Increasing modernization in military technology and methodology occurred during the beginning of the twentieth century. These changes had a direct effect on how U.S. Marines practiced military intelligence during the occupation of Haiti from 1915- 1934. The use of military intelligence had an impact on the outcome on the occupation but was not the only factor that contributed to U.S. military victories. My thesis explains that the improvement of intelligence methods used by Marines in Haiti occurred as a result of outside influence, changing circumstance in Haiti, and individual agency. Major failures had occurred that allowed resistance to grow unchecked in the Haitian countryside. With the introduction of full-time military intelligence officers and improved data documentation, the intelligence collected became more useful to Marine Corps leadership. The staff officers that assumed the roles of intelligence personnel created new forms for recording intelligence reports and made past intelligence more accessible to military command. Individual ingenuity led to the assassination of Charlemagne Peralte, the central leader of the caco revolt. This thesis discusses the intelligence innovation that occurred during the occupation of Haiti from 1915 to 1935.

M.Comm. / Any macro transport economic study of maritime education, training and development (ETD) will need to identify the many and varied role players involved therein or affected thereby. An introduction to the complexity, demands, needs and problems, and dynamic nature of the maritime industry, and of ETD in South Africa, is also necessary. Attention in the industry to safety and the resultant international requirements, in particular, makes adequate and coordinated maritime ETD and cognisance of the developments in this arena, essential. The regulatory and institutional framework within which ETD and the maritime industry function must be investigated. The Maritime Industry Training Board (MITB) is the current coordinator of maritime ETD in South Africa. As such, the effectiveness and efficiency of its activities need to be assessed, on an ongoing basis, by the role players which it serves to ensure that its co-ordinating functions facilitate the fulfilment of their needs and problems. The core problem investigated in this study, is the lack of co-ordinated maritime ETD, specifically in South Africa. The aim of the study, therefore, is to explore the subject of maritime ETD.

No presente estudo, uma triagem foi realizada com 12 fungos marinhos Penicillium miczynskii CBMAI 930, Penicillium raistriicki CBMAI 931, Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 933, Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 934, Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 935, Bionectria sp. CBMAI 936, Penicillium oxalicum CBMAI 1185, Penicillium citrinum CBMAI 1186, Penicillium decaturense CBMAI 1234, Penicillium raistriicki CBMAI 1235, Cladosporium sp. CBMAI 1237 e Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 1241 para avaliar o potencial enzimático destes micro-organismos frente à fenilacetonitrila 1. Estes micro-organismos foram isolados de esponjas e alga coletadas do litoral norte do estado de São Paulo. A triagem foi realizada em meio sólido mineral suplementado com glicose e fenilacetonitrila 1 como única fonte de nitrogênio. Dentre os fungos, 8 adaptaram-se muito bem ao substrato 1 nas respectivas quantidades 5 µL (0,04 mmol), 10 µL (0,08 mmol) e 15 µL (0,12 mmol). Em seguida, a triagem foi realizada em meio líquido (20 µL (0,17 mmol), 40 µL (0,35 mmol) e 60 µL (0,50 mmol) de fenilacetonitrila 1 e obteve um bom crescimento de massa micelial dos fungos. Experimentos realizados na ausência de fenilacetonitrila 1, tanto em meio sólido, quanto em meio líquido, não promoveram o crescimento microbiano, evidenciando que as enzimas capazes de hidrolisarem nitrilas presente no sistema catalítico são construtivas. A fenilacetonitrila 1 foi biotransformada ao ácido 2-(2-hidroxifenil)acético 1b (51% pelo fungo A. sydowii CBMAI 934) por todos os fungos adaptados. Devido ao bom crescimento do fungo A. sydowii CBMAI 934 em meio mineral sólido e líquido na presença de fenilacetonitrila 1, este fungo foi selecionado para promover reações de hidrólise frente a diferentes organonitrilas, arilcetonitrilas: 4-fluorofenilacetonitrila 2, 4-clorofenilacetonitrila 3, 4-metoxifenilacetonitrila 4, 2-metilfenilacetonitrila 5, 3-metilfenilacetonitrila 6, 4-metilfenilacetonitrila 7 aos seus correspondentes ácidos carboxílicos 4-fluorofenilacético 2a (51%), 4-clorofenilacético 3a (55%), 4-metoxifenilacético 4a (43%), 2-metilfenilacético 5a (76%), 3-metilfenilacético 6a (52%) e 4-metilfenilacético 7a (46%), em nitrila alifática, 2-(1-ciclo-hexen-1-il)acetonitrila 8 ao ácido 2-(1-ciclo-hexen-1-il)acético 8a (28%) e nitrila hetero-aromática, 2-cianopiridina 19 a 2-piridinamida 19a. As reações foram acompanhadas por GC-FID e os produtos de biotransformações foram isolados e caracterizados por GC-MS, HRMS, RMN de 1H e de 13C. Este trabalho envolveu o primeiro estudo frente à biotransformação de nitrilas por micro-organismos de origem marinha. / In the present study, a screening of 12 marine fungi Penicillium miczynskii CBMAI 930, Penicillium raistriicki CBMAI 931, Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 933, Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 934, Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 935, Bionectria sp. CBMAI 936, Penicillium oxalicum CBMAI 1185, Penicillium citrinum CBMAI 1186, Penicillium decaturense CBMAI 1234, Penicillium raistriicki CBMAI 1235, Cladosporium sp. CBMAI 1237 and Aspergillus sydowii CBMAI 1241 was done in order to evaluate the enzymatic potential of these microorganisms in phenylacetonitrile 1. These microorganisms were isolated from sponges and algae collected at the north shore of Sao Paulo State. The screening was carried out in solid mineral medium supplemented with glucose and phenylacetonitrile 1 as the only source of nitrogen. Among the fungi, 8 adapted to the subtract really well 5 µL (0,04 mmol), 10 µL (0,09 mmol) and 15 µL (0,13 mmol). Afterwards, a screening was carried out in liquid medium 20 µL (0,17 mmol), 40 µL (0,35 mmol) and 60 µL (0,50 mmol) of phenylacetonitrile 1) and a great mass of the fungi was obtained. The phenylacetonitrile 1 was biotransformed in the acid 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)acetic 1b (51% by the fungus A. sydowii CBMAI 934) by all the adapted fungi. Experiments carried out without phenylacetonitrile 1, both in solid and liquid media did not show microbial growth. Enzymes which hydrolyzed nitriles present in the catalytic system were constructive. Due to the good growth rate of the fungus A. sydowii CBMAI 934 in solid and liquid mineral media in presence of phenylacetonitrile 1, this fungus was selected to promote hydrolysis reactions in different organonitriles, arylacetonitriles: 4-fluorophenylacetonitrile 2, 4-chlorophenylacetonitrile 3, 4-methoxyphenylacetonitrile 4, 2-methylphenylacetonitrile 5, 3-methylphenylacetonitrile 6, 4-methylphenylacetonitrile 7 in their corresponding carboxylic acids 4-fluorophenylacetic 2a (51%), 4-chlorophenylacetic 3a (55%), 4-methoxyphenylacetic 4a (43%), 2-methylphenylacetic 5a (76%), 3-methylphenylacetic 6a (52%) and 4-methylphenylacetic 7a (46%), aliphatic nitrile 2-(1-cyclohexen-1-yl)acetonitrile 8 to 2-(1-cyclohexen-1-yl)acetic acid 8a (28%) and heteroaromatic nitrile 2-cyanopiridine 19 to 2-pyridinecarboxamides 19a. The reactions were monitored by GC-FID and the biotransformation products were isolated and characterized by GC-MS, HRMS and 1H and 13C NMR. This work involved the first study on the biotransformation of nitriles by marine microorganisms.

Lower limb injury incidence is high amongst Royal Marine recruits. Tibial and metatarsal stress fractures are particularly problematic. The regular load carriage activities undertaken throughout training have been implicated, but mechanisms by which these injuries develop are poorly understood. The aim of this thesis was to improve understanding of the mechanisms by which the most prevalent Royal Marine training injuries develop. The first experimental chapter was a prospective study of 1065 Royal Marine recruits. Anthropometric and dynamic biomechanical variables (during barefoot running at 3.6 m.s-1) were recorded at the start of training. A smaller calf girth and bimalleolar breadth were found to predispose recruits to tibial stress fractures and ankle inversion injuries. Recruits who sustained tibial stress fractures demonstrated greater heel loading than those who remained injury-free. Recruits who sustained metatarsal stress fractures demonstrated later peak metatarsal pressures than those who remained injury-free. A review of the 32-week Royal Marine recruit training programme found an association between prolonged load carriage activities and injury occurrence. The second experimental study identified gait changes following a prolonged load carriage activity (12.8 km, 35.5 kg load). Biomechanical variables were recorded during barefoot running (3.6 m.s-1) in 32 recruits pre- and post-activity. Recruits demonstrated increased rearfoot loading, and later peak metatarsal pressures post-activity, indicative of a reduced ability to push-off. The final study examined the influence of the same load carriage activity on gait changes during walking (1.4 m.s-1) in 32 recruits, allowing assessment of the independent influence of load carriage. Kinetic and electromyographic variables provided further explanation of changes observed in the previous study. During load carriage there were increased plantar flexor and knee extensor moments and corresponding increases in muscle activity. There were reduced knee extensor moments, and evidence of plantar flexor muscle fatigue post-activity. A reduced ability to push off during stance due to muscular fatigue was suggested as a key contributor to tibial and metatarsal stress fracture development. This may explain the association between a smaller calf girth and tibial stress fracture development.

The history of the United States Marine Corps in Oregon, and of the many Oregonians who have served as Marines, is a unique story which has never been told. This thesis examines United States Marines from the state of Oregon and activities by Marines in the state. It covers the Oregon Marine experience from its start in 1841 through the Gulf War conflict of 1991 to the present. From 1838 to 1842, Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, United States Navy, led a remarkable exploration and scientific expedition around the world. In 1841, Wilkes visited the Pacific Northwest, and accompanying him aboard his flagship, the ll.S.S. Vincennes, was Quartermaster Sergeant Marion A. Stearns and thirty-two other United States Marines. Steams set a sound leadership example for both his Marines and those of the future as he landed from the sea and explored inland territory ranging from Puget Sound, to the Cascades, the Columbia River, and the Willamette Valley. Stearns' Marine detachment from the 11.SS Peacock even managed to survive their shipwreck upon the Columbia River bar. Oregon had thus begun her unique military heritage with respect to the United States Marine Corps. From this event in 1841, the one hundred and fifty year history of United States Marines in Oregon continued. In 1846, on the eve of the Mexican War, a Marine officer, First Lieutenant Archibald H. Gillespie, delivered a secret presidential message from James K. Polk to explorer John C. Fremont at Klamath Lake. Later, Marines from Union warship detachments visited Astoria and Portland during the Civil War. In 1898, at the Battle of Manila Bay, Private Charles C. Schroeder of Oak Grove, fought aboard the ll.S.S. Olympia with Commodore George Dewey. World War I and World War II found Oregon contributing a diverse and dedicated group of Marines who served valiantly in combat against German and Japanese forces. During the long Cold War with the Soviet Union, the wars in Korea and Vietnam exhibited a continuation of faithful Marine service by Oregonians. And in Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm of 1991, Marines from Oregon continued as their forefathers had before them to honorably serve, sacrifice, and quietly return home. Their record of courage and professionalism are an important but little known part of Oregon's rich history.

En aquesta tesi es presenta un estudi de l'estructura litosfèrica de les conques neògenes de la Mediterrània Nord Occidental. Aquest estudi s'ha realitzat mitjançant la modelització conjunta de les anomalies gravimètriques i de geoide en 2D i 3D. Al mateix temps, s'ha desenvolupat la metodologia necessària per la modelització del geoide en 2D i 3D. Finalment, s'han analitzat les implicacions geodinàmiques que es dedueixen de l'estructura litosfèrica de les esmentades conques, així com els avantatges d'utilitzar el geoide en la modelització, posant de manifest que aquest camp potencial és una eina molt valuosa per estudiar l'estructura profunda de la Terra.Les contribucions més rellevants d'aquesta tesi són:1)Desenvolupament dels algorismes i la metodologia necessària per la modelització conjunta de dades de gravimetria i geoide en 2D i 3D.2) L'aplicació d'aquesta metodologia a l'estudi de les conques de la Mediterrània Nord Occidental, amb l'objectiu d'investigar la distribució de densitats en fondària i la geometria de l'escorça i la litosfera, en particular la topografia del contacte litosfera-astenosfera.En aquest treball s'ha recalculat la integral del potencial gravitatori en 2D i revisat l'algorisme de Chapman (1979) (Ayala et al., 1996b), ampliant l'aplicació de l'esmentat algorisme a zones amb topografia, permetent realitzar el càlcul amb contrastos de densitat o densitats absolutes i calculant la constant necessària per poder realitzar els càlculs en qualsevol sistema d'unitats. També es presenta un nou algorisme que permet obtenir l'anomalia del geoide en 3D utilitzant la integral del potencial gravitatori per calcular l'anomalia creada per un prisma.La estructura litosfèrica del Solc de València s'ha investigat modelitzant conjuntament dades de gravimetria i geoide en 2D al llarg de cinc perfils regionals creuant el Solc perpendicularment a la tendència regional de les anomalies. Els resultats mostren que, al llarg de l'eix de la conca, la base de la litosfera es manté a una fondària pràcticament constant de 60 km, mentre que l'escorça s'engruixeix en direcció NE-SO des de 12-12 km fins a 19 km. Aquest resultats suggereixen que l'extensió al Solc de València es deu a un mecanisme d'extensió no uniforme, on l'extensió és més important al mantell litosfèric que a l'escorça. Vers al nord de la conca, a la transició vers la conca Provençal, l'escorça s'aprima de manera significativa. No obstant això, no s'han trobat evidències clares de que aquesta escorça sigui de tipus oceànic.La modelització conjunta de gravimetria i geoide en 3D s'ha emprat per investigar l'estructura litosfèrica de les conques de la Mediterrània Nord Occidental. El millor ajust entre les anomalies observades i calculades correspon a la següent configuració litosfèrica:· La Moho passa de 22 km de fondària a menys de 12, de SO a NE, sota el Solc de València, i des de 28 km a menys de 12 de NO a SE al golf de Lleó. A la conca Provençal, la Moho es troba a una fondària entre 10 i 12 km.· La base de la litosfera passa d'una fondària de 65-70 km al sud del Solc de València i a prop de la línia de costa del golf de Lleó, a 55-60 km a la zona central de la conca Provençal.· L'escorça oceànica està delimitada per les isolínies batimètriques de 2500-2700 m, com s'havia suggerit prèviament a Morelli, 1990.L'estructura cortical i litosfèrica obtingudes indiquen un aprimament diferencial entre l'escorça i el mantell. Aquests resultats, juntament amb d'altres observacions geofísiques (com la distribució asimètrica de les dades de flux de calor) suggereixen un model d'extensió asimètrica.

Texte remanié: Proefschrift--Letteren--Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, 1998. / Contient un résumé en anglais. Bibliogr. p. 224-233. Index.

Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université Laval, 2007. / Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 18 sept. 2007). Bibliogr.

Thesis (M.S.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. / Title from PDF file as viewed on 4/9/2005. "June 2004." Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-92).

Texte remanié de: Th. État--Sociol.--Paris 8, 1981. Titre de soutenance : L'État et l'espace de la guerre : fortification et marine. / Précédemment paru sous le titre : "La pierre et le vent : fortifications et marine en Occident" Bibliogr., 5 p.