Tesi realitzada a l'Institut de Recerca de l'Energia de Catalunya (IREC) / In the last decades, energy requirements of portable devices are exponentially increasing while the capacity of the current battery technology is not progressing accordingly. This energy gap claims for the development of new technologies beyond Li-ion. Novel miniaturized devices able to efficiently operate on the low power regime (1 — 20 W) in continuous mode by using a fuel are receiving increased attention. Due to their long lifetime, high power density and integrability, probably the most promising alternative is the development of micro fuel cells. Amongst them, micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cells mi-SOFCs) present the highest values of specific energy densities (by unit mass and volume), mainly due to their higher operating temperature and their capability of operating directly on hydrocarbon fuels. One of the most promising approaches for the mi-SOFCs is based on the monolithic integration of functional free-standing electrolyte membranes in silicon technology. This approach ensures high reproducibility and reliability, cheap mass production and easy integration to mainstream technology. This thesis encompasses the design, fabrication and test of the main components of a novel mi-SOFC power generator as a first step to develop a complete device in the near future. The adopted approach is based on the use of MEMS fabrication methods to miniaturize mi-SOFCs in silicon technology and high energy density hydrocarbons as fuels. The mi-SOFC power generator is designed to supply 1W of electrical energy in a small volume (10-20 cm3). The work developed is divided into six chapters. The first chapter introduces the basics and challenges of a mi-SOFC power generator. The second chapter focuses on the experimental procedures and characterization techniques used. In the third chapter, the thermal analysis of a new mi-SOFC power generator with finite-volume simulations is presented. The fourth chapter shows the fabrication and characterization of a fuel processing unit capable to produce hydrogen from ethanol steam reforming and methane dry reforming. The next chapter is related to a catalytic micro-machined combustor. Finally, chapter six presents the development of a full ceramic mi-SOFC. / La demanda d'energia dels dispositius electrònics portàtils augmenta exponencialment any rere any, però la tecnologia actual amb les bateries d'ió liti no progressa suficientment. Aquesta divergència energètica és una oportunitat per poder desenvolupar noves tecnologies. En aquest sentit, micro dispositius que operin de forma contínua mitjançant l'ús d'un combustible i que proporcionin una potència compresa entre 1 i 20 W reben una especial atenció per part de la comunitat científica. Probablement, l'alternativa més prometedora són les micro piles de combustible, ja que tenen una llarga vida útil, una alta densitat de potència i són fàcils d'integrar. Dels diferents tipus, les piles de combustible d'òxid sòlid (mi-SOFCs) són les que tenen una major densitat específica d'energia (per unitat de massa i de volum). A més a més, treballen a una temperatura més alta i aquesta característica permet utilitzar hidrocarburs com a combustible. Una de les configuracions més esteses de les mi-SOFCs és la que es basa en membranes electrolítiques en suspensió, integrades amb la tecnologia de silici. Aquesta configuració permet una producció elevada, barata i fiable. La present tesi té com a objectiu dissenyar, fabricar i validar experimentalment els principals components d'un nou dispositiu generador. Els resultats obtinguts són un primer pas per desenvolupar en un futur proper un dispositiu complet basat en l'ús de MEMS (sistemes micro electromecànics) i hidrocarburs d' alta densitat d'energia. El dispositiu mi-SOFC ha estat ideat per subministrar 1W de potència elèctrica i ocupar un volum entre 10 i 20 cm3. La tesi consta de sis capítols. En el primer es descriuen els conceptes generals relacionats amb un dispositiu mi-SOFC i els principals reptes associats que presenta el seu desenvolupament. El segon es centra en els procediments experimentals i les tècniques de caracterització utilitzades al llarg de la tesi. El tercer capítol presenta l'anàlisi tèrmica del sistema proposat mitjançant simulacions termofluídiques. El quart mostra la fabricació i caracterització d'una unitat de processament de combustible capaç de produir hidrogen a partir del reformat d'etanol i metà. El cinquè descriu una unitat catalítica de combustió. I l'últim capítol, es centra en les capes funcionals d'una pila de combustible mi-SOFC completament ceràmica.

There are several applications where the measurement of VOC results to be useful, such as: toxic leaks, air quality measurements, explosive detection, monitoring of food and beverages quality, diagnosis of diseases, etc. Some of this applications claim for fast responses or even real time responses. In this context, there are few analytical techniques for performing gas phase analysis, among of them Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS). IMS is a fast analytical device based on the time of flight of ions in a drift tube. The response of IMS lasts typically few seconds, but it can be even less than a second. This fast response has drifted its use towards novel applications, such as biomedical and food applications (bio-related applications). Nonetheless, it has also brought the need to analyze complex spectra with hundreds of compounds. In fact, tackling this disadvantage is the main focus of this thesis, where new algorithms for enhancing the IMS performance are investigated when are applied to bio-related applications. Nonlinear behavior and charge competitions of IMS responses are important issues that need to be addressed. Both effects have a direct impact in the IMS spectra interpretation —especially when real dataset are studied. Additionally, the use of univariate spectra analysis, where peaks information is extracted manually, becomes unfeasible in bio-related applications. In this context, this work introduces multivariate methodologies focused on quantitative and qualitative analysis. In the case of quantitative analysis, calibration models were built using univariate methodology, Partial Leas Squares (PLS) and Multivariate Curve Resolution techniques (MCR). The quantitative analysis aims tackling the main issues of IMS such as non linearities and mixture effect. Definitely, univariate techniques provides poor or overoptimistic results that minimize the impact of the IMS use. The results show a really improvement on the performance when multivariate techniques were used. Regarding the results between MCR and PLS, the main difference is the interpretability that offers MCR. In the case of qualitative analysis, two different approaches were planned for building models for classes' discrimination. The first approach consisted on building a model through principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis, besides of using robust cross validation methodology for obtaining reliable results. This methodology were implemented in samples of wine, where main motivation was found discrimination regarding to their origin. The results were fully satisfactory because the model was able to separate four groups with a high accuracy rate. The second approach involves the use of Multivarite Curve Resolution — Lasso algorithm for extracting pure components of samples from rats' breath and then use a feature selection technique for obtaining the most representative features subset. In this case, the objective of the application was to find a model that discriminate rats with sepsis from control rats. The results shows there were few pure components of IMS that generate a discriminatory model that means there are specific compounds in the breath linked with the disease. Summarizing, the following proposal has as main objective resolving open issues in stand-alone IMS that are applied to the analysis of bio-related applications. Two major investigation lines were proposed in this thesis: (i) qualitative analysis and (ii) quantitative analysis. The qualitative analysis covers pre-processing algorithms and the developing of new methodologies for building models in bio-related applications. The quantitative analysis are focused on highlighting the importance of the use of multivariate techniques instead of univariate techniques. In order to reach the objectives of this thesis, a set of datasets were created, which are detailed on the content of this thesis. The results and main conclusions are deeply explained in the extended proposal. / El objetivo de esta tesis es el desarrollo de nuevas metodologías en el procesado de señal multivariante en espectros IMS. En este trabajo se ha realizado una comparación entre tres espectrómetros IMS. Esta labor comparativa, mediante procesado multivariante, es prácticamente inédita en este ámbito. En este caso se realizó un estudio con 3 aminas y se determinó el límite de detección. Los resultados mostraron que los 3 espectrómetros tuvieron un rendimiento similar, a pesar de que sus condiciones de operación son distintas. Se propuso una técnica específica para eliminar ruido de baja frecuencia acoplado al espectro de IMS. Se observó que utilizar PCA o ICA (métodos multivariantes) mejora notablemente la relación señal ruido si se compara con las técnicas convencionales. Se ha estudiado el alineamiento de los espectros y se han propuesto soluciones basadas en los diferentes métodos del estado del arte. Se ha evidenciado que incluir compuestos de referencia para garantizar que el proceso de alineamiento es el adecuado es ventajoso. En el caso de que esto no fuese posible se aconseja realizar el alineamiento por etapas, primero un alineamiento en una misma muestra, y luego entre muestras. Se realizaron modelos cualitativos para diferenciar o discriminar clases a partir de medidas de IMS. Se propusieron dos modelos multivariantes con técnicas de validación cruzada. Los resultados obtenidos muestran el gran potencial de IMS en este sentido. Se evaluó el rendimiento cuantitativo de los IMS al utilizar métodos multivariantes y fueron comparados con métodos univariantes habituales en el ámbito de IMS. De los resultados obtenidos se observó que los modelos univariantes no son capaces de resolver comportamientos típicos de IMS como son el comportamiento no lineal y el efecto en mezclas. En este sentido las técnicas multivariantes mostraron mejores prestaciones. Se comparó la utilización de técnicas multivariantes que proyectan los datos en un nuevo subespacio como lo es PLS con técnicas de deconvolución como lo es MCR en sus dos versiones ALS y Lasso. Los resultados obtenidos fueron bastante similares, sin embargo MCR ofrece una ventaja importante ya que permite interpretar de mejor manera los resultados.

Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome (AGS) is a rare encephalopathy which mimics a viral intrauterine infection and is characterized by calcifications of the basal ganglia, cerebral atrophy and IFN-a in the cerebrospinal fluid. AGS is a heterogenic disease associated with mutations in the gene of the exonuclease TREX1, in any of the genes codifying for the ribonuclease H2, in the phosphohydrolase SAMHD1, in the deaminase ADAR1 or in the cytoplasmic sensor MDA5. The knowledge of these functions is basic for the comprehension of the beginning of the pathogenesis of AGS. In this thesis we focused in the mechanism of Samhd1 transcription. We have seen that Samhd1 is induced by pro-inflammatory stimuli but neither by anti-inflammatory stimuli nor TNF-a, and that the induction of Samhd1 is through STAT1 pathway. We wanted to know a bit more about Samhd1 induction so we focused on the study of its promoter. We did a construct in a luciferase-reporter vector with 1500bp of Samhd1 promoter, and we saw that this region of the promoter is enough to induce luciferase expression. From this construct, we did new plasmids and when deleting a specific region, the luciferase expression was abolished, indicating that in Samhd1 promoter, 161bp are critical for Samhd1 induction. EMSA assays showed that Samhd1 expression is repressed in basal conditions by an unknown protein, and ChIP assays also showed that IRF1 is involved in Samhd1 induction by IFN-.. We hypothesized that the regulation mechanism is depending in an STAT1-depending pathway, through IRF1, and also in an STAT1-independing pathway, through an unknown mechanism up to date. We checked with proteomics analysis the protein which might be involved in Samhd1 repression but the results were not significant. We also constructed a conditional KO mouse for TREX1, and now we are crossing it with different CRE­Socs2 expressing strands. Homozygous KO expressing CRElitter, show a similar phenotype to TREX1 total KO. We are in the process to obtain homozygous KO expressing CRELysM, but due to problems with the penetrance of this CRE allele we have some difficulties. All together, the results of this thesis will shed light in the inner operation of AGS. / La síndrome d'Aicardi-Goutières (AGS), és una malaltia autoimmunitària recessiva que mimetitza una infecció vírica intrauterina, i la qual és caracteritzada per calcificacions intracranials, atròfia cerebral i augment d'IFN-alfa al líquid cefaloraquidi. L'AGS és una malaltia genètica heterogènia associada amb mutacions al gen que codifica per a l'exonucleasa TREX1, a qualsevol dels gens codificants per a les components de la ribonucleasa RNASE H2, a la fosfo­hidrolasa SAMHD1, a la deaminasa ADAR1 o al sensor citoplasmàtic MDA5. El coneixement d'aquestes funcions és fonamental per tal d'entendre la patogènesi de l'AGS. En aquesta tesi s'ha aprofundit en el coneixement del mecanisme regulador de la transcripció de Samhd1. Hem vist que Samhd1 es troba expressat en diferents òrgans sense necessitat de cap estímul previ, com el pàncrees, l’intestí prim i els macròfags derivats de moll d’os, i en diferents quantitats en altres òrgans de ratolí. Donada la important afectació que té l’AGS al cervell, també es va analitzar la seva expressió en neurones i cèl·lules de la micròglia. També hem vist que Samhd1 es troba induït en presència de citocines proinflamatòries, però no es troba afectada la seva expressió en presència de citocines antiinflamatòries així com tampoc en presència de TNF-gamma. Utilitzant macròfags derivats de ratolins deficients en STAT1, hem pogut demostrar que l’expressió de Samhd1 per IFN-alfa és a través d’STAT1, ja que la seva expressió es troba completament reprimida en aquestes cèl·lules. Ens vam centrar en la inducció de Samhd1 i per la seva comprensió vam focalitzar en l’estudi del seu promotor. Es van clonar 1500 parells de bases del promotor de Samhd1 en un plasmidi reporter de luciferasa, i es va veure que aquest fragment era suficient per induir l’expressió de luciferasa. A partir d’aquest constructe, es van realitzar llavors noves construccions delecionant cada vegada una regió del promotor. Es va veure que en delecionar una regió específica de 161pb, l’expressió de luciferasa es trobava completament reprimida, indicant que aquesta regió del promotor és crítica per a la inducció de Samhd1. Experiments de retard en gel (EMSA) van mostrar que Samhd1 es troba reprimit en condicions basals per una proteïna que no hem arribat a caracteritzar, i experiments de precipitació de cromatina (ChIP) van mostrar que IRF1 es troba involucrada en la inducció de Samhd1 per IFN-alfa. La nostra hipòtesi doncs, és que l’expressió de Samhd1 té un mecanisme de regulació doble: en condicions basals es troba reprimit i en presència d’IFN-alfa s’indueix una via de senyalització independent d’STAT1 que fa saltar el complex repressor del promotor, i també s’indueix una via de senyalització dependent d’STAT1, que indueix l’expressió d’IRF1 i que activa la transducció de Samhd1. Fins ara no hem caracteritzat la proteïna o complex de proteïnes que reprimeix l’expressió de Samhd1 en condicions basals, però s’està investigant mitjançant anàlisis proteòmics. En aquesta tesi també s’ha fet la construcció d’un ratolí KO condicional per a TREX1. Una vegada aconseguit aquest animal condicional, el qual conté el gen de Trex1 flanquejat per dues dianes LoxP, aquest s’està encreuant amb diferents soques que expressen CRE sota regulació de diferents Socs2 promotors. Els ratolins homozigots KO i que expressen CRE, tenen un fenotip similar al fenotip que mostren els ratolins KO totals de TREX1. Estem en el procés d’obtenció de ratolins homozigots KO i que expressen CRELysM però, donat a problemes amb la penetrància d’aquest al·lel, hem tingut algunes dificultats. Els resultats d’aquesta tesi en conjunt poden ajudar a entendre una mica més el funcionament de l'AGS.

S'ha aconseguit preparar per electrodeposició, a partir d'un medi sulfat-citrat, capes binàries cobalt-molibdè (aliatge Co-Mo) i capes ternàries cobalt-níquel-molibdè (aliatge Co-Ni-Mo) magnèticament toves, adequades per poder ésser implementades en dispositius d'actuació magnètica. La deposició de l'aliatge Co-Mo és un procés induït i té lloc a través de la formació d'òxids/hidròxids de molibdè de valència mixta (MoIV-V). Per a cada bany existeix un potencial llindar que permet la reducció d'aquests òxids fins a molibdè metàl·lic, cosa que condueix a la formació de l'aliatge. Si s'apliquen potencials més positius que el corresponent valor llindar, aleshores la descàrrega del molibdè no és completa i poden obtenir-se exclusivament sobre l'elèctrode pel·lícules d'òxids de molibdè. En condicions de formació d'aliatge (el potencial aplicat és més negatiu que el corresponent valor llindar) i quan s'incorporen percentatges de molibdè del 5-15% en pes a les capes de cobalt, s'aconsegueix reduir significativament la coercitivitat del material bo i mantenint una magnetització de saturació raonablement elevada. Això s'aconsegueix a partir de banys a pH = 4,0 que contenen un excés de Co(II) respecte d'agent complexant (citrat) i una baixa concentració de molibdat. A valors de pH superiors i en condicions d'excés de citrat respecte de Co(II) en solució, la incorporació de molibdè als dipòsits és superior (20% en pes aprox.). En aquest darrer cas, si bé la coercitivitat de les capes continua essent inferior a la del cobalt pur, la magnetització de saturació també és considerablement menor. L'electrodeposició de capes ternàries Co-Ni-Mo té lloc segons un procés induït del molibdè i simultàniament anòmal entre cobalt i níquel. La incorporació de níquel (11-15% en pes) millora l'aspecte de las làmines i, a més, augmenta la duresa i la resistència a la corrosió del material sense perjudici sobre la resposta magnètica. Poden obtenir-se, d'una banda, capes gruixudes d'aliatge sobre elèctrodes de coure i grafit i, de l'altra, capes primes (d'entre 1 i 3 micres) apropiades per a actuació magnètica sobre elèctrodes de base silici. Ambdós processos d'electrodeposició, Co-Mo i Co-Ni-Mo, són altament selectius, de manera que poden preparar-se microestructures amb un perfil ben definit i parets laterals verticals quan es diposita sobre substrats de base silici folotilografiats. S'ha assajat la resposta magnètica i mecànica dels aliatges desenvolupats en sistemes de test com ara microvàlvules i s'ha vist que són aptes per poder ésser implementats en la tecnologia de MEMS (sistemes microelectromecànics). / The preparation of binary cobalt-molybdenum (Co-Mo) and ternary cobalt-nickel-molybdenum (Co-Ni-Mo) layers has been successfully achieved by means of electrodeposition from a sulphate-citrate medium. These layers are soft-magnetic and satisfy the requirements for further implementation in magnetic actuation devices. Co-Mo codeposition is an induced process and occurs through the formation of mixed valence (IV-V) molybdenum oxides/hydroxides as intermediate species on the electrode. There is a threshold potential that determines the evolution of molybdenum oxides towards metallic molybdenum, thereby allowing alloy formation. The threshold potential value depends on the composition of the electrolytic bath. Either molybdenum oxide films or Co-Mo alloy layers can be prepared by applying more positive or more negative values, respectively, than the threshold potential. Co-Mo layers with 5-15 wt.% Mo show lower coercivity than pure Co coatings while maintaining a reasonably high saturation magnetisation. Baths used to prepare these layers are acidic (pH 4.0) and contain a higher Co(II) concentration than that of citrate and a very low molybdate concentration. Molybdenum-richer layers (20 wt.% aprox.) can be obtained from baths at a higher pH which contain, conversely, a higher citrate concentration than that of Co(II). Under these conditions, coercivity remains low but the saturation magnetisation decreases considerably. The electrodeposition of ternary Co-Ni-Mo layers is a complex process since molybdenum discharge is induced and that between cobalt and nickel anomalous. The addition of 11-15 wt.% nickel to the layers improve their appearance, hardness and corrosion resistance. Thick Co-Mo and Co-Ni-Mo coatings can be obtained onto copper and graphite electrodes, while thinner layers (of 1-3 microns) appropriate for magnetic actuation can be obtained on silicon-based substrates. Well-grown microstructures with vertical-side walls have been prepared on photolithographed silicon. Both magnetic and mechanical responses of the developed alloys have been explored with good results. Thus, they would be suitable for microelectromechanical (MEMS) applications.

La esclerosis múltiple (EM) es una enfermedad crónica, inflamatoria y desmielinizante del sistema nervioso central (SNC) siendo la principal causa de discapacidad en adultos jóvenes después de los traumatismos. Su prevalencia en nuestra área geográfica es aproximadamente 60-70 pacientes cada 100.000 habitantes. La causa de la enfermedad es aún desconocida y se han implicado tanto factores genéticos como ambientales. Se considera que es una enfermedad mediada por el sistema inmunitario, donde linfocitos T activados en periferia son capaces de reconocer antígenos de la mielina en el SNC y desencadenar el proceso autoinmune que culminará con la destrucción de la mielina, de forma que la conducción nerviosa puede afectarse y aparecer los signos y síntomas clínicos característicos de la enfermedad. Existen evidencias de que el estrés oxidativo tiene una función importante en el desarrollo de la lesión en el SNC. En este sentido, se ha observado que el estrés oxidativo puede causar daño axonal y que el daño axonal contribuye a la discapacidad neurológica que se produce en la EM. En el SNC de pacientes con EM se ha observado expresión de marcadores de estrés oxidativo, correlacionándose con el proceso inflamatorio y desmielinizante que se produce en la enfermedad. Por otro lado, los pacientes con EM tienen disminuidos, respecto a controles sanos, los niveles séricos de diferentes antioxidantes naturales como enzimas, vitaminas, ubicuinona, etc. Las metalotioneínas (MT) son unas proteínas para las que se han descrito propiedades antioxidantes, anti-inflamatorias y neuroprotectoras en situaciones donde se produce estrés oxidativo. En este contexto, nos planteamos estudiar la función de las MT en la patogenia de la esclerosis múltiple y sus posibles implicaciones terapéuticas, para ello utilizamos el modelo animal de esclerosis múltiple, la encefalomielitis autoinmune experimental (EAE). Observamos que la expresión de MT está inducida en el SNC de ratones con EAE y que se correlaciona con la gravedad de la enfermedad. Los astrocitos y los macrófagos/microglía reactivos son la principal fuente de estas proteínas. El patrón de expresión de MT diverge del patrón de expresión de marcadores relacionados con procesos de neurodegeneración y, sin embargo, coincide con el de marcadores relacionados con procesos de reparación tisular. Por otro lado, la deficiencia en MT hace más susceptibles a los ratones a desarrollar la EAE potenciando la inflamación y los procesos de neurodegeneración en el SNC, mientras que los procesos de reparación tisular están disminuidos significativamente. Estos resultados se corroboraron en la enfermedad humana, en lesiones de EM, donde se observó el mismo patrón de expresión que se había observado previamente en el modelo animal. Estos resultados sugieren que las MT tienen una función importante en la patogenia de la EAE y podrían tener un potencial terapéutico en el tratamiento de esta enfermedad, limitando los procesos de neurodegeneración y potenciando los mecanismos de reparación tisular endógenos. / Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) and the most common cause of non-traumatic neurological dysfunction in young adults. Although the etiopathogenesis of the disease is still unknown, both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated. Several lines of evidence suggest that MS is an autoimmune disease, in which activated, myelin-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes recognize CNS myelin antigens, and various mechanisms including antibodies and complement, activated macrophages and microglia, and cytotoxic T cells contribute to CNS tissue damage.There is strong evidence pointing to oxidative stress as a major factor in CNS lesion development that contributes to axonal dysfunction, CNS degeneration and neurological disability in MS. It has been shown that MS plaques contain increased levels of oxidative stress markers. Furthermore, several studies indicate that MS patients have lower serum levels of endogenous antioxidant than controls.Metallothioneins (MT) are a family of proteins with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. MT accumulate under conditions where oxidative stress has taken place. In this context, we aimed to study the role of MT in the pathogenesis of MS and their putative therapeutical implications using a well established animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We observed that MT expression was not only induced during EAE, but that it also correlated with the severity of clinical signs. Astrocytes and microglia/macrophages were the main source of these antioxidant proteins. The time course of MT expression during EAE differed from the expression of molecules that are considered relevant for neurodegenerative processes. When compared with markers for regeneration/repair, the expression profile of MT followed a similar patter. In addition, MT-deficient mice were more susceptible to EAE and showed more CNS inflammation and neurodegeneration, whereas tissue repair mechanisms appeared compromised compared to wild-type mice. These data were in agreement with the results observed in the human disease in MS lesions. Overall, these findings suggest that MT play an important protective role in the pathogenesis of EAE and might be considered as potential therapeutic candidates to promote neuroregeneration in MS.

El virus de l'Hepatitis E (VHE) és un virus que es transmet per via fecal-oral i causa hepatitis agudes. Tradicionalment les regions tropicals i subtropicals d'Àsia, Àfrica i Amèrica Central s'han considerat zones endèmiques pel VHE, on aquest és el responsable tant de brots epidèmics com de casos esporàdics d'hepatitis agudes. A regions industrialitzades, com Espanya, tradicionalment no endèmiques i lliures del virus, únicament es diagnostiquen alguns casos esporàdics d'infeccions pel VHE, associats majoritàriament a soques importades durant viatges a regions endèmiques. Malgrat els pocs casos diagnosticats, els valors de seroprevalença trobats en aquestes regions varien entre un 1 i un 5%, essent en algunes zones superiors. A més, en els últims anys s'estan identificant casos d'infeccions agudes pel VHE en àrees industrialitzades associats a soques diferents a les de regions endèmiques i que s'estan considerant soques autòctones d'aquestes regions. L'objectiu general d'aquesta tesi és l'estudi de l'epidemiologia molecular del VHE en regions industrialitzades, mitjançant la identificació de soques causants d'infeccions a la població i de possibles reservoris animals.S'analitzaren mostres d'aigua residual recollides a l'entrada d'una planta depuradora de la ciutat de Barcelona. Es detectà el genoma del virus en 24 de las 51 mostres analitzades (47,0%), 22 de les quals pertanyien al període entre desembre de 2000 i juny de 2002. S'identificaren 18 seqüències del VHE diferents. També s'analitzaren mostres d'aigua residual procedents de 4 regions considerades no endèmiques pel virus: Washington D.C. (EUA), Patras (Grècia), Umeå (Suècia) i Nancy (França), detectant-lo en 1 mostra de Washington i una de Nancy. Un estudi de diversitat va mostrar l'existència de múltiples soques del VHE infectant simultàniament la població.També s'analitzaren mostres de sèrum de pacients amb hepatitis agudes i IgG antiVHE en el moment de l'hepatitis. S'aïllà la soca causant de la infecció de 3 pacients, en un cas després d'un viatge a Etiòpia. L'estudi de marcadors d'infecció aguda pel VHE mostrà que els 3 pacients als quals se'ls hi havia detectat el genoma del virus també tenien nivells detectables d'IgM antiVHE. També s'identificaren casos amb possible diagnòstic d'hepatitis aguda pel VHE amb absència d'IgM antiVHE però amb increment dels nivells d'IgG antiVHE i disminució posterior, així com possibles coinfeccions con altres virus causants d'hepatitis.S'analitzaren mostres de sèrum i femta de porcs procedents de 3 granges comercials situades a Catalunya. A una d'elles es detectà una seroprevalença del 18,2%. Cap animal estudiat de 8 o menys setmanes havia seroconvertit en el moment de la presa de la mostra. S'aïllà la soca del VHE causant de la infecció (soca Por1) i s'observà que era molt similar a les soques identificades infectant la població de Barcelona. A les altres 2 granges no se detectaren infeccions pel VHE. Tampoc s'identificà cap soca del VHE d'origen boví a l'estudi preliminar realitzat.Finalment es va dur a terme un estudi per identificar els aminoàcids de l'epítop neutralitzant del VHE que podien ser potencialment importants per la conformació d'aquest epítop. S'estudià el comportament d'anticossos contra l'epítop neutralitzant de la soca Sar55 (genotip 1) davant la Mex14 (genotip 2) i pèptids mutats de Sar55 que contenien aa presents a Mex14. No s'observaren diferències en el reconeixement per part dels anticossos, confirmant l'existència d'epítops comuns a ambdues soques. / The overall aim of this thesis is the study of the molecular epidemiology of the Hepatitis E virus (HEV) in industrialized countries, traditionally considered non-endemic for this virus. HEV is an important cause of sporadic and epidemic cases of acute hepatitis in endemic areas. In non-endemic regions sporadic cases are often associated to HEV strains imported from endemic areas, although autochthonous strains have also been isolated in industrialized countries, where the seroprevalence values vary from 1 to 5% or higher. Urban sewage samples from Barcelona (Spain), Washington D.C. (USA), Patras (Greece), Umeå (Sweden) and Nancy (France) were processed and tested by nested RT-PCR. HEV was detected in Barcelona (47.0% positives samples, with more than 18 different strains detected), Washington D.C. (20% positives samples) and Nancy (25% positive samples). A high diversity of strains was detected infecting simultaneously the population. The strains identified in these industrialized areas belonged mainly to genotype 3.Cases of acute hepatitis E were also detected in humans living in the area of Barcelona and caused by imported and autochthonous strains. The RNA of the virus was detected in patients with detectable levels of IgM antiHEV, although presumptive infections with only an increase and further decrease of the levels of IgG antiHEV were also identified.Moreover, HEV was detected in a swine herd located in the area of Barcelona, where the seropositive animals were older than 8 weeks. The strain infecting the animals belonged to genotype 3 and was very similar to the human HEV strains detected in humans and sewage in the same area. Finally an attempt to identify amino acids critical for the correct conformation of the neutralization epitope present in the capsid of the HEV was performed. Antibodies against Sar55 (genotype 1) were tested against Mex14 (genotype 2) and mutated peptides with the sequence of the neutralization epitope of Sar55 and some amino acids from Mex14. No differences were observed, confirming the existence of a common neutralization epitope in HEV strains from different genotypes.

L’arsènic és un element que es troba en el medi sota diverses formes químiques, cadascuna de les quals presenta una toxicitat i una reactivitat diferent. A l’aigua de mar, l’arsènic és present en concentracions baixes (0,001 mg As kg-1). Per altra banda, les algues tenen una concentració total d’arsènic molt superior (1-350 mg As kg-1). Tot i així, la fórmula química en aquest cas és predominantment la organo-metàl.lica, sobretot, com a arseno-sucres. Pel que fa a la tesi, la primera part de l’estudi experimental n’estudia la metodologia. S’han comparat diversos tipus de tractament previ de la mostra, s’han desenvolupat mètodes cromatogràfics i s’han preparat materials de referència per al control de qualitat. A la segona part, s’han analitzat mostres originàries de zones que no havien estat estudiades fins ara, com el golf Termaïc i Santorini (Grècia), la Terra del Foc (Argentina) i el Carib panameny. A més, s’ha comparat l’especiació d’arsènic dins d’estructures morfològiques d’algues brunes i com afecta el seu embarracat a la platja. També s’ha realitzat un estudi amb mostres d’aigua continental a Xile. La conca del Loa es troba en una regió minera amb uns nivells ambientals d’arsènic alts. En aquest estudi s’han trobat algues hiperacumuladores, les quals es podrien usar en estudis futurs de bioremediació. En el decurs de la tesi s’ha treballat en col.laboració amb les universitats següents: Universidad Católica del Norte (Xile), Universitat de Bremen (Alemanya), Universitat de Creta (Grècia), Universitat Aristotèlica de Salònica (Grècia). També s’ha comptat amb la col.laboració del Departament de Biologia Vegetal de la Universitat de Barcelona (UB). / Arsenic in the marine ecosystem may derive from natural sources or anthropogenic activities. Inorganic arsenic predominates in seawater. In living organisms, organoarsenic compounds were detected years ago. Marine algae contain most of their arsenic in the form of arsenosugars. In recent decades, a number of studies have described the mechanisms of the transformation and accumulation of arsenicals as well as correlations among arsenosugars and algal orders. Furthermore, there have been several reports of the potentially toxic character of such organoarsenic compounds. The presence and behaviour of arsenic compounds in algae is of interest not only to assess the pollution level in a particular zone, but to evaluate the health risk posed by the consumption of seaweed. The first part of the project was focused on the analytical procedures regarding arsenic speciation. Firstly, the effect of pre-treatments in samples and the storage condition were studied. The second study was the adaptation of our chromatographically method in order to use MSD-TOF as an analyser. The third lane followed was the preparation of reference materials. Individual solutions for each arsenosugar were prepared from algal extracts and a feasibility study was conducted on a Reference Material prepared from the alga wakame for arsenic species. The second part consisted of a series of studies in unstudied geographical zones such as Thermaikos Gulf (Greece), Santorini (Greece), Tierra del Fuego (Argentina) and Panama’s Caribbean Rivera. In addition, freshwater algae and plants from Atacama Desert in Chile were analysed. We had also compared the speciation of arsenic in different structural parts and in algae that were collected on the coast. For these studies we collaborated with the following universities: Universidad Católica del Norte, Universität Bremen, University of Creta and the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. We had also worked with the Department of Plant Biology of the University of Barcelona.

Tesi realitzada a l'Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF) / A major challenge in evolutionary biology is understanding the main drivers that underlie morphological and species diversity. Ecological opportunity—access to new or previously inaccessible niches—has been identified as one of the most important drivers of both phenotypic and species diversification. This is because the exploitation of new ecological niches is often accompanied by phenotypic differentiation among closely related taxa. This can in turn facilitate species diversification if phenotypic differentiation is associated with the appearance of reproductive isolation. The main goal of this thesis is to explore the extent in which a major source of ecological opportunity—the colonization of islands—have driven evolutionary diversification in different taxonomic and geographic contexts, specifically in the geckos of Arabia and the Socotra Archipelago and the Australasian diplodactyloid geckos. Island colonization is thought to provide a context of many available resources with few competitors and predators. This allows to colonizing groups the possibility to experience an “ecological release” and use a wider array of niches compared to their continental close-relatives. In such a situation, we expect an expansion of the morphospace in island groups typically associated with high rates of phenotypic and species diversification. We have found compelling evidence for this in both of the two mainland-island systems studied. The Australasian diplodactyloid geckos clearly expanded the range of phenotypic variation existing in the continent, producing the biggest and the smallest species in the radiation and were associated to accelerated rates of body size diversification compared to their closest relatives in the continent. Likewise, in the Hemidactylus geckos from Arabia-Socotra, island species were also associated to accelerated rates of phenotypic diversification and, as in the Australasian system, produced the most extreme sizes in the radiation. In this last mainland-island system, aside of reaching the maximum and the minimum sizes, the body size disparities in continental species assemblages were always significantly greater than the disparities computed by continental species assemblages. Nonetheless, when we compare Hemidactylus to other groups diversifying in the same islands, it appears that not all groups equally tend to diversify in body size. In fact, the comparison of the stages of diversification between the three gecko genera occurring in the Archipelago of Socotra revealed that not a single path of intra-island diversification was shared by all genera. Hemidactylus and Haemodracon greatly diversified in body size. However, in Pristurus diversification was strongly mediated by climatic shifts with size diversification being displaced to a subtle role. This is an important result as suggests that not all groups respond in the same way to similar amounts of ecological opportunity and that group-dependent (intrinsic) components can potentially play a role at defining the different stages of diversification. Aside of these examples of island diversification, in this thesis I also exposed remarkable examples of “island-like” patterns of diversification occurring in the continent. This was the case for the Australasian Pygopodidae, which attained rates of phenotypic diversification (possibly species diversification too) comparable to those found in island groups and was mostly mediated by the acquisition of a remarkable key innovation: a “snake-like” phenotype. Another remarkable example of continental diversification revealed in this thesis is a complex of highly divergent species existing within the subspecies Pristurus rupestris rupestris. This diversification took place in truly “island-like” setting, the Hajar Mountains in southeastern Arabia, formed by three main isolated blocks or “sky islands”. However, in this case diversification failed to take place within each of the “islands” and mostly was driven through intermittent pulses of dispersal and isolation taking place between two of the two main mountain blocks. Examples like this provide an example of how continental groups in some contexts, as the ones offered by mountain ranges, can fuel substantial amounts of diversification. In this case one of the greatest vertebrate diversification in Arabia. / Uno de los retos más importantes en biología evolutiva es entender las causas principales de la diversidad de fenotipos y de especies. La oportunidad ecológica (o el acceso a recursos nuevos y previamente inaccesibles) se considera como uno de los factores más importantes en la generación de nuevas especies y fenotipos. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es estudiar el papel generador de especies y fenotipos de uno de los grandes tipos de oportunidad ecológica, la colonización de islas. Para ello, se han usado dos sistemas continente-isla como modelo: los gecos de Arabia y el Archipiélago de Socotra y los gecos diplodactiloideos australasiáticos. Dado que las islas proporcionan ambientes con pocos competidores y depredadores, esto permite a los grupos insulares experimentar una gran expansión de nicho que puede estar asociada a una expansión del morfoespacio mediada por tasas elevadas de diversificación fenotípica y de especies. Los resultados de esta tesis respaldan totalmente esta hipótesis. Tanto en los gecos australasiáticos como en los gecos de Arabia y Socotra, la colonización de islas vino acompañada con aumentos sustanciales de disparidad fenotípica asociados con incrementos en las tasas de diversificación de tamaños del cuerpo y de especies. Aunque esto subraya la gran capacidad que tienen los entornos insulares en promover diversificación, diferentes grupos diversificando en las mismas islas no necesariamente siguen caminos evolutivos equivalentes. En el archipiélago de Socotra, la diversificación intra-isla en los géneros Hemidactylus y Haemodracon estuvo acompañada de grandes cambios del tamaño del cuerpo, que sólo posteriormente derivaron en cambios macroecológicos. Por el contrario, en el género Pristurus, la diversificación intra-isla fue principalmente mediada por cambios macroecológicos, siendo la diversificación del tamaño del cuerpo casi inapreciable. Esto demuestra que grupos cercanos diversificando en las mismas islas, pueden presentar patrones de diversificación completamente dispares. Al margen de las diversificaciones intra-isla expuestas, los resultados de esta tesis también han expuesto importantes patrones de diversificación también en el continente. Uno de ellos es el encontrado en los gecos pigopódidos australasiáticos, que después de adquirir una innovación clave (un fenotipo en forma de serpiente), entraron en dinámicas de diversificación comparables a los grupos insulares. Otro ejemplo destacado trabajado en esta tesis la diversidad encontrada dentro de la subespecie de geco Pristurus rupestris rupestris. Esta subespecie, en realidad, está formada por 14 especies altamente divergentes que diversificaron en las montañas del noroeste de Arábico, constituyendo uno de los casos más extremos de diversificación en vertebrados en Arabia.

El presente trabajo está centrado en la síntesis enantioselectiva de la cadena polihidroxílica presente en los productos marinos oscillariolida y formidolidas. Estas moléculas se pueden dividir en tres fragmentos; la cadena polihidroxílica, el macrociclo y el ácido graso. El presente trabajo está centrado en la síntesis enantioselectiva de la cadena polihidroxílica y el estudio en la unión del poliol y el macrociclo. La parte central del poliol se construye utilizando diferentes estrategias basadas en adiciones aldólicas. En la primera etapa se estudian auxiliares quirales como oxazolidinonas. El mejor resultado se observa con la (R)-4­benciloxazolidinona consiguiendo el aldol deseado con un exceso diatereomérico excelente y con buenos rendimientos. En la siguiente adición aldólica la inducción asimétrica es dirigida por los sustratos y se elabora un estudio para conseguir los aldoles de interés con excesos diasteroméricos y rendimientos satisfactorios. Se realizan adiciones aldólicas tipo acetato utilizando diferentes ácidos de Lewis como derivados de B o Ti, se aplica la variación de la las adiciones aldólicas tipo Mukaiyama y se prueba la adición de ácidos de Lewis quirales. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con el ácido de Lewis quiral DIP (bis(isopinocanfenil)cloroborano) rindiendo el aldol deseado con un excelente exceso diasteomérico y rendimientos moderados. La configuración absoluta del nuevo estereocentro se realiza utilizando el modelo de Mosher. A continuación, se lleva a cabo la reducción estereoselectiva de ß­hidroxicetonas a un compuesto dihidroxílico utilizando el catecolborono y se llega al intermedio 1,3-sin dihidroxílico con rendimientos y excesos diatereoméricos excelentes. De esta manera se sintetiza el fragmento central de la cadena polihidroxílica. En todo el proceso sintético cabe destacar la importancia de la ortogonalidad de los grupos protectores ya que es imprescindible la buena planificación para las desprotecciones selectivas y compatibilidad con las reacciones futuras. Partiendo del fragmento central de la cadena polihidroxílica, en un extremo se adiciona un derivado de la acroleína mediante la reacción de Barbier para conseguir un intermedio precursor al bromoéter de enol derivado. En el otro extremo, se estudia la adición de derivados organometálicos sobre aldehídos para poder dar como finalizada la síntesis total de la cadena polihidroxílica. Adicionalmente, se ha estudiado la unión del poliol con el macrociclo utilizando substratos modelo. La investigación se basa en la adición de un vinil metal derivado a un formil THF derivado. Se estudian tres metodologías diferentes: control por quelación con metales, carboaluminación y Nozaki­Hiyama-Kishi (NHK). En el estudio se consiguen identificar las mejores condiciones para obtener el producto de la adición con buenos rendimientos y excesos diastereoméricos. En todo este proceso sintético han sido imprescindibles técnicas como RMN (1D y 2D), HPLC, MS e IR. / There are an important number of marine origin molecules with promising bioactivity. The group of polyketide macrolides is an interesting family of molecules where oscillariolide and phormidolide are included. These two molecules contain a common polyhydroxy chain linked to a THF ring. First, oscillariolide was isolated from Oscillatoria sp. which allowed the structural elucidation of the polyhydroxy chain. After that, phormidolide was isolated and that permit the determination of the absolute configuration of the eight polyol stereocenters, which was not achieved until that moment. Although the structure of the polyol has been known during several years, the molecule has not been synthesized yet. The aim of this work is the asymmetric synthesis of the chain. Our target molecules can be separated in three different fragments: a polyhydroxy chain, a macrocycle and a fatty acid. One of the objectives of this work is the synthesis of the polyhydroxy chain and the study of the bond formation between the polyol and the macrocycle. Firstly, aldol condensations using different chiral auxiliaries were studied. Evans auxiliaries such as oxazolidinones and oxazolinthiones were studied. The reactions were performed using different chelating metals, bases, aldehyde protecting groups, and with different reaction times and temperatures. On the other hand, a metal based aldol condensation was carried out between a chiral aldehyde and a ketone. An important influence of the protecting group in the ß-position of the aldehyde on the stereochemical outcome of this transformation is suspected. The elongation of the chain was achieved using strategies bases on addition of organometallic reagents, as Barbier reaction and Reformatsky type reaction. Finally, the bond formation between the polihidroxy chain and the macrocycle of the natural products was studied. This study was carried out using model molecules. Three main methodologies were applied to study the vinylorganometilic reagents additions to chiral 2-formylTHF: chelated controlled organometallic addition, carboalumination and Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi (NHK) reaction.

Research made with the collaboration of the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, and D D’ENGINY BIOREM S.L., / Nitrate pollution is a widespread problem that affects water bodies in many regions of the world, undermining water quality and therefore its safe use. Despite the application of improved management practices, nitrate pollution seems to increase, particularly in groundwater. The Nitrate Vulnerable Zone (NVZ) designation in Europe, for instance, has increased from 35.5% of the EU-15 territory at the end of 1999 to 44% at the end of 2003, and the Commission’s report for the period 2004-2007 revealed that 15% of groundwater monitoring stations in the EU-27 territory showed nitrate levels above the limit of 50 mg of nitrates per liter. Some trends towards nitrate attenuation are observed, but at least 33% of water bodies will clearly fail in achieving the 2015 goals set by the Water Framework Directive. Several efforts have been addressed to either reduce nitrogen inputs or to decrease its already accumulated levels, particularly by designing nitrate-removal technologies aimed at recovering drinking-water standards. This PhD thesis, hence, focuses on the optimization of an already existing technology for nitrate­removal: enhanced in situ biodenitrification (EISB), which is now regaining attention due to its economic and environmental benefits and its potential for scale-up and design of case­specific solutions. EISB is an engineered application of microbial heterotrophic denitrification aimed at in situ nitrate removal from groundwater. Aimed at stimulating facultative denitrifiers, EISB is based on the injection of a C source into the aquifer. Microbial denitrification is then enhanced in a designated area of the aquifer, creating a biologically active zone (often referred as biowall) which removes nitrate from the naturally-flowing groundwater. Among the different factors that affect the technical feasibility of EISB, the type and quantity of the injected C source is a key issue, particularly due to its influence upon the microbial processes that determine the treatment performance. The understanding of the subsurface geology and hydrogeology is also an issue of concern, particularly if highly heterogeneous media, such as fractured aquifers, are meant to be remediated. Aimed at achieving our research goal, several EISB experiments were developed at different scales -batch, flow-through column and pilot scale-and involving different geological media -granular and fractured-. Combined chemical, microbial and isotope monitoring tools where applied to gain a better insight on the denitrification process and thus improve technology design and optimization. The first set of batch-scale experiments focused on testing the viability of in situ heterotrophic denitrification and determining the most suitable biostimulants for a case­specific scenario in the Osona region, a Catalan NVZ showing historic nitrate pollution up to 200 mg/L. Native microbiota was stimulated and nitrate reduction was effectively achieved by addition of a carbon source (ethanol or glucose) as well as a phosphorous source (disodium hydrogen phosphate). Transient nitrite accumulation was observed, especially when using glucose as the C source. The N and O isotope fractionation was determined to be -13.0‰ and -17.1‰ for eN and -8.9‰ and -15.1‰ for eO in ethanol and glucose-amended experiments respectively, resulting in eN/eO values of 1.46 (ethanol-amended experiment), and 1.13 (glucose-amended). Organic carbon (OC) consumption in batch­scale experiments, expressed as .C/.NO3 -, varied slightly depending on the type of C source used: 1.6 mmolOC/mmolNO3 -for ethanol and 2.2 for the glucose, similarly to stoichiometric values associated with nitrate respiration (0.83 and 1.25 mmolOC/mmolNO3 ­respectively). When deriving stoichiometric reactions that accounted not only for the amount of electron donor used for nitrate respiration but also for cell synthesis, the following values were determined: 1.9 and 2.0 mmolOC/mmolNO3 -for ethanol and glucose­induced biodenitrification respectively. These values were used for the numerical modeling of batch-scale experiments, aimed at quantifying microbial kinetics by applying the modified Monod expression. The (geochemical) numerical model also indicated a different effect of mineral precipitation on ethanol or glucose-induced denitrification, an effect that is linked to a different alkalinity production. Such effect could be taken into account when designing and/or optimizing EISB systems, particularly as a way to control geochemical clogging. A pilot-scale application was then performed at the site, aimed at assessing the viability of EISB in a fractured aquifer. Ethanol was now used as the main C source, and based on lab­scale results, P was also added. Again, transient nitrite accumulation was detected, and evidences for incomplete denitrification and coexistence of other respiration processes (such as iron or sulfate reduction) and autotrophic denitrification were observed. Sulfate isotope characterization proved that autotrophic denitrification linked to sulfide oxidation could be occurring along with heterotrophic denitrification, while sulfate­reduction couldn’t be verified. Overall, results suggested that stimulated heterotrophic denitrification could be applied as a remedial alternative in a fractured media and despite the complexity of the formation. However, a deep understanding of the system is required and efforts must be addressed to control microbial population and stability as a key issue to avoid the decrease of groundwater quality due to incomplete denitrification or secondary respiratory processes. Different engineering approaches such as feeding or pumping strategies could help improving the system performance. Aimed at testing the impact of such engineering approaches upon resulting water quality, a second study-case was studied, now in an alluvial media. . A flow-through experiment was built to simulate an EISB system and assess the influence of different C addition strategies upon the denitrification process. Heterotrophic denitrification was stimulated by the periodic addition of a C source (ethanol), and 4 different addition strategies were evaluated, being the first-one a weekly injection, and the others a daily injection with decreasing amounts of C. Enhanced denitrification was stimulated following the first C addition, easily achieving drinking water standards for both nitrate and nitrite. Water quality in terms of remaining C, denitrification intermediates and other anaerobic respiration products varied during the experimental time. Ethanol, for instance, showed a cyclic behavior during the weekly feeding strategy while it was completely depleted when injected daily. A quasi steady­state nitrate outflow, similar to ethanol’s, was obtained in daily injection scenarios, with nitrate levels ranging from non-detected values and up to 10 mg/L, and nitrite’s remaining undetected. No dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium was ever detected and some secondary microbial respiration processes, mainly manganese reduction, were suspected to occur temporarily. Overall, results showed that biodenitrification could be successfully achieved by a daily addition of a C source slightly higher than the stoichiometric value, diminishing the accumulation of non-desired products and the biofilm growth and still obtaining the required denitrification results. Reducing the C/N ratio enables us to reduce treatment costs while achieving a better water quality in terms of remaining C and residual microflora, and potentially reducing the biofouling effect due to the increase of endogenous respiration. Endogenous activity –that provides internal C for denitrification-may become important when low C/N values are used, keep denitrification temporarily ongoing and reducing the biofilm growth, but may affect the biodenitrification performance at longer operation times. Such aspects should be further evaluated using modeling and/or experimental tools. Furthermore, results suggested that not only the feeding strategy but also the biofilm life-time have a direct effect on microbial population structure and hence on the biodenitrification performance, reducing the accumulation of nitrite over time. The obtained eN/eO fractionation values for the flow-through experiment (1.01) fell within the low-end of previously reported data (varying from 0.9 to 2.3), an effect that may be linked to faster microbial kinetics in enhanced vs. natural biodenitrification. Similar low values were observed in our previous batch-scale experiments as well as in other work conducted in our lab. Concerning ethanol’s fractionation, on the other side, a two-trend behavior was observed, probably indicating a change in the dominating C­consuming population. Interestingly, the second trend suggests an inverse fractionation of the C source that got depleted while being consumed. / Esta tesis se destina a la evaluación de la viabilidad técnica de la biodesnitrificación in situ de aguas subterráneas contaminadas por nitratos, con el objetivo de optimizar las estrategias de bioestimulación y mejorar los resultados del proceso microbiano. El proyecto evalúa la aplicación de la tecnología en dos entornos geológicos distintos: un medio fracturado de baja porosidad y un aluvial arenoso. Se desarrollan ensayos a tres escalas distintas: batch, columna de laboratorio de flujo continuo y piloto. El seguimiento y estudio del proceso se desarrolla mediante la combinación de herramientas de análisis químico y microbiológico y la aplicación de isótopos estables del nitrato, el sulfato y el C.