A pesquisa ressalta a importância da reflexão na prática aplicada sustentada no processo científico para construção do conhecimento da área têxtil de malharia retilínea. A abordagem de intervenção utilizada permite heurísticas projetuais que proporcionam análises reflexivas sobre a percepção imaginativa e física dos objetos orientados deste estudo, com base em variáveis como: a seleção de materiais e a simulação virtual. Os objetos orientados são avaliados como ferramentas de mediação dos processos de concepção de produtos têxteis centrados ao usuário, ao processo e ao produto. Verifica-se a importância de construir um instrumento de análise, amparado no conceito de design de interação, através de uma relação contínua de pesquisa-ação onde as construções cognitivas, culturais e sociais são apontadas como fator determinante para o fluxo comunicacional no processo. Sendo utilizados processos integrados de simulação virtual através do sistema CAD SDS ONE FULL RD Shima Seiki. Para tanto, a pesquisa compreende estudos de caso envolvendo empresas do setor com configurações organizacionais e projetuais diferentes, os quais apresentaram resultados significativos da aplicação do design interativo no contexto projetual têxtil. A Diana Têxtil SA. consiste em uma empresa de grande porte, sediada em Timbó, Santa Catarina. Neste estudo de caso é descrito um projeto piloto que proporcionou a concepção da primeira coleção virtual de malharia retilínea realizada no Brasil. E, apresenta através da análise do seu contexto o fluxo complexo de interações culturais e conexões dos agentes e tecnologias, que configuraram a realização desse evento. A Arco Baleno Ltda. é uma empresa de pequeno porte sediada em Flores da Cunha, Rio Grande do Sul. Este estudo apresenta um processo de design interativo guiado pelo estilista como agente de inovação. O projeto é realizado através de parcerias entre a empresa fornecedora de tecnologia e a micro empresa analisada que também conta com subsídios financeiros do Sebrae para realização de seus projetos de design. Através desse estudo foi realizada uma pesquisa afetiva com usuário final crianças de 5 a 12 anos, para avaliar a aceitação de texturas específicas e da personagem da marca. A Marisol SA. é uma empresa de grande porte sediada em Jaraguá, Santa Catarina. Este estudo apresenta uma análise sobre a implementação de processos inovadores apresentados em um workshop realizado na empresa. Compreende a avaliação de seus profissionais especialistas quanto à importância da seleção de materiais e a simulação virtual para concepção de novos produtos. A Best Malhas Ltda. é uma empresa de médio porte sediada em Caxias do Sul. Este estudo apresenta descrições de novas concepções estratégicas do posicionamento do designer dentro do contexto de serviço e apresenta tarefas distintas atribuídas a esse profissional. Uma visão holística do processo de design é analisada para subsidiar a compreensão do design do processo de design. O quinto estudo de caso é amparado em uma plataforma global de relacionamentos profissionais o LinkedIn. Esse estudo de caso de profissionais especialistas descreve a criação de uma rede social com expertises específicas, os designers de malharia retilínea, através da plataforma do LinkedIn. Foi realizada uma survey, através de questionários para coleta de dados específicos que permitiram a análises sobre as características do perfil desses profissionais da área, bem como a sua pré-disposição as variáveis desta pesquisa. Através dessa rede social potencializada pelas tecnologias, foram coletadas informações dos especialistas ―estilistas de malharia retilínea‖. Tal processo valoriza a integração de expertises, da sintonia dos pares e proporciona através da dinâmica democrática e virtuosa o ―feedback ―para este objeto de estudo. Esta dissertação possui relevância econômica, social, científica e tecnológica, pois, aponta lacunas na área têxtil de malharia retilínea. Apresenta coerência em uma abordagem de adequação – sócio técnica, no qual é atribuído ao estilista o papel de um agente estratégico de inovação, através da possibilidade descrita que esse profissional possui ao integrar processos avançados para comunicação de seus projetos. / The research point the importance of reflection in applied practice sustained in the scientific process to build the knowledge of the textile flat knitting´s textile area. The used intervention approach allows projectual heuristics that provide reflexive analysis about imaginative and physical perception of the oriented objects of this study, based on variables such as material selection and virtual simulation. The oriented objects are evaluated like mediation tools of conception processes of textile products centered on the user, on the process, and on the product. It is verified the importance of building an analysis tool, supported on the concept of interaction design, through an ongoing relationship of research-action where the cognitive, cultural and social constructions are cited as a determinant factor to communication flow in the process. Integrated processes of virtual simulation are used through the CAD system SDS ONE FULL RD Shima Seiki. Therefore, the research includes case studies involving companies of the sector with different organizational and projectual configurations, which presented significant results from the application of interactive design within the textile projectual context. Diana Textil SA. consists in a large-sized company, localized in Timbo, Santa Catarina. This case study describes a pilot project that provided the conception of the flat knitting's first virtual collection developed in Brazil. And it presents, through the analysis of its context, the complex flow of cultural interactions and connections of agents and technologies that shaped the realization of this event. Arco Baleno Ltda. is a small-sized company localized in Flores da Cunha, Rio Grande do Sul. This study presents an interactive design process conducted by the designer as the agent of innovation. The project is realized through partnerships between the company that is provider of technology and the analyzed small company, which also has the Sebrae's financial subsidies to perform their design projects. Through this study it was realized an affective research with the end user, children between 5 and 12 years old, to evaluate the acceptance of specific textures and character of the mark. Marisol SA. is a large-sized company localized in Jaraguá do Sul, Santa Catarina. This study presents an analysis about implementation of innovative processes presented in a workshop realized at the company. It includes the evaluation of their professionals about the importance of material selection and virtual simulation for conception of new products. Best Malhas Ltda. is a medium-sized company localized in Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. This study presents descriptions of new strategic conceptions of designer positioning within the service context and presents different tasks assigned to this professional. A holistic view of the design process is analyzed to subsidize the comprehension of the design process' design. The fifth case study is supported on a global platform of professional relationships, LinkedIn. This professional's case study describes the expertise to creation of a social network with specific expertise, the flat knitting designers, through LinkedIn platform. A survey was conducted using questionnaires to collect specific data that allowed the analysis about the profile characteristics of these area professionals, as well as their pre-disposing to the variables of this research. Through this social network augmented by technology, informations was gathered from the experts "flat knitting designers". This process enhances the expertises integration, the tune of pairs and offers the ―feedback‖ for this study object through the virtuous and democratic dynamics. This dissertation has economic, social, scientific and technological importance because it indicates gaps on flat knitting textile area. It shows the consistency in an approach of social- technical adequacy, which is attributed to the designer the potential of a strategic innovation agent, through the described possibility that this professional has to integrate advanced processes for communication of their projects.

abstract: The South African Middle Stone Age (MSA), spanning the Middle to Late Pleistocene (Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 8-3) witnessed major climatic and environmental change and dramatic change in forager technological organization including lithic raw material selection. Homo sapiens emerged during the MSA and had to make decisions about how to organize technology to cope with environmental stressors, including lithic raw material selection, which can effect tool production and application, and mobility. This project studied the role and importance of lithic raw materials in the technological organization of foragers by focusing on why lithic raw material selection sometimes changed when the behavioral and environmental context changed. The study used the Pinnacle Point (PP) MSA record (MIS6-3) in the Mossel Bay region, South Africa as the test case. In this region, quartzite and silcrete with dramatically different properties were the two most frequently exploited raw materials, and their relative abundances change significantly through time. Several explanations intertwined with major research questions over the origins of modern humans have been proposed for this change. Two alternative lithic raw material procurement models were considered. The first, a computational model termed the Opportunistic Acquisition Model, posits that archaeological lithic raw material frequencies are due to opportunistic encounters during random walk. The second, an analytical model termed the Active-Choice Model drawn from the principles of Optimal Foraging Theory, posits that given a choice, individuals will choose the most cost effective means of producing durable cutting tools in their environment and will strategically select those raw materials. An evaluation of the competing models found that lithic raw material selection was a strategic behavior in the PP record. In MIS6 and MIS5, the selection of quartzite was driven by travel and search cost, while during the MIS4, the joint selection of quartzite and silcrete was facilitated by a mobility strategy that focused on longer or more frequent stays at PP coupled with place provisioning. Further, the result suggests that specific raw materials and technology were relied on to obtain food resources and perform processing tasks suggesting knowledge about raw material properties and suitability for tasks. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2017

A pesquisa ressalta a importância da reflexão na prática aplicada sustentada no processo científico para construção do conhecimento da área têxtil de malharia retilínea. A abordagem de intervenção utilizada permite heurísticas projetuais que proporcionam análises reflexivas sobre a percepção imaginativa e física dos objetos orientados deste estudo, com base em variáveis como: a seleção de materiais e a simulação virtual. Os objetos orientados são avaliados como ferramentas de mediação dos processos de concepção de produtos têxteis centrados ao usuário, ao processo e ao produto. Verifica-se a importância de construir um instrumento de análise, amparado no conceito de design de interação, através de uma relação contínua de pesquisa-ação onde as construções cognitivas, culturais e sociais são apontadas como fator determinante para o fluxo comunicacional no processo. Sendo utilizados processos integrados de simulação virtual através do sistema CAD SDS ONE FULL RD Shima Seiki. Para tanto, a pesquisa compreende estudos de caso envolvendo empresas do setor com configurações organizacionais e projetuais diferentes, os quais apresentaram resultados significativos da aplicação do design interativo no contexto projetual têxtil. A Diana Têxtil SA. consiste em uma empresa de grande porte, sediada em Timbó, Santa Catarina. Neste estudo de caso é descrito um projeto piloto que proporcionou a concepção da primeira coleção virtual de malharia retilínea realizada no Brasil. E, apresenta através da análise do seu contexto o fluxo complexo de interações culturais e conexões dos agentes e tecnologias, que configuraram a realização desse evento. A Arco Baleno Ltda. é uma empresa de pequeno porte sediada em Flores da Cunha, Rio Grande do Sul. Este estudo apresenta um processo de design interativo guiado pelo estilista como agente de inovação. O projeto é realizado através de parcerias entre a empresa fornecedora de tecnologia e a micro empresa analisada que também conta com subsídios financeiros do Sebrae para realização de seus projetos de design. Através desse estudo foi realizada uma pesquisa afetiva com usuário final crianças de 5 a 12 anos, para avaliar a aceitação de texturas específicas e da personagem da marca. A Marisol SA. é uma empresa de grande porte sediada em Jaraguá, Santa Catarina. Este estudo apresenta uma análise sobre a implementação de processos inovadores apresentados em um workshop realizado na empresa. Compreende a avaliação de seus profissionais especialistas quanto à importância da seleção de materiais e a simulação virtual para concepção de novos produtos. A Best Malhas Ltda. é uma empresa de médio porte sediada em Caxias do Sul. Este estudo apresenta descrições de novas concepções estratégicas do posicionamento do designer dentro do contexto de serviço e apresenta tarefas distintas atribuídas a esse profissional. Uma visão holística do processo de design é analisada para subsidiar a compreensão do design do processo de design. O quinto estudo de caso é amparado em uma plataforma global de relacionamentos profissionais o LinkedIn. Esse estudo de caso de profissionais especialistas descreve a criação de uma rede social com expertises específicas, os designers de malharia retilínea, através da plataforma do LinkedIn. Foi realizada uma survey, através de questionários para coleta de dados específicos que permitiram a análises sobre as características do perfil desses profissionais da área, bem como a sua pré-disposição as variáveis desta pesquisa. Através dessa rede social potencializada pelas tecnologias, foram coletadas informações dos especialistas ―estilistas de malharia retilínea‖. Tal processo valoriza a integração de expertises, da sintonia dos pares e proporciona através da dinâmica democrática e virtuosa o ―feedback ―para este objeto de estudo. Esta dissertação possui relevância econômica, social, científica e tecnológica, pois, aponta lacunas na área têxtil de malharia retilínea. Apresenta coerência em uma abordagem de adequação – sócio técnica, no qual é atribuído ao estilista o papel de um agente estratégico de inovação, através da possibilidade descrita que esse profissional possui ao integrar processos avançados para comunicação de seus projetos. / The research point the importance of reflection in applied practice sustained in the scientific process to build the knowledge of the textile flat knitting´s textile area. The used intervention approach allows projectual heuristics that provide reflexive analysis about imaginative and physical perception of the oriented objects of this study, based on variables such as material selection and virtual simulation. The oriented objects are evaluated like mediation tools of conception processes of textile products centered on the user, on the process, and on the product. It is verified the importance of building an analysis tool, supported on the concept of interaction design, through an ongoing relationship of research-action where the cognitive, cultural and social constructions are cited as a determinant factor to communication flow in the process. Integrated processes of virtual simulation are used through the CAD system SDS ONE FULL RD Shima Seiki. Therefore, the research includes case studies involving companies of the sector with different organizational and projectual configurations, which presented significant results from the application of interactive design within the textile projectual context. Diana Textil SA. consists in a large-sized company, localized in Timbo, Santa Catarina. This case study describes a pilot project that provided the conception of the flat knitting's first virtual collection developed in Brazil. And it presents, through the analysis of its context, the complex flow of cultural interactions and connections of agents and technologies that shaped the realization of this event. Arco Baleno Ltda. is a small-sized company localized in Flores da Cunha, Rio Grande do Sul. This study presents an interactive design process conducted by the designer as the agent of innovation. The project is realized through partnerships between the company that is provider of technology and the analyzed small company, which also has the Sebrae's financial subsidies to perform their design projects. Through this study it was realized an affective research with the end user, children between 5 and 12 years old, to evaluate the acceptance of specific textures and character of the mark. Marisol SA. is a large-sized company localized in Jaraguá do Sul, Santa Catarina. This study presents an analysis about implementation of innovative processes presented in a workshop realized at the company. It includes the evaluation of their professionals about the importance of material selection and virtual simulation for conception of new products. Best Malhas Ltda. is a medium-sized company localized in Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. This study presents descriptions of new strategic conceptions of designer positioning within the service context and presents different tasks assigned to this professional. A holistic view of the design process is analyzed to subsidize the comprehension of the design process' design. The fifth case study is supported on a global platform of professional relationships, LinkedIn. This professional's case study describes the expertise to creation of a social network with specific expertise, the flat knitting designers, through LinkedIn platform. A survey was conducted using questionnaires to collect specific data that allowed the analysis about the profile characteristics of these area professionals, as well as their pre-disposing to the variables of this research. Through this social network augmented by technology, informations was gathered from the experts "flat knitting designers". This process enhances the expertises integration, the tune of pairs and offers the ―feedback‖ for this study object through the virtuous and democratic dynamics. This dissertation has economic, social, scientific and technological importance because it indicates gaps on flat knitting textile area. It shows the consistency in an approach of social- technical adequacy, which is attributed to the designer the potential of a strategic innovation agent, through the described possibility that this professional has to integrate advanced processes for communication of their projects.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar os resultados obtidos com o uso da técnica de campo magnético induzido durante o tratamento térmico do Ferro Fundido Nodular em desenvolvimento de núcleos de alto-falantes. Para este estudo foi escolhido como material o Ferro Fundido Nodular devido ao baixo custo de obtenção das peças e também por ser um material de fácil aquisição no mercado. Foram confeccionadas 90 amostras deste Ferro Fundido Nodular com percentuais diferenciados de Ferro, Silício e Carbono, sendo que as amostras quando foram submetidas ao tratamento térmico de recozimento também sofreram a indução magnética. Os parâmetros utilizados no tratamento térmico situaram-se na faixa de temperatura de aquecimento de 900ºC até 920ºC e uma indução magnética "B" entre 16000 e 20000 Gauss. O grande desafio deste trabalho estava no fato de que variações de composição das ligas de ferro fundido nodular, aliadas as inclusões de outros materiais não magnetizáveis, modificavam, para pior, o desempenho dos núcleos dos alto-falantes. Para obter-se, então, uma estrutura em que o fluxo magnético pudesse permear, buscou-se primeiramente selecionar a liga de ferro fundido eliminando ao máximo os materiais não magnetizáveis, e só então, estudar um processo de tratamento térmico com indução magnética que tornasse o material adequado ao uso nos núcleos de alto-falantes Para melhorar as propriedades magnéticas de forma contundente, buscou-se através do recozimento com campo induzido um alinhamento dos domínios, ou seja, uma ordenação dos "spins" dentro dos grãos do material que juntamente com a elevação de temperatura tenderam a ter um mesmo sentido, facilitando de maneira significativa a passagem do fluxo magnético, propriedade importante para o desempenho dos núcleos de alto-falantes. Foram realizados recozimentos com campo induzido observando-se o desempenho da permeabilidade magnética inicial das peças e posteriormente medidas com equipamento de saturação de campo. Esses resultados foram correlacionados com os dados obtidos pelo uso do aço SAE 1020, nas mesmas condições de uso e teste de laboratório. Foram realizados estudos metalográficos, além de análises de composição química das amostras e a relação destes fatores com as propriedades magnéticas. Também foram estudados os dados de usinabilidade das amostras do ferro fundido nodular tratadas termicamente com indução magnética e subseqüentemente comparados com o Aço SAE 1020. Do ponto de vista científico, uma das contribuições deste trabalho, está na influência da indução de campo magnético durante o tratamento térmico das amostras, pois é possível verificar um ganho significativo nas propriedades magnéticas apresentadas pelos núcleos dos alto-falantes durante os testes de desempenho. A outra está no fato de que ganhos correlacionados ao design do produto possibilitam utilizar o ferro fundido como uma alternativa economicamente viável e perfeitamente ajustável à alta performance dos alto-falantes. Como resultado deste estudo foi demonstrado à possibilidade do uso do recozimento com indução magnética, como forma de aumentar a permeabilidade de um material com alto teor de carbono, no caso específico, o ferro fundido nodular. Este trabalho permite afirmar que é possível desenvolver núcleos magnéticos de alto-falantes em ferro fundido nodular com alto desempenho e também sugerir que outras aplicações onde seja necessário aumento do desempenho magnético esta técnica possa ser aplicada. / This work aims to present the results obtained with the use of induced magnetic field during the heat treatment of Nodular Cast Iron for speaker cores. For this study development, the chosen material is the nodular cast iron due to the low trading costs and ease of purchase on the market. Ninety samples of nodular cast iron were constructed, with different iron, silicon and carbon contents. Samples, when subjected to annealing, were also subjected to magnetic induction. The final temperature on the heat treatment was in the range of 900ºC to 920ºC, and the magnetic induction was in the range of 16000 to 20000 Gauss. The challenge of this work was in the fact that compositional changes in the nodular cast iron, allied to inclusions of non-magnetizable materials, modify for worse the performance of speaker cores. To obtain a structure that the magnetic field could permeate, the cast iron alloys were selected to eliminate, at most, the presence of non-magnetizable materials, and only then consider a heat treatment process with magnetic induction to make the material suitable for use in speaker cores. To improve the magnetic properties, an alignment of dipoles of the material, through induced magnetic field during annealing was intended. Annealing with induced magnetic field was carried out, observing the performance of the initial magnetic permeability of the samples, and subsequently measured with field saturation equipment The results were correlated with the obtained data from the use of the SAE 1020 steel, with the same conditions of use and laboratory tests. Metallographic and chemical composition analyses were carried out on the samples, and the correlation of these data with the magnetic properties was estmated. Also machinability of the thermal treated with magnetic induction nodular cast iron samples were analyzed and compared with the SAE 1020 steel. From the scientific point of view, one of the contributions of this work is the influence of induced magnetic field during the heat treatment of the samples, since it was possible to verify a significant gain in the magnetic properties of the speaker cores during the performance tests. Another contribution is the fact that gains correlated with the design of the product enable the use of cast iron as an economically viable and fully adjustable material to the high performance of subwoofers. As a result of this work, the possibility of using annealing with magnetic induction was presented as a way to increase the permeability of a material with high carbon content, in this particular case, the nodular cast iron. This research allows asserting that it is possible to develop speaker magnetic cores of nodular cast iron with high performance and also suggest that this technique can be applied to other applications where it is necessary to increase their magnetic performance.

This paper is a part of the course PPU305 at Mälardalen University, the bachelor thesis. A companycurrently developing an electric bicycle had a concept of an innovative wheel containing no spokesand no hub. This meant that the functions these components usually fill needed to be solved in anotherway. The method for this product development process has been a combination of the genericalmethod, design thinking and the method used at the company. While the author was planning onworking with the generical method but soon became aware of the completely different method by thecompany, a more flexible method was adapted.With this background, two research questions were formulated:RQ 1: How can the driveline be constructed to fit with the planned design in an electric bicyclewheel?RQ 2: How does the development process work for the electric bicycle and its wheel in the companyin question, compared to other product development processes?The result was a framework carefully designed to be made of as little material as possible but still bestrong enough. This framework has two sides and is what mainly holds up the construction and makesit resistant to dynamic loads. Material selected for this construction is carbon fibre due to its lowdensity and high tensile strength. This work includes every part of the bicycle’s wheel including theskeleton framework mentioned above and everything between the two walls. The author has selectedmotor, bearings and spur gears suitable for the vehicle and made mounts and necessary fixtures forall.To decide that the framework was designed as efficiently as possible, several simulations inSolidWorks Simulation were made where different designs were compared against each other. Everyadjustment in the designed were direct results of the simulations. Although the simulations cannotfully replace a physical test, it gives an idea of how well the construction reacts to loads. To makesure that the material selected would stand the loads as expected, the material in question was orderedfrom planned deliverer and tested in a tensile test machine. This gave more accurate data regardingthe material properties that data collected from Granta Edupack, a material database. About thedevelopment process at the company, it was discovered that it has both similarities and differences tothe generic product development process and Design thinking. The biggest difference with the bothprocesses was the short-termed planning. The process most similar with the one used at the companywas Design thinking since they both depend on agility and creative thinking with iterative processes. / Detta arbete är utfört inom ramarna för kursen PPU305 vid Mälardalens högskola och är ettexamensarbete på högskoleingenjörsnivå. Ett företag som arbetade med utvecklingen av en elcykelföreslog ett koncept av ett innovativt hjul helt utan ekrar eller nav. Detta innebar att funktionerna somdessa komponenter fyllde behövde lösas på annat sätt. Metoden för detta produktutvecklingsprojekt ären kombination av den generiska produktutvecklingsprocessen, Design thinking samt metoden somanvändes vid företaget. Författaren hade inledningsvis intentionen att enkom arbeta med dengeneriska metoden, men upptäckte att detta inte var helt kompatibelt med metoden som användes vidföretaget. Detta ledde till en ändring av metodik. Med detta som bakgrund formulerades tvåforskningsfrågor:• Hur kan drivlinan konstrueras för att passa in i den tänkta designen för ett elcykelhjul?• Hur fungerar utvecklingsprocessen för elcykeln och dess hjul i det aktuella företaget, jämförtmed andra produktutvecklingsprocesser?Resultatet blev en fackverkskonstruktion som ersätter ekrarnas bärande funktion. Fackverket äromsorgsfullt designat för att optimera balansen mellan låg vikt och styrka. Fackverket är uppdelat itvå lika sidor och tar upp dynamisk last som hjulet utsätts för under färd. Materialval för dennakonstruktion är kolfiber på grund av sin låga densitet och höga styrka. Detta arbete inkluderarkonstruktion av alla cykelhjulets komponenter som sitter mellan dessa fackverksväggar. Författarenhar även valt ut en motor, rullningslager och kugghjul lämpliga för konstruktionen, samt designatfästen och nödvändiga fixturer för samtliga komponenter.Under designarbetet med fackverksväggarna gjordes åtskilliga iterationer av kraftsimulationer iSolidWorks Simulation och designmodifieringar i syfte att säkerställa en så stark konstruktion sommöjligt. Resultaten av kraftsimuleringarna kan inte till fullo återspegla verkliga lastförhållanden, mendet kan ge en grundläggande bild av hur konstruktionen reagerar på last. För att säkerställa att detvalda materialet lever upp till förväntningarna beställdes materialet från avsedd leverantör ochtestades i en dragprovsmaskin. Detta gav mer precisa materialdata än vad den huvudsakliga källan förmaterialdata, Granta EduPack, kunde ge. Gällande utvecklingsprocessen vid företaget befanns att denbåde har stora skillnader och likheter med den generiska produktutvecklingsprocessen och Designthinking. Den största skillnaden mot bägge metoder är upplägget av den kortsiktiga planeringen. Mestpåminde företagets metod om Design thinking, då de båda bygger på agil ledning och kreativttänkande med iterativa processer.

Syfte: Gävle kommun har som mål att kraftigt minska sitt verksamhetsutsläpp av koldioxid fram till år 2050. Därför satsar kommunen på att använda sig av så miljövänliga material som möjligt med låga koldioxidutsläpp. Ett av de områden där kommunen fokuserar på är val av material till byggnaderna. Inom detta examarbete är det fokus på takmaterial. Nuvarande takmaterialet på Skräddargårdens förskola är betongpannor. En jämförelse mellan betong och tegelpannor kommer att genomföras. Målet är att besvara frågan: Vilken av dessa takpannor bör Gavlefastigheter AB välja på Skräddargårdens förskola Metod: Examarbetet är baserad på varierande metoder. Som metoder användes tex. intervjuer med olika företag, litteraturstudie, datainsamling, beräkningar av takarea och koldioxidutsläpp. Samt granskning av gamla examensarbeten för att samla inspiration och få en djupare förståelse. En livscykelanalys (LCA) inkluderades, eftersom de flesta av artiklar som studerat är baserade på den. För att få fram en ungefärlig area för taket har Autodesk Revit Educational Version använts och för att få en ännu mer exakt beräkning av arean på taket användes programmet Geo Math - GeoGebra. Resultat: Beroende på vad Gavlefastigheter har för budget så kan tegelpannor rekommenderas som det nya byggnadsmaterialet för Skräddargårdens förskola. Kostnaden vid inköp kan variera eftersom både materialen kan vara nyproducerade eller att de återbrukas. Koldioxidutsläppen för tegeltakpannor är betydligt mindre än betongtakpannor, dock är underhållskostnaden mer eftersom tegelpannor behöver mer skötsel.  Slutsatser: Tegelpannor kostar mer än betongpannor men medför mindre utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter. Nackdelarna är att företaget måste lägga ner mer pengar. Samt resurser i jämförelse om de ska använda sig av tegelpannor. Alternativet är att använda sig av återbrukande betong- eller tegelpannor. Avgränsning: Studien är begränsad till endast två olika takpannor, betongpannor samt tegelpannor. Studien tar inte hänsyn till en fördjupning på livscykelanalys. Detta projekt kommer även att behandla en-, tvåkupiga plattor, fokus kommer att ligga på val av plattor beroende på Skräddarens förskolas takvinkel. / Purpose: Gavle municipality has the goal of significantly reducing its carbon dioxide emissions by 2050. Therefore, the municipality is focusing on using materials that are as environmentally friendly as possible, with low carbon dioxide emissions. One area where the municipality is focusing is the choice of materials for buildings, and in this thesis, investigated whether the current roof material at Skräddargårdens preschool can be replaced with more sustainable alternatives. Comparation of concrete tiles and clay tiles, and the goal is to answer the question: 'Which of these roof tiles should Gavlefastigheter AB choose at Skräddargårdens preschool? Method: Methods used are interviews with different companies and roofers, literature studies and to read on old degree projects for a better understanding to achieve the goal. A small part of LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) will be included as most articles are based on it. An approximate roof area has been developed through the Autodesk Revit Educational Version. The program Geo Math - GeoGebra used to clarify the roof area that corresponded to good clear numbers. Findings: Depending on what Gavlefastigheter have for budget, clay tiles can be highly recommended as the new building materials for Skräddargårdens preschool. The cost of purchase can variate because both materials can be new or reused in different ways. The carbon dioxide emissions from clay tiles are significantly less than concrete roof tiles, however, the maintenance cost is more because brick tiles need more maintenance. Clay is more sensitive than concrete and may require more frequent maintenance than concrete, therefore it costs more for maintenance intervals with clay. Conclusions: Clay tiles cost is higher than concrete tiles. The disadvantages may be that the company must invest more economically in comparison if they are to use the material concrete. Thus, in the end, it is not large sums. From an environmental perspective, clay tiles are better compared to concrete tiles if properly cared for, because concrete contains cement and cement is bad for the environment and toxic. An alternative is to use reusable concrete and clay tiles.  Demarcation: The study is limited to only two different roof types, concrete tiles and clay tiles. This study does not consider in life cycle analysis. This project will also treat one-, two-cup tiles, the focus will be on the choice of tiles depending on the preschool roof angle.

Lund University (2020) describes that the material chosen for the construction of constructions significantly affects the environment. Due to the impact of the choice of construction materials on the environment, we have carried out an in-depth study where we examine the complex decision-making process when choosing frame materials concerning both external and internal factors where external influences become regulatory requirements related to global sustainability goals with the aim that the industrial construction industry can find sustainable solutions such as hybrid solutions in the choice of frame materials, while internal factors involve financial considerations linked to the protection of materials against environmental conditions and challenges that industrial buildings can face. To gain a greater perspective on these external and internal factors, we interviewed engineers within Sweco AB and their suppliers such as Sca AB, who showed them more clearly that sustainable materials, such as wood, offer environmental benefits. However, there are challenges that industrial construction industries encounter, such as costs, customer preferences, and knowledge that is related to the industrial construction industry's experience in building with wood as a frame trial. We underline the industrial construction industry's commitment to sustainable innovations guided by Rogers' innovation diffusion theory (Rogers, 2003) and Geels' multi-level perspective (Geels, 2002). These sustainable innovations are driven by external influences, while internal factors such as cost considerations and the pursuit of hybrid solutions reveal challenges. The research highlights the industry's active participation in shaping a responsible and forward-looking future. Within this study, we emphasize through our research, the need to consider customer preferences, increase awareness, and implement rules such as climate declaration and EU taxonomy for a sustainable construction shift in Sweden. These emphases are ongoing as we study the impact of innovation diffusion as well as barriers to innovation and government regulations on the adoption of innovations and technologies in industrial construction (European Commission, 2023; Sadri et al., 2021; Lundberg et al., 2019). Our study highlights the complexities of individual choices, industry dynamics, and societal impact, offering valuable insights for decision-makers in the construction industry. Although a complete shift to wood may not be feasible, in line with Christensen's innovation model (Christensen, 2000), innovations such as green steel can benefit both industrial construction companies, related suppliers, and customers. Focusing on timber frames as an alternative to steel, our study recommends future research on life cycle analyses, cost-benefit assessments, stakeholder engagement, regional studies, decision analysis, post-occupancy evaluations, circular economy integration, and predictive modeling. These proposals aim to improve the sustainability of construction by providing a comprehensive view of material selection, aligning economic feasibility with ecological responsibility, and supporting informed decision-making.

This master thesis report describes the development process of a modernized handguard for the AK4B battle rifle, which is the main armament for the Swedish Home Guard. The project was carried out in cooperation with ALTEN Sweden AB. The goal of the project was to develop a new, competitive handguard design and to establish a complete design documentation as a foundation for production. This documentation consisted of a final material selection, process plan with suitable manufacturing methods and engineering drawings. The project was initiated with a problem definition to establish a thorough understanding of the product to be improved and enabling a determination of aspects that might be of importance to the product development. From this, research areas could be selected and studied to acquire necessary insights to complete the project goals. The product development process implemented is mainly inspired by Ulrich & Eppinger, and includes the stages concept development, detail design and testing & refinement. Thus, well-established methodology was implemented, ensuring credibility and a qualitative result. Throughout the stages ofthe product development process, a product specification was established, before generating concepts and selecting a final candidate which were refined based on the selection of materials and elaborated process plan. Finally, a verification of the requirements was concluded using several methods to prove the performance of the product. The results presents a developed product fulfilling established requirements and includes required documentation for production. Overall, the product is considered to have great potential for customer satisfaction, and to perform well in a final testing according to military standards.

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