Med utgångspunkt i en kritisk debatt gällande medias bristfälliga bevakning av EU är syftet med studien är att ta reda på hur den Europeiska unionen skildrades i svensk nyhetspress under 2000-talets första decennium. För att studera EU-journalistik tillämpas en kvantitativ innehållsanalys. Med hjälp av ett kodschema registreras variabelvärden för artiklar från 20 slumpmässigt utvalda veckor mellan åren 2001–2010, i tidningarna Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter och Svenska Dagbladet. För att förstå resultaten tas hjälp av ett teoretiskt ramverk med fokus på tidigare forskningsdiskurs samt resonemang kring en marknadsstyrd journalistik och nyhetsvärdering. Genom rubriker och artikelinnehåll identifieras även förekomsten av fördefinierade nyhetsramar i EU-journalistiken: ”Nationellt perspektiv” och ”EU-nyheter utan kontext”.  Totalt registrerades 923 artiklar från de tre tidningarna under given period. Rapporteringens omfattning skiljer sig tydligt mellan åren, 2001 års rapportering står för majoriteten av artikelmängden. Det finns vissa inslag av nyhetsramen ”nationellt perspektiv” i svensk medias EU-bevakning. Nyhetsramen ”EU-nyheter utan kontext” stämmer väl in på materialet. Den marknadsstyrda journalistiken fungerar som en tänkbar förklaring till den bristfälliga EU-bevakningen. Vad som bör eftersträvas i större utsträckning är uppföljning av ämnen som exponeras för media för att läsare på så sätt ska få mer kontinuitet och ökad förståelse för EU:s verksamhet. En framtida undersökning skulle kunna inkludera radio- och tevenyheter eller en undersökning av bevakningen under 1990-talet.

This study examines how journalistic content can be affected when a local newspapers website changes its business model to what is commonly known as a premium paywall. This study is based upon data provided by the local newspaper Barometern. The data concerns the number of online articles included in fifteen subject and geographically defined categories. The data was collected from two three month long periods, one before and one after the introduction of the news paper paywall that was installed in October of 2014. The study finds that the total number of articles published after the introduction of the paywall was significantly higher than before but that the share of articles included in the different subject categories did not change considerably for paying readers. For non- paying readers however, the data show that the share of articles for the different subject and geographical categories changed significantly. Even though the data from this study cannot confirm a correlation, it does highlight a possible connection between media competition in different local markets and subject matters and the amount of articles that are placed behind the newspapers online paywall in that category. This means that non-paying readers in this case got access to a large number of articles included in some categories and only a small portion of articles included in some other categories. Non-paying readers not only got access to a smaller number of articles but also to a different content profile than paying readers.

Student Number : 0413406F - MA dissertation - School of Journalism and Media Studies - Faculty of Humanities / This study examines the rise and fall of ThisDay newspaper by examining its strategies to break into the South African media market. The study places ThisDay in the context of certain factors of the political economy of the South African media and examines how the dynamics of advertising contributed to the collapse of the newspaper. By analysing perspectives from Bagdikian (1983) among others, that the success and failure of the media depends on its success or failure to attract advertising revenue. The study examines the specific strategies used by ThisDay’s management to attract advertising as a key source of revenue to determine how the failure or lack of such strategies could have played a contributory role in the collapse of the newspaper. Among the factors examined is the further consolidation of ownership in the competing media companies. The intricacies and complex relationships that existed between the South African media its owners and advertisers are examined, to determine whether the actions of the competition contributed to ThisDay’s failure. The findings of this study show that ThisDay’s entry met what was arguably a major need for quality news in South Africa’s daily newspaper market; this however, did not prevent its closure. It had to grapple with too many challenges, most of them internal. The underlying reason for most of the problems management encountered was the unavailability of financial resources to run a paper of ThisDay’s magnitude. However the strategies that its management adopted as well as the business plan were way off the mark. The demise of ThisDay newspaper is a loss to South African journalism in two aspects; the industry lost a quality newspaper which greatly improved the level of South African journalism (the quality of which many now say is in a decline). Secondly, its failure will serve as a deterrent to any aspiring entrepreneur who would like to put together a quality product, the perception being that quality newspapers are not profitable. With the demise of ThisDay newspaper and recently the Nova, it seems that the South African print media environment has closed its doors to new entrants.

In recent 10 years, the operation environment of newspaper in Taiwan had become more and more difficult. China Times Express announced to cease publication on November 1, 2005. Grea News, Central Daily News, Taiwan Daily News, Star News, Min Sheng Daily also became history since March 2006. In addition to the trend of newspaper closures, Apple Daily from Hong Kong entered the market officially on May 2, 2003. It not only dropped a bomb in Taiwan newspaper market, but also posed a threat to the original ¡§Big 3¡¨ United Daily News, China Times and Liberty Times. External newspaper snatched the advertisement and publishing markets of internal newspapers, and forced the ¡§Big 3¡¨ to change the contents and manners of news production, even to imitate the strategy from Apple Daily in order to acquire the attraction of Taiwan newspaper readers. This study proceeded from the environment of Taiwan newspaper market and personal career expierence, focused on the producing and changing course of newspaper consumption news, and chose the Liberty Times Weekender as a study case. I attempted to figure out the effects brought about in the production of Taiwan newspaper consumption news by Apple Daily. What is changed during the course? How do the worker of the newspaper consumption news treat about the course and the result? How about the production of newspaper consumption news after the change? What¡¦s the difference between the past? Furthermore, this study paid close attention to the prodution of local consumption news, probed into the role changes of local comsumption reporters, the characteristic of local consumption news, and the gap between local comsumption reporters and headquarters of newspaper office. This Study was based on the market-driven journalism on American savant J. H. McManus, the hierarchy of influences model on P. J. Shoemaker and S. D. Reese, and the news factory model on C. R. Bantz, S. McCorkle & R. C. Baade, applying deep interview of qualitative research approaches to inquire the consumption news workers of Liberty Times Weekender. The Finding revealed that the changes of the consumption news were one of the competiton strategies in newspaper market. Liberty Times chose to follow the steps of Apple Daily Supplement, and released the whole new ¡§Apple-lization¡¨ supplement: Weekender, in order to snatch young readers group with Apple Daily and avoid being eliminated by market. Moreover, there was another finding that when the newspaper office adjusted the strategies of editting and interviewing and transformed the layout, it would be impeded by the other un-transformed layouts and influenced by the former burdens. If we interpreted this phenomenon on the market-driven journalism on J. H. McManus, we could say that news are just like goods, readers are consumers, and the newspapers are combo meals. This study also analyzed the consumption news production mode of the Liberty Times Weekender. On the whole, the Weekender preferred to employ young, college graduated, relenvance experienced consumption reporters, and carried out the power of newspaper office through the examination of proposals, beats, photos and manuscripts. On the production policy, the major function of the Weekender was to approach readers¡¦ needs, it differed from the past consumption news in gaining advertisement profits. On organizational structure, the Weekender transited the combination of editing and interviewing from chief editor to integration, and made a huge difference between past consumption news and Apple Daily in arrangement. Former studies of consumption news mostly emphasized the influences from sources and advertisers at extra-media level, but the consumption news workers of the Weekender concerned about the involvements from advertisement profits and government regulations more. Reporters of the Weekender were also affected by social and capitalistic ideology, they believed that a good consumption news is to make readers desire to consume and do consume. It was also the sources of consumption news reporters¡¦ feelings about indenfication and achievement that readers dipped into their pocket. Finally, on the production of local consumption news, threr was a finding that Apple Daily pushed the specialization of local consumption reporters, and leaded Liberty Times to dispose professional consumption reporters in middle and southern Taiwan. Besides, the Liberty Times Weekender adopted the ¡§step-by-step¡¨ planning strategies to produce local consumption news. But because of the less experiences in touch with media of the local interviewees, there were usually refusing cases and increased the time cost for local consumption reporters to produce news. While local consumption reporters of the Weekender produced news, they frequently faced the innate limits, and the most common problems were bad allocation of resources and lack of communication. This study considered that Liberty Times indeed improved the retail rate on weekend market after the release of Weekender, which contributed to the survival of newspaper office. But it might be insufficient to win from the battle lines on news marker if only to reform specific layouts on specific dates, it would be a lasting good order to have comprehensive review and innovation. Furthermore, the situations that interfere with the production of consumption news, such as notifications of supportable interview, the list of friendly and unfriendly clients, and informercials, became better than past. We also hoped that the operator of newspaper office could proceed to keep principles and make the production of consumption news get rid of advertisement profits. On the production of local consumption news, we suggested that Liberty Times should give educational training to local consumption reporters, and establish local Weekender editiorial office to embody the spirit of local editing. This Study also remided those who want to be or have been a newspaper consumption reporters, it was not just like the past. You have to rush around the streets, gather materials approaching readers¡¦ needs, interview and take photos personally at the scene, even face the ruthless refusal from interviewees, instead of dressing fashionably, lineing up to receive a gift, being fed by PR practitioner. As to the superintendents of government institution, we suggested them to distinguish the standards and differences between news and advertisements and to invite editiorial chiefs from all kinds of media, experts and savants in journalism and mass communication, consumer protection groups and general public making reasonable regulations of consumption news together. In this way, there would be a best balance among enactments, freedom of information, and readers¡¦ right to know.

Problem statement and purpose of the study Journalism is having economic issues, and the journalists knowledge of this together with tools for web analysis has increased the influence of the audience. The development of internet and the new media landscape has made several scholars call for changes in media ethics, but still not much has happend. The larger influence of the audience makes it interesting to examine how it views media ethics. Recently there has also been signs of an age segregation in media consumption where younger people are using new technology and platforms, which do not have an adjusted ethic system, and the older people are using the more traditional technology, which the media ethics originally was made for. Therefore this study also examines how the view differs in a younger and an older part of the audience. Method and material This study relies on three focus groups with participants from the swedish news audience. To be able to examine a possible age segregation in the view on media ethics, two of the groups consisted of younger participants and the third group consisted of older participants. Results The results of this study can be viewed as a sign of that the younger part of the audience is prepared to take a more individual responsibility for media ethics than the older part. This could for example be done by practicing source criticism. The results also indicates that the existing ethics system in Sweden is still supported by the audience

近年來傳播科技快速變化，不但社會型態因此產生鉅變，新科技更也打破了媒體界線進而產生科技滙流，使得平面媒體、廣電媒體、共同載具、有線電視及網際網路的藩籬、角色、定位都逐漸模糊。 而當平面媒體處於麥克魯漢所說的「淘汰」螺旋後，自一九九九年開始整體廣告盈收呈現負成長，二○○六年台灣報紙一口氣有六家熄燈打烊，數以千計的記者失業。受此影響，記者專業角色嚴重貶值，從監督社會的無冕王淪為商業化與科技化雙重衝擊下的現代報業媒體工人，大量遭解雇的記者形成「流浪記者」現象。 本文訪談八位記者發現，一旦對媒體產業的未來失去信心，連帶也對自己失去信心，喪失了新聞工作的認同與熱情，「一輩子當記者」成為遙不可及的夢想，選擇以生存作為工作心態。這樣的氛圍型塑出平面媒體記者「集體灰暗時代」，嚴重影響其專業角色。 然而以「媒體四大律」分析，紙張形式的報紙雖逐漸遭到網路媒體之「淘汰」卻不會消失，而是需要「轉化」。記者創作撰寫新聞「內容」的能力不因報社倒閉而消失，社會對記者的需求更將永無止境，記者應隨社會環境與新科技改變進而轉變並提升自身核心能力。 / The media landscape in Taiwan has been greatly changed because of the emergence of new communication technologies and transition of market-driven journalism globally. For one thing, the newspaper industry’s circulation and readership continue to decline and advertising revenues keep on shrinking since 1999. As a result, since the beginning of this century, many newspapers have experienced huge deficits; six were shut down in 2006 alone and thousands of journalists lost their jobs. Based on the literature review and in-depth interviews of eight so-called “jobless journalists” who left or considering to leave the newspaper industry, this study finds many of these professional reporters are experiencing a crisis of confidence, no longer believing in themselves as well as the professional training. Most of all, they predict that the fate of newspaper has been doomed and journalism is hopeless and futureless. The study records their true stories of how to rebuild confidence while facing the hardship both of the career and the profession.