previous convergence results and relations to semi-infinite programming to design boosting-like algorithms for regression problems. We show that these leveraging algorithms have desirable theoretical and practical properties.<br /> <br /> o Can boosting techniques be useful in practice?<br /> The presented theoretical results are guided by simulation results either to illustrate properties of the proposed algorithms or to show that they work well in practice. We report on successful applications in a non-intrusive power monitoring system, chaotic time series analysis and a drug discovery process. <br><br> ---<br> Anmerkung:<br> Der Autor ist Träger des von der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Potsdam vergebenen Michelson-Preises für die beste Promotion des Jahres 2001/2002.

Determining the relative importance of processes that control the generation and preservation of continental margin stratigraphy is fundamental to deciphering the history of geologic, climatic and oceanographic forcing imprinted on their sedimentary record. The Northern Carnarvon Basin (NCB) of the North West Shelf of Australia has been a site of passive margin sedimentation throughout the Neogene. Cool-water carbonate sedimentation dominated during the early-middle Miocene, quartz-rich siliciclastics prograded over the shelf during the late-middle Miocene, and carbonate sedimentation resumed in the Pliocene. Middle Miocene to Pliocene siliciclastics were deposited as clinoform sets interpreted as delta lobes primarily based on their plan-view morphology and their relief of 40-100 m. Shelf-edge trajectory analysis suggests that part of this stratigraphic succession was built during a long-term, third order, regressive phase, producing shelf-edge deltas, followed by an aggradational episode. These trends appear to correlate with third-order global eustatic cycles. Slope incisions were already conspicuous on the slope before deltas reached the shelf-break. Nevertheless, slope gullies immediately downdip from the shelf-edge deltas are wider and deeper (>1 km wide, ~100 m deep) than coeval incisions that are laterally displaced from the deltaic depocenter (~0.7 km wide, ~25 m deep). This change in gully morphology is likely the result of greater erosion by sediment gravity flows sourced from shelf-edge deltas. Total late-middle to late Miocene margin progradation increased almost three times from 13 km in the southwest to 34 km in the northeast, where shelf-edge deltas were concentrated. Flat-topped carbonate platforms seem to have initiated on subtle antecedent topographic highs resulting from these deltaic lobes. A reduction of siliciclastic supply to the outer paleo-shelf during the Pliocene combined with the onset of a southwestward-flowing, warm-water Leeuwin Current (LC) most likely controlled the initiation of these carbonate platforms. These platforms display marked asymmetry, likely caused by an ancestral LC, which created higher-angle, upcurrent platform margins, and lower-angle, downcurrent clinoforms. The along-strike long-term migration trend of the platforms could be the result of differential subsidence. These platforms constitute the first widespread accumulation of photozoan carbonates in the Northern Carnarvon Basin. They became extinct after the mid-Pleistocene when the LC weakened or became more seasonal. / text

Syften: Syftet med studiet är dels att redogöra för huvudorsaken som har gett upphov till uppkomsten av snabblånebranschen. Dels att framställa väsentliga faktorer som har föranlett att branschen kan stanna kvar på snabblånemarknaden. Metod: Med avseende på studiets två frågeställningar har vi använt oss dels av kvalitativ ansats för att kunna beskriva noggrant anledningen till uppkomsten av snabblånebranschen via en tolkning av en del intervjufrågor. Dels tillämpades en kvantitativ ansats för att komma till viktiga faktorer som resulterat i att företagen inom denna bransch stannat kvar på kreditmarknaden. Teoretisk referensram: Studiens teoretiska referensram utgörs av vetenskapliga artiklar och  böcker som handlat om informationens asymmetriska påverkan, finansiella gap och  entreprenöriska möjligheter. Vidare har relevant material från Finansinspektionen,  Kronofogden och Konsumentverket använts som grund till den kvalitativa undersökningen  för det empiriska studien. Empiriska studier: Den empiriska studien utförts på åtta av branschens fyrtiofyra företag snabblåneföretag, som tillhör branschorganisationen S.K.E.F. Slutsats: Till följd av asymmetrisk information mellan parter (kreditgivare &amp; kredittagare) avstår stora och traditionella kreditinstitutioner från att förmedla krediter till vissa kredittagare som har låg kredittrovärdighet. Därigenom skapas en marknad som utmärks av obalans mellan utbud av kapital och efterfrågan på kapital vilket leder till uppkomsten av ett finansiellt gap. Entreprenörer upptäcker affärsmöjligheter genom att skapa nya tjänster som efterfrågas av marknaden. På så vis fyller snabblåneföretagen det finansiella gapet på kreditmarknaden som inte fylls av andra kreditinstitutioner. Studiens resultat visar att snabblåneföretag erhåller låga vinster. Men om företagen motverkar kreditrisker genom regelrätta och noggranna kreditbedömningar leder detta troligtvis till högre vinst. / Purposes: The purpose of the study is partly to account for the main reason that has given rise to the emergence of instant loans industry. Secondly to produce significant factors have led the sector to remain on the instant lending market.  Methods: With respect to the study's two issues, we have used both a qualitative approach to describe accurately the reason for the emergence of instant lending industry through the interpretation of some interview questions. We have partly applied a qualitative approach to understand the important factors that constitute the fact that the sector manage to remain in the credit market. Theoretical framework: The study's theoretical framework is made up of scientific articles and books that dealt with media information’s asymmetric impact, financial gaps and entrepreneur opportunities. Furthermore, the relevant material from the Financial Supervisory Authority, The Swedish Enforcement Authority and Swedish Consumer Agency has been used in order to obtain a qualitative survey of the empirical study.   Empirical studies: Our empirical study consists of eight out of the industry's forty-four instant loan companies that belong to the trade organization S.K.E.F. Conclusion: As a result of asymmetric information between the parties refrain large and traditional credit institutions from providing loans to borrowers by low of credibility. A market characterized by imbalance between supply of capital and demand for capital lead to an emergence of a financial gap within the market. Entrepreneurs find business opportunities by creating new services demanded by the market. Thus fills the instant loans companies the financial gap on the credit market that is not filled by other credit institutions. The result of this study concludes that firms obtain low profits. But if companies counteracts credit risk this will likely lead to a higher profit by making regular and thorough credit checks on the borrower.

La marge NE Américaine est une des marges les mieux étudiées au monde, elle a fait l’objet de plusieurs études géophysiques. En comparaison, la marge africaine reste peu étudiée car uniquement deux campagnes océanographiques y ont été menées : la campagne Sismar (2001) au large de la Meseta et la campagne Dakhla (2002) au large du Sahara. La structure profonde de la marge canadienne est connue grâce aux profils de sismique grand-angle SMART-1, 2 et 3. Le premier objectif du projet MIRROR était d’acquérir des profils combinant sismique grand-angle et sismique réflexion sur un segment homologue au profil SMART-1. La comparaison entre les segments homologues de ces deux marges ayant pour but de mieux comprendre le mode d’ouverture de l'océan Atlantique Central. Une comparaison entre les modèles Sismar, Dakhla et Mirror montre que la croûte continentale est plus épaisse au nord et s'amincit vers le sud. La largeur de la zone de transition est plus étroite au sud et les profils Sismar sont localisés sur un bassin sédimentaire posé sur une croûte continentale très amincie. La comparaison avec la marge homologue montre que l'épaisseur, la structure de la croûte continentale et la zone d'amincissement sont très semblables. Par contre, il existe une zone de manteau exhumé et serpentinisé sur le profil Canadien qui n'a pas d’homologue sur la marge africaine. De plus, l'épaisseur de la croûte océanique est différente avec 8 km sur la côte africaine et seulement 3-4 km sur la marge canadienne. Plusieurs hypothèses ont été proposées pour expliquer cette différence (a) une différence d’âge entre les deux croûtes (b) un épaississement lié au passage du point chaud des Canaries (c) une accrétion asymétrique. / The NE American margin represents one of the best studied margins in the world, it was the subject of several scientific programs. In comparison, the conjugate NW African margin remains fairly unknown, only two deep seismic cruises were acquired: the SISMAR cruise (2001) offshore the Meseta and the DAKHLA cruise (2002) offshore the Sahara. The deep structure of the Canadian margin is known due to the SMART wide-angle seismic profiles 1, 2 and 3. The first objective of the MIRROR project was to acquire combined wide-angle and deep reflection seismic data offshore a segment conjugate to the SMART-1 profile. The comparison between the homologous segments of these two margins aimed to better understand the opening mechanism of the Central Atlantic Ocean. A comparison between Sismar, Dakhla and Mirror models shows that the continental crust is thicker in the north and thins toward the south. The width of the transition zone is narrower south and Sismar profiles are located on a sedimentary basin placed on a very thinned continental crust. Comparing the Mirror profile with that of the Canadian conjugate margin (Smart 1) shows that the thickness, the structure of the continental crust and the thinning is very similar. However, zones of exhumed and serpentinized mantle were imaged along the Canadian profile that have no conjugate on the African margin. Moreover, the thickness of the oceanic crust is variable with 8 km on the African side and only 3-4 km on the Canadian margin. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this difference (a) an age difference between the two types of crust (b) thickening associated with the passage of the Canary hotspot (c) an asymmetric accretion or (d) an accretion at slow to ultra-slow speading centers.

Cada vez mais, a competividade fortalece a filosofia de administração empresarial baseada na orientação para o cliente e para o lucro. A busca de novas formas de relacionamento com os clientes requer instrumentos que possam personalizar inclusive os preços que compõem a equação de valor de cada um. O que temos visto, na prática, são ações que não consideram a dinâmica das forças do mercado, representada pelas curvas de oferta e demanda, e por isso expõem a organização ao risco de propor um processo de troca que não atenda ao preceito de que deve beneficiar tanto o vendedor quanto o comprador, como fator mais importante para a manutenção de um relacinamento de longo prazo. Os instrumentos apresentados como equações matemamáticas, pretendem viabilizar a adoção de forma monitorada com os objetos da gestão econômica. Como benefício complementar, os intrumentos por requererem regras claras, objetivas e bem delimitadas para os processos de negociação, permitem compartilhar de maneira justa, a responsabilidade sobre o atingimento dos resultados através de transações comerciais. / Competitiveness fortifies the entrepreneurial management philosophy that prioritizes more and more, customers and profit. The search for new relationship between companies and customers requires appropriate tools to even, embody the prices that composes the equation of value. We have noticed according to the procedures, actions disrespecting the dynamic of market forces, represented by supply and demand curves and, as a consequence, the companies can be involved in a trading process that can not serve neither the seller nor the buyer, damaging the relationship in the long run. The algorithms presented as mathematical equation aim at enabling the approval of the dynamic prices in trading processes to support their own flexibility in a controlled way that is connected to the goals of the economic management. As a complementary benefit, the algorithms require clear, delimitative and objective rules for the dealing processes and make possible sharing in a fair way, the responsability for the achievement of the results through the trading negotiations.