Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-11-09T11:20:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Regina Cocco.pdf: 1215953 bytes, checksum: ac779c201f3b4866da2dd1f1b2f125ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-09T11:20:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Regina Cocco.pdf: 1215953 bytes, checksum: ac779c201f3b4866da2dd1f1b2f125ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-25 / The presente research aimed to design a clipping of the Winnicottian contribution to the analytical use of the dream, along the initial stages of emotional development prior to the repressed unconscious. As specific objectives, it was studied: a) the dream as an experience of integration, constitution and communication of the individual with himself and with the other; b) the provision of this experience within the context of the analytical setting; and c) the analytical use of the dream inscribed in the process of maturation. In the methodology, it was used: 1) the bibliographical research to: a) contextualize the Winnicottian contribution on the analytical use of the dream in the psychoanalytic literature; b) revisit the Winnicottian theoretical foundation; and c) to select Winnicottian texts whose clinical accounts illustrate the use of the dream and allow a recognition of subsidies to the analytical clinic; 2) research-listening and research-investigative in the clinical fragments of a psychoanalytic case, with which reflected on the analytical use of the dream with the borderline patient. The project was based on the Winnicottian theoretical / clinical conception to support the proposal that, in the initial phases of maturation process, the dream and the experiences of to play have their roots in the imaginative elaboration of body functioning and are fundamentally in the integration and in story of the self and, besides the cultural experiences, open a space of intertwining and enrichment of the human being's life / A presente pesquisa buscou realizar o delineamento de um recorte da contribuição winnicottiana ao uso analítico do sonho junto às fases iniciais do desenvolvimento emocional anteriores ao inconsciente reprimido. Como objetivos específicos, estudou: a) o sonho enquanto uma experiência de integração, constituição e de comunicação do indivíduo consigo mesmo e com o outro; b) a provisão dessa experiência dentro do contexto do setting analítico e c) o uso analítico do sonho inscrito no processo do amadurecimento. Na metodologia, utilizou: 1) a pesquisa bibliográfica para: a) contextualizar a contribuição winnicottiana sobre o uso analítico do sonho na literatura psicanalítica; b) revisitar a fundamentação teórica winnicottiana; e c) selecionar textos winnicottianos cujos relatos clínicos ilustram o uso do sonho e permitem um reconhecimento de subsídios à clínica analítica; 2) a pesquisa-escuta e a investigativa nos fragmentos clínicos de um atendimento psicanalítico, com os quais refletiu sobre o uso analítico do sonho junto ao paciente borderline. O projeto apoiou-se na concepção teórica/clínica winnicottiana para fundamentar a proposta de que, nas fases iniciais do amadurecimento, o sonho e as experiências do brincar têm suas raízes na elaboração imaginativa das funções corporais e encontram-se fundamentalmente na integração e historiação do si-mesmo e, juntamente com as experiências culturais, abrem um espaço de entrelaçamento e enriquecimento do viver do ser humano

Submitted by Sandro Camargo (sandro.camargo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2015-03-08T18:55:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 117110032.pdf: 700015 bytes, checksum: 794f9c0fa96f18e2200227f043531c61 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-08T18:55:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 117110032.pdf: 700015 bytes, checksum: 794f9c0fa96f18e2200227f043531c61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-02 / A maturação in vitro (MIV) é um dos pontos críticos da produção in vitro de embriões bovinos, sendo que vários fatores podem interferir na MIV, como a tensão de oxigênio e a densidade de oócitos por volume de meio. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da tensão de oxigênio associada a diferentes densidades de oócitos durante a MIV. Para tanto, três experimentos foram conduzidos com oócitos bovinos obtidos de ovários de abatedouro. O experimento I consistiu na avaliação da maturação citoplasmática e nuclear, o experimento II na avaliação da produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e atividade antioxidante, e o experimento III na avaliação das taxas de fecundação in vitro. Após a seleção, os oócitos foram submetidos a MIV distribuídos aleatoriamente em 4 tratamentos: Tratamento 1:10/5%: 1 oócito em 10μl de meio de MIV em 5% de O 2 ; Tratamento 1:10/20%: 1 oócito em 10μl de meio em 20% de O 2 ; Tratamento 1:20/5%: 1 oócito em 20μl em 5% de O 2 e Tratamento 1:20/20%: 1 oócito em 20μl de meio em 20% de O 2 . A MIV foi conduzida em grupos de 15 oócitos em meio TCM 199 modificado, acrescido de FSH, LH, EGF, soro de égua em estro (SEE) e piruvato por 24h. Decorrido o período de MIV foi conduzida a fecundação in vitro em gotas de 300μl de meio Fert-TALP, sendo realizada pelo co-cultivo de oócitos e espermatozóides (2x10 6 sptz/mL) selecionados por gradientes de mini-Percoll por 18h. No experimento I, as taxas de maturação nuclear (69,66%) e maturação citoplasmática (71,55%) foram similares entre os tratamentos (P>0,05). No experimento II, a produção de ROS foi avaliada nos oócitos e no meio de MIV, assim como a atividade antioxidante foi avaliada após 24 h de MIV. A produção de ROS pelos oócitos foi superior nos tratamentos com baixa tensão de oxigênio (5%; 13,3UF) em relação a alta tensão de oxigênio (20%; 7,0UF) independentemente da densidade de oócitos (P<0,05). Os níveis de ROS detectados no meio de MIV foram superiores nos tratamentos com alta densidade de oócitos (1:10) independentemente da tensão de oxigênio (P<0,05). A atividade da SOD (21,3UI) e os níveis de GSH (6,95 nmol GSH/ml) mensurados nos oócitos foram similares entre os tratamentos (P>0,05). As taxas de fecundação e penetração foram superiores nos tratamentos com 20% de O 2 e com alta densidade de oócitos (1:10; 48,8%) em relação aos tratamentos 1:10/5% (29,5%) e 1:20/20% (29,1%; P<0,05). Adicionalmente a taxa de polispermia foi maior no tratamento com alta tensão de oxigênio e baixa densidade de oócitos. (1:20/20%; 27.8%) em relação ao tratamento 1:10/20% (13,41%; P<0,05). Os resultados deste estudo mostram interação entre a tensão de oxigênio e a densidade de oócitos aumentando a produção de ROS em determinadas associações e influenciando posteriormente as taxas de fecundação in vitro de oócitos bovinos. / The in vitro maturation is one of the critical points on in vitro production of bovine embryos so many factors can do an interference on IVM, like oxygen tension and oocyte density by volume of medium. The aim of this study was evaluate the effects of association of oxygen tension with different oocyte density during IVM Three experiments were performed with bovine oocytes obtained from abattoir ovaries, on experiment I was performed the nuclear and cytoplasmic evaluation, on the experiment III the biochemical assay of ROS production and antioxidant activity and on experiment III was realized the evaluation of in vitro fertilization. After selection, the oocytes were randomly distributed in 4 treatments: Treatment 1:10/5%: 1:10µl in 5% of O2; Treatment 1:10/20%: 1:10µl in 20% of O2; Treatment 1:20/5%: 1:20µl in 5% of O2; Treatment 1:20/20%: 1:20µl in 20% of O2. The IVM was performed in droplets (150µl or 300µl) of TCM 199 plus FSH, LH, EGF, EMS and pyruvate. The IVF were performed in droplets (300µl) of Fert-TALP. Was realized IVF with oocytes and spermatozoa (2x106 sptz/mL) selected by Percoll density gradients for 18h. On experiment I, the nuclear maturation rates (69.66%) and reorganization mitochondrial (71.55%) rates were similar among treatments (P>0.05). In Experiment II, the ROS production in oocytes, IVM medium and antioxidant activity were evaluated after 24 h of IVM. ROS production in oocytes was higher on treatments with low tension (5%; 13.3 UF) than 20% oxygen tension (7.0 UF) independently of oocyte density (P<0.05). ROS levels on IVM medium was higher on treatments with high oocyte density (1:10) independently of oxygen tension (P<0.05). The GSH levels (6.95 nmol GSH/ml) and SOD activity (21.3UI) were similar among treatments (P>0.05). The rates of normal fertilization and normal penetration were higher in treatments with 20% of O2 with high oocyte density (1:10;48.8%) than treatments 1:10/5% (29.5%) and 1:20/20% (29.1%; P<0.05). In addiction the polysperm rates were higher on treatment with high oxygen tension and low oocyte density (1:20/20%; 27.8%) than treatment 1:10/20% (13.4%; P<0.05). The results of this study show an interaction between oxygen tension and oocyte density, that increase ROS production on certain associations and subsequently affects the IVF rates. / The viruses are significant important pathogenic agents of several animal species, including cattle. In Brazil, several viral agents causing infections have been described in cattle and they produce significant economic losses. The identification of animals infected by a virus can be performed in different ways; however, definitive confirmation requires demonstration of the agent or immune response. For this purpose, various methods with the capacity to detect the viral particle, biological activity, genome, viral antigens, or specific immune response have been developed. Immunoassays are widely used in laboratory routine for detection of viral antigens in clinical or research. These assays exhibit good sensitivity, specificity and easy for implantation. The immunoassay methodologies are based on the employment of monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies specific to the viral antigens. Therefore, the aim of this study was to produce polyclonal antibodies for some bovine virus, and evaluate their reactivity in immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase and slot blot tests. For this purpose, strains and/or isolates of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1), bovine herpesvirus type 2 (BoHV-2), bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5), bovine herpesvirus type 5 gE deleted (BoHV-5 gEΔ), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bluetongue virus (BTV), and vaccinia virus (VACV) were amplified in cell culture and the supernatant were used to immunize rabbits. The animals were immunized five times by the subcutaneous route, and five days after the last boost the blood was collected. The serum was obtained by centrifugation. The serum was diluted (1:100 a 1:204.800) and used as primary antibodies in the immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase and slot blot assays. The working dilution was selected among those produced specific reaction with infected cells and absent or weak background in control cells. The antiserum showed higher reactivity in immunoperoxidase technique than the immunofluorescence and slot blot. The antiserum of the BoHV-1, BoHV-5, BVDV and BRSV presented the reactivity when tested with heterologous isolates in immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase assays. In summary, that the polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbits have high concentrations of specific antibodies, which were demonstrated by the reactivity in immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase and slot blot assays. Additionally, these reagents can be considered an important tool for the detection and characterization of various bovine viruses in diagnostic and research routine.

Diferenças no timing da melanização e esclerotização do exoesqueleto são evidentes quando se compara a morfologia externa de abelhas de hábitos sociais e as solitárias. A esta diferença convencionamos chamar de heterocronia da maturação cuticular, o termo heterocronia significando variações no tempo relativo, ou ritmo, de um evento ontogenético em relação ao ancestral ou entre taxons. Propusemos que as abelhas sociais, que após a ecdise permanecem na colônia por vários dias, alcançariam a maturidade de alguns sistemas orgânicos, entre eles o tegumento, muito mais tarde que as espécies de abelhas solitárias que ao emergir partem imediatamente para atividades extra-nidais. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em testar esta hipótese utilizando o tegumento em maturação das espécies de abelhas sociais, Apis mellifera e Frieseomelitta varia, e da espécie solitária Centris analis, em estudos comparativos de expressão gênica, ultraestrutura e quantificação de hidrocarbonetos cuticulares (CHCs). Para isto utilizamos sequenciamento de mRNA (RNA-seq), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) e cromatografia de gás e espectrometria de massas (CG/MS). Os perfis de expressão de genes da via de melanização/esclerotização cuticular (ebony e tan) diferenciaram as espécies sociais da solitária, assim como a expressão de genes com função na via de metabolismo de quitina (Cda5, Idgf4 e chitooligosacchariodolytic-domain-like) e de genes codificadores de proteínas estruturais da cutícula (CPR14, CPR17, CPR18, CPR25, CPR23, CPR26, Apd-3 e Apd-like). Genes com função na regulação da maturação cuticular (FTZ-F1, E74, Hr46 e Hr4) se mostraram co-expressos nas espécies sociais e os perfis de expressão destes genes, exceto Hr46, e de outros reguladores (Ethr, Hr38, Rickets e Ptx-1) também diferenciaram as espécies sociais da solitária. Ressaltamos em nossas análises os genes do ciclo circadiano, cuja expressão tem relação com a deposição de quitina cuticular, além de genes de vias de pigmentação não melanínicas. As análises de MET, abrangendo outras três espécies de abelhas (Bombus brasilienses: primitivamente eussocial; Euglossa cordata: facultativamente social; Tetrapedia diversipes: solitária), mostraram diferenças consistentes entre a ultraestrutura e espessura das cutículas das espécies sociais e solitárias, o que reforçou nossos resultados de RNA-seq. A quantificação absoluta dos CHCs diferenciou as abelhas sociais da solitária, consistente com a hipótese de heterocronia da maturação cuticular e com os perfis de expressão de genes envolvidos na biossíntese de CHCs. Assim, além de desvendar transcriptomas de tegumento de três espécies de abelhas, a comparação da expressão gênica aliada à análise de ultraestrutura da cutícula e quantificação de CHCs levaram à caracterização de diferenças no processo de maturação cuticular entre as espécies sociais e solitárias / Differences in the timing of exoskeleton melanization and sclerotization processes are evident when comparing the external morphology of social and solitary bee species. Such differences may constitute a relevant example of cuticular maturation heterochrony, this term referring to a genetic change in timing of an ontogenetic process relative to an ancestor or between taxons. We proposed that social bees, which remain protected inside the colony for many days before initiating outside nest activities, would reach the maturity of some organic systems, such as the integument (epidermis and cuticle), later than solitary bees, which start such activities immediately after ecdysis. We tested this hypothesis in a comparative study of the developing integument of eusocial bees, Apis mellifera and Frieseomelitta varia, and the solitary bee Centris analis. Using RNA-seq, we verified that the expression profiles of genes involved in cuticular melanization and sclerotization (ebony and tan), chitin deposition and organization (Cda5, Idgf4, chitooligosacchariodolytic-domain-like), and cuticle formation (CPR14, CPR17, CPR18, CPR25, CPR23, CPE26, Apd-3, Apd-like) were positively, correlated between the two eusocial species, but not between the eusocial and the solitary species. Some of the genes with roles in regulating exoskeleton maturation (FTZ-F1, E74, Hr46, Hr4) were co-expressed only in the eusocial species. The expression profiles of these genes (except Hr46) and other regulatory genes (Ethr, Hr38, Rickets, Ptx-1) were also positively correlated exclusively in the eusocial bees. We also highlighted the expression of genes involved in non-melanin pigment production and the expression of circadian rhythm genes that could be related to chitin layers deposition. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of the integument of the two eusocial and the solitary bee species, in addition to other three bee species (the primitively eusocial Bombus brasilienses; the facultatively social Euglossa cordata; the solitary bee Tetrapedia diversipes), showed differences in cuticle ultrastructure and thickness, thus supporting the RNA-seq data. In agreement with our hypothesis, CHC quantifications were consistent with the expression levels of genes involved in CHC biosynthesis, thus differentiating the superficial cuticle layer of the eusocial and solitary species. Together, the integument transcriptomes, ultrastructure, and CHC quantification allowed us to characterize differences in the timing of cuticle maturation in social and solitary bees

More so than ever, Multiple Drug Resistant (MDR) bacteria are on the rise due to overuse of antibiotics along with natural selection for adaptations that enhance drug-resistant properties. One particular bacterial family, Enterobacteriaceae, has been problematic, exhibiting several bacterial members that have developed a precipitous resistance to modern antibiotics and are also primary causative agents of nosocomial, or hospital acquired, infections. Citrobacter freundii (CF) and Enterobacter cloacae (ECL) are two species of the Enterobacteriaceae family causing significant medical concern due to their role in producing numerous opportunistic infections such as bacteremia, lower respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and endocarditis. Adding to the difficulty of this situation is the ability of bacteria to produce biofilms. These biofilms are communities of bacteria that exhibit increased resistance to antibiotic treatment and eradication. Previous work in the laboratory of Dr. Fox at ETSU has identified an uncharacterized product secreted by Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP), another member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, which appears to have inhibitory effects toward CF and ECL. The current study was designed to characterize the effects this secreted product has on CF and ECL biofilms. Through a high throughput microtiter plate assay, the effects of this secreted product were examined on CF and ECL phases of biofilm attachment and maturation. Based on our findings, we have concluded that this secreted product can be categorized as a possible bacteriostatic agent against biofilm cell density, biofilm mass, and cell viability for both biofilm phases of attachment and maturation.

A irradiação de alimentos frescos pós-colheita tem como interesses principais: inibir a brotação, aumentar a vida útil de prateleira, reduzir ou retardar os danos causados por insetos e doenças, atuando como fungicidas ou inseticidas. Atualmente, há uma grande expansão no interesse por alimentos minimamente processados e a manipulação para preparação destes produtos em estado fresco, incluindo muitos processos (descascamento, limpeza, entre outros) que podem alterar as características essenciais para proteger a saúde pública, ou seja, para que o produto não cause danos à saúde do consumidor. Em razão deste fato, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da radiação gama em ervilhas em grão (Pisum sativum L.) in natura, a fim de inibir a brotação e aumentar a vida de prateleira. As ervilhas foram divididas em quatro grupos (n=4 amostras/ grupo), de acordo com a intensidade da radiação: 0 (controle), 150, 300 e 450 Gy. Utilizou-se um irradiador de pesquisa 60Co e após irradiação as ervilhas foram armazenadas a uma temperatura 8 °C e seu aspecto visual, de amadurecimento (sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável e razão entre eles), perda de massa fresca, coloração, textura, pH, umidade e cinzas foram avaliados durante os períodos de 1, 7, 14 e 21 dias após a irradiação. A avaliação do aspecto visual mostrou que a irradiação não alterou significativamente a vida de prateleira dos grãos, e que a dose de 300 Gy aumentou significativamente a germinação das ervilhas. As análises de: aspecto visual, perda de massa fresca, coloração e pH, sofreram interferência devido o processo natural de maturação dos grãos e não pela radiação ionizante. Observou-se que, as doses de radiação gama não influenciaram no teor de cinzas, umidade e textura durante o armazenamento e que a dose de 450 Gy foi insuficiente para inibir a brotação das ervilhas. Assim, com base nos resultados encontrados neste trabalho, conclui-se que doses de radiação gama até 450 Gy não foram suficientes para melhorar a vida útil de prateleira e/ou inibir o brotamento de ervilhas. Portanto, recomenda-se que futuros trabalhos sejam realizados com doses de radiação gama maiores que 450 Gy. / The irradiation of fresh post-harvest foods has as main interests: inhibit sprouting, increase shelf life, reduce or delay damage caused by insects and diseases, acting as fungicides or insecticides. Currently, there is a greater interest in minimally processed foods and handling for the preparation of these products in a fresh state, including many processes (peeling, cleaning, among others) that can alter the characteristics essential to protect public health, product does not cause harm to the consumer\'s health. The objective of this work was to use gamma radiation, where the product was irradiated with final packaging to avoid manipulation of the product to the consumer and to evaluate the effects of the same on peas in grains (Pisum sativum L.), in to sprout and increase shelf life. The peas were submitted to 4 treatments: 0 (control), 150, 300 and 450 Gy, in a 60Co research irradiator, after irradiation stored at 8 °C, being evaluated at 1, 7, 14 and 21 days after irradiation, for the following analyzes: assessments of visual appearance, maturation (total soluble solids, titratable total acidity and ratio), fresh weight loss, coloring, texture, pH, water and ash. By visual evaluation it was observed that the irradiation did not significantly change the shelf life of the grains, and that the dose of 300 Gy increased the germination of the peas. The visual appearance, coloring and pH had interference due to the natural process of grain maturation. The fresh weight loss and increase of soluble solids were proportional to the increase of gamma radiation doses, but the doses of gamma radiation did not influence the content of ash, water and texture during storage and that dose of 450 Gy was not sufficient to inhibit the sprouting of the peas. It is possible to conclude that, with this work, a recommendation that, for the later works, in which one wishes to define the shelf life or to inhibit pea budding, initiate the irradiation of its samples with values above 450 Gy.

Cette étude nous a permis tout d'abord de décrire et de comparer la gamétogenèse chez R. decussatus, en milieu naturel (sud tunisien) et en milieu contrôlé, de définir les critères d'évaluation de leur maturité et de mettre en évidence le rôle positif du conditionnement dans la réussite de la reproduction artificielle. Afin de répondre à ces objectifs, des approches qualitatives (analyse histologique) et semi-quantitatives (suivi d'un indice de condition et analyse d'images) sont utilisées. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le cycle sexuel est continu. En janvier et février, les individus débutent leur gamétogenèse. De mars à novembre – décembre, l'activité gonadique est importante. La période d'émissions gamétiques s'étale de juin à décembre avec un intervalle de temps irrégulier entre les émissions. En conditionnement d'hiver, les palourdes produisent des ovocytes matures à partir de mars et les émissions gamétiques commencent en avril. Le cycle est alors accéléré grâce à l'élévation de température et l'abondance de nourriture, les reproducteurs produisent alors des gamètes matures plutôt dans l'année, en avance de trois mois par rapport au milieu naturel. Quant au conditionnement d'été, l'évolution du cycle sexuel est la même qu'en milieu naturel et les périodes de maturation et d'émissions gamétiques coïncident parfaitement. Ainsi, cette étude nous a permis de fournir des résultats essentiels pour la maîtrise du conditionnement de la palourde R. decussatus, permettant aux écloseurs d'évaluer l'état de maturité des géniteurs, de concentrer leurs efforts sur le conditionnement uniquement à certaines périodes de l'année allant de février à mai, ce qui leur permet de gagner autant en temps qu'en coût de production. Par ailleurs, afin de maîtriser d'avantage l'élevage de la palourde et perfectionner les techniques de production en écloserie, nous avons tenté de trouver une technique alternative aux chocs thermiques qui nous permet d'obtenir plus facilement et plus rapidement des gamètes matures pour la conduite d'un élevage larvaire. La méthode proposée est celle de la dissection de la gonade (stripping). Cette étude étant la première à s'intéresser à la maturation ovocytaire pouvant être induite par la sérotonine chez cette espèce de bivalve en milieu contrôlé. Nous avons ainsi montré que l'ajout de 20 µM de sérotonine au milieu extérieur permet la reprise de la méiose des ovocytes strippés en environ 90 minutes à 20°C. Le maximum de réussite étant de 67%. Par ailleurs, nous avons aussi pu évaluer la compétence des ovocytes débloqués à la fécondation. En effet, plus les géniteurs entrent en maturation plus le pourcentage des ovocytes fécondables augmente. A partir d'un seuil estimé à 53%, les géniteurs placés en milieu contrôlé, répondent positivement aux chocs thermiques subis. Ceci nous permet d'estimer ce pourcentage comme un critère d'évaluation de la compétence des ovocytes à la fécondation et ainsi de choisir le moment propice pour la réalisation d'un élevage larvaire. En 3ème et dernière partie, nous avons recherché si des variations des paramètres immunitaires (cellulaires et biochimiques de l'hémolymphe) pouvaient être associées à des changements physiologiques liés à la reproduction, ceci dans le but d'approfondir notre étude, de mieux comprendre le comportement hémocytaire pendant le cycle de reproduction et de chercher de nouveaux critères de maturation en moyennant de nouvelles approches autres que celles couramment utilisées (histologie et analyse d'image) dans la littérature. Ainsi les mécanismes physiologiques liés à la reproduction entraînent des changements profonds dans les paramètres de défense de R. decussatus en milieu naturel ou en milieu contrôlé. En période de reproduction, on assiste à une migration des hémocytes des tissus vers le compartiment circulatoire pour le transport de métabolites pour l'approvisionnement des gonades d'où l'augmentation de la concentration hémocytaire observée pendant cette période. En période d'émissions gamétiques, on assiste à une diminution de la concentration hémocytaire, liée à la mobilisation des hémocytes vers la gonade. Dans le cas de la résorption complète de la gonade, une forte augmentation de la concentration hémocytaire est signalée, ceci nous permet d'attribuer aux hémocytes un rôle potentiel de nettoyage après atrésie. Outre les paramètres cellulaires, les paramètres biochimiques de l'hémolymphe peuvent aussi témoigner des changements cycliques liés à la reproduction, en particulier en période de maturation gamétique où une forte synthèse d'enzymes lysosomales dans le sérum est observée, liée à leur rôle dans le transport de réserve. Ainsi afin de préciser le rôle des hémocytes et approfondir les liens entre la reproduction et l'immunité chez les bivalves, des dosages plus précis des activités fonctionnelles des hémocytes sont préconisés ; d'une part des tests fonctionnels tels que l'évaluation de la phagocytose pourraient être inclus dans le protocole, en association avec les activités microbicides afin de mieux préciser le rôle des hémocytes dans la défense, d'autre part des activités biochimiques tel que des mesures de métabolites comme les lipides dans l'hémolymphe afin d'évaluer l'activité hémocytaire dans la reproduction.

<p>T lymphocytes regulate the initiation, duration, and magnitude of adaptive immune responses and function as effector cells in cell mediated immunity. To become immunologically competent they must generate functional antigen receptors. This process takes place in the thymus and requires somatic recombination of T cell receptor (TCR) genes. It is mediated by the endonucleases recombination activating gene-1 (RAG1) and RAG2. Although the thymus regresses at puberty, T cells are present throughout life implying that other tissues must provide the proper milieu for T cell development. This thesis describes extrathymic T cell maturation in man. RAG1, RAG2, and the preTα-chain (pTα), which is exclusively utilized in developing T cells, were used as markers for TCR gene rearrangement. Two new exons (1A and 1B) encoding sequences in the 5’ untranslated region (5’UTR) of mRNA were discovered in the human RAG1 gene. The previously described 5’UTR exon (renamed 1C) was located between the new exons and exon 2, the latter containing the entire coding sequence. We found that small intestinal lymphocytes of the T cell lineage expressed the new exons in three different splice forms. RAG1 mRNA containing the 1C exon was not expressed in small intestinal lymphocytes. In contrast, splice forms containing the 1A exon were not expressed in thymocytes. RAG1 and pTα mRNA expressing lymphocytes were seen both within the epithelium and in lamina propria. Thymocyte-like CD2⁺CD7⁺CD3^-, CD4⁺CD8⁺, CD1a⁺, and IL7-R+ lymphocytes were identified in the small intestinal mucosa. CD2⁺CD7⁺CD3^- cells had the highest expression levels of mRNA for RAG1 and pTα, suggesting that the small intestinal mucosa is indeed a site for T cell maturation. Small intestinal T lymphocytes were also shown to kill via the Fas/FasL pathway in a TCR/CD3 independent manner and via the perforin/granzyme pathway in a TCR/CD3 dependent manner. The Fas/FasL-mediated cytotoxicity may reflect an ongoing selection process of extrathymically maturated T cells. </p><p>The nasopharyngeal tonsil is the major inductive site for immune reactions against inhaled antigens. Previous demonstration of RAG1 expression in tonsillar B cells was interpreted as antigen driven receptor revision. The present study confirms the expression of RAG1 in B cells. We also found that RAG1, RAG2, and pTa mRNAs were expressed in lymphocytes of the T cell lineage. A small population of cells with the immature phenotype CD2+CD7+CD3- was demonstrated. This population had the highest expression levels of mRNA for RAG1, RAG2, pTα and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. All four splice-forms of RAG1 mRNA were expressed. RAG1 and pTα mRNA expressing cells were mainly located in the proximity of the surface epithelium and in the outer rim of the follicles. These results suggest that the nasopharyngeal tonsil is a site where extrathymic T cell development and antigen driven TCR revision are occurring in parallel. </p><p>Celiac disease (CD) is a small intestinal enteropathy characterized by permanent intolerance to gluten. Gluten reactive intestinal T cells are central in the pathogenesis and CD can be regarded as a failure to maintain tolerance to this food antigen. Expression of the RAG1 1A/2 splice form was significantly decreased in small intestinal T cell subsets of CD patients suggesting that impaired TCR gene rearrangement could contribute to failure of maintain tolerance in CD. </p><p>Together, these findings show that both small intestinal and nasopharyngeal tonsillar lymphocytes of T cell lineage have the molecular machinery for antigen receptor rearrangement and that thymocyte-like lymphocytes are present in both tissues. Thus these organs are likely sites of T lymphocyte ontogeny as well as for secondary T cell receptor rearrangement in man. </p>

L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse était de caractériser la toxicité de l'uranium sur le métabolisme du poisson zèbre, Danio rerio. Puisque les effets de l'uranium se traduisent par des modifications de la performance du métabolisme, la question suivante se pose: que savons-nous du métabolisme du poisson zèbre témoin? Très peu de chose. En effet, nos connaissances à ce sujet sont assez limitées en dépit d'un grand nombre de travaux sur le développement de ce poisson. C'est pourquoi les trois premiers chapitres de ce manuscrit sont dédiés à la caractérisation du métabolisme témoin du Danio. J'ai utilisé la théorie des bilans d'énergie dynamique (DEB) pour procéder à cette caractérisation; à l'heure actuelle c'est la seule théorie qui quantifie l'ingestion, l'assimilation, la croissance, la reproduction, la maturation, la maintenance et le vieillissement pendant le cycle de vie entier d'un organisme. L'effet de l'uranium sur l'organisme implique un effet sur au moins une des processus cités ci-avant. Étant donné que la longévité du poisson zèbre est d'environ quatre ans et demi, et que l'intensité des effets liés à un stress chimique est inversement proportionnel à la taille, nous avons centré nos efforts sur les stades de vie précoces (embryon, juvénile et reproduction adulte). De surcroît, les stades de vies précoces semblent plus sensibles aux effets de l'uranium surtout au niveau des effets sur la croissance. <br /><br /> D'importants progrès ont été réalisés dans le domaine de la quantification du développent, de la croissance et de la reproduction du poisson zèbre. Il s'est avéré que le poisson zèbre accélère son développent après la naissance (c'est-à-dire l'instant où l'individu commence à se nourrir), jusqu'à la métamorphose, où l'accélération cesse. Ce processus a été constaté chez d'autre espèces de poissons, mais pas toutes. Une autre conclusion surprenante était que la maintenance somatique est beaucoup plus élevée que la valeur typique d'un poisson. Nous n'arrivons pas encore à expliquer pourquoi. De plus nous avons découvert que les détails sur la physiologie reproductive sont importants pour caractériser les effets de l'uranium: chez l'adulte les ressources allouées à la reproduction sont stockées dans un compartiment où siègent les processus de préparation de "batch " d'œufs (=buffer de reproduction). Il est donc important de comprendre ce processus pour comprendre comment le poisson zèbre élimine l'uranium via les œufs. <br /><br /> La théorie DEB spécifie que l'individu atteint un stade de développement à un niveau de maturité donné. Selon la température et/ou la nourriture, ce niveau de maturité peut être atteint à des tailles ou des âges différents. Nous avons élargi le concept pour inclure tous les stades de développement (définis sur la base de critères morphologiques) publiés dans les atlas de développement. Ce travail nous a permis d'expliquer par la théorie DEB à présent la variabilité en termes de taille et d'âge. <br/><br /> Dans le but de tester si la théorie DEB peut expliquer des perturbations au niveau de la maturation, nous avons étudié le développement de deux espèces de grenouilles taxonomiquement proches et de taille similaires. Une des espèces possède un développement typique comprenant un stade embryonnaire, un stade têtard qui se nourrit et puis un stade juvénile avec la morphologie typique d'une grenouille. Par contre la deuxième espèce témoigne d'une accélération du développement après l'éclosion mais avant la naissance- qui correspond au stade de développement où l'individu commence à se nourrir. Cette accélération est trahie par une augmentation de la respiration et un retard de la croissance avec au final une diminution de la taille à chaque stade de développement par rapport à la première espèce. Cette accélération s'estompe après la métamorphose (le moment où les jeunes grenouilles quittent l'eau). Toutes les différences entre les deux types de développement ont été expliquées par la théorie DEB en considérant qu'un seul paramètre changeait temporairement de valeur: la fraction de la réserve mobilisée vers la croissance et la maintenance somatique. La conclusion est que les perturbations observées au niveau de la maturation et de la variabilité de l'âge et la taille entre les différents stades de développement soutiennent empiriquement la façon que la théorie DEB incorpore la maturation. <br /><br /> Non seulement notre étude requérait une quantification détaillée de la maturation, mais elle requérait aussi la prise en compte de périodes (prolongées) de jeune, et ce plus particulièrement pour les stades précoces. Selon la théorie DEB la maintenance est alimentée avec l'énergie mobilisée de la réserve. Dès lors que la nourriture devient rare ou disparait cette dernière ne suffit plus pour alimenter la maintenance somatique. Nous avons détaillé ce cas de figure en modélisant le lien entre les processus de rajeunissement et d'amaigrissement extrême et la probabilité de survie. Les prédictions du modèle sont en accord avec les trajectoires de survie de larves obtenues en conditions de laboratoire. Certaines poissons libèrent plus d'un million d'œufs par événement de ponte et pourtant, si la dynamique de la population est stable, à chaque génération chaque poisson n'est remplacé que par un seul individu. Le processus de survie des larves représente une grande énigme irrésolue dans le domaine de la dynamique de populations de poisson. <br /><br /> Par le biais de ces travaux de doctorat, nous disposons à présent d'un outil permettant de comprendre, et de prédire, la manière dont la performance physiologique du poisson zèbre dépend de son niveau de nutrition. Le modèle a été utilisé pour détecter les modifications induites par l'uranium sur la performance physiologique d'un individu exposé par rapport à celle du témoin. A cette fin, nous avons développé un modèle dynamique qui spécifie la manière dont l'uranium s'accumule et s'élimine chez un individu qui se nourrit, grandit et se reproduit. Nous avions imaginé que l'uranium pourrait affecter le système immunitaire ainsi que d'autres mécanismes de défense cellulaire (e.g. système antioxydant). Selon la théorie DEB, l'allocation des ressources à la maturation comprend une fraction fixe de la réserve mobilisée auquel est soustrait le coût de maintenance de la maturité. Notre idée est que les coûts du système immunitaire et de défense cellulaire contribuent à la maintenance de la maturité. Si l'uranium augmentait les coûts de ce dernier alors la maturation ralentira, ainsi j'ai porté une attention soutenu aux taux de maturation. <br /><br /> Nous avons montré que l'uranium altère l'histologie de la paroi intestinale (acteur majeure dans l'assimilation des nutriments) et pourrait potentiellement modifier l'homéostasie des interactions hôte-bactérienne (acteur majeur dans l'assimilation et l'immunité inné). De plus nos travaux suggèrent que l'uranium augmenterait les coûts de synthèse de la structure et diminuerait l'assimilation et/ou augmenterait le coût de la maintenance somatique. Chose étonnante, malgré ce que nous pensions, nous n'avons pas pu détecter d'effets notables sur la maturation à ces faibles concentrations. Puisque la maturation interagit avec la croissance, la reproduction et la maintenance, je considère néanmoins que les travaux que j'ai pu mener sur la maturation sont pertinents. La toxicité de l'uranium est telle que les effets sur le coût de la synthèse de la structure et de la maintenance somatique sont estimés proches de 0 nM d'uranium dans l'eau. <br /><br /> Un résultat très important se dégageant de ces travaux est que la condition des poissons (structure, maturité, réserve, buffer de reproduction, stade de préparation des "batch") au début de l'expérience dépend de l'individu et conditionne la réponse de celui-ci au stress pendant (toute) l'expérience. Ce problème s'aggrave lorsque nous travaillons avec des poissons zèbres adultes car la contribution de la masse du buffer de reproduction par rapport à la masse totale diffère de manière important entre chaque individu. Ceci affecte alors non seulement les trajectoires de masse dans le temps, mais aussi la concentration interne, car la reproduction représente une voie importante d'élimination de l'uranium. La quantité totale de réserve (à savoir : réserve + buffer de reproduction) conditionne la sévérité de l'effet toxique contribuant ainsi à la variabilité dans les données. En prenant en compte les différences entre les conditions initiales de chaque individu, j'ai pu expliquer les résultats contradictoires publiés dans la littérature ainsi qu'expliquer mes propres résultats sur les effets de l'uranium. La leçon à retenir est que des données acquises sur des individus ne devraient pas être moyennées sur des groupes d'individus. <br /><br />

Two distinct stress coping strategies, proactive and reactive, have been stated in various animal studies, each associated with a set of behavioural and physiological characteristics. In a given challenging situation, proactive animals show more aggression, a higher general activity and a predominant sympathetic reaction. In contrast, the reactive copers respond more with immobility and avoidance, and a predominant parasympathetic/hypothalamic activation. This divergence in coping has also been indicated in salmonid fish. Interestingly, many of the differences reported between sea-ranched and wild fish resembles characteristics that differentiate proactive and reactive copers. In the present thesis it is shown that individuals with divergent stress coping styles are identifiable in several brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations. Further, the results show that the distribution of individuals displaying these distinct stress coping strategies differs between populations. This strongly indicates that these traits are heritable and that the variation in selection regime in the native rivers influences these traits. In addition, the results show that populations with hatchery origin are biased towards having higher frequencies of trout displaying a proactive style than populations having wild origin. Also, even though the frequency of early sexual maturation, known as a viable alternative life history in salmonids, differs between populations of brown trout, no link between stress coping strategy and early sexual maturation were found. However, this thesis show that maternal contribution, in the form of egg size, is of major importance whether the progeny will sexually mature early and that it also might be of importance for stress coping strategy. Further, correlations of traits commonly associated with stress coping strategies and behavioural syndromes across context and over time is investigated. The results show that individuals with a strong sympathetic reactivity are more prone to change their behaviour than others.

With accellerating global warming and pollution problems a change of energy regime is necessary. Solar energy offers a clean and unlimited energy source of enormous potential. Due to it’s intermittenet nature solar energy must be stored - ideally in the chemical bond of a carrier molecule. Hydrogen gas, H2, an energy carrier with water as only emission when used in a fuel cell, is considered to be the choise for the future. In this context cyanobacteria show promising potential as future H2 factories since they can produce H2 from solar energy and water. The main enzymes directly involved in cyanobacterial hydrogen metabolism are nitrogenases and hydrogenases. Cyanobacterial hydrogenases are either uptake hydrogenases or bidirectional hydrogenases and their maturation requires assistance of six maturation proteins and two hydrogenase specific proteases. In this thesis the transcriptional regulation, maturation and function of the cyanobacterial uptake hydrogenases were investigated in the filamentous, heterocyst forming strains Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133 and Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120. Five genes, encoding proteins putatively involved in the maturation of the uptake hydrogenase were identified upstream the known maturation genes. Two transcription factors, CalA and CalB, were found interacting with the stretch of DNA forming the upstream regions of the uptake hydrogenase structural genes and the novel maturation genes. The expression of the uptake hydrogenase were  heterocysts specific and the specificity mapped to a short promoter region starting -57 bp upstream the transcription start point. In addition, the function of the uptake hydrogenase was inserted in a metabolic context. Among the proteases, a conserved region was discovered possibly involved in determining the hydrogenase specificity. This thesis has given valuable information about the transcriptional regulation, maturation and function of the uptake hydrogenase in filamentous, heterocystous cyanobacteria and identified new targets for bioengineering of mutant strains with higher H2 production rates.