Resumen La presente investigación se realizó en la Red de Salud de Barranco – Chorrillos – Surco que involucra 25 establecimientos de salud, durante los meses de enero a junio del 2009 y donde participaron todo el personal asistencial de la red, tomándose como parámetro de medición los niveles altos, medios y bajos según la escala del Maslach Bunout Inventory (MBI). El propósito de la investigación consistió en hallar la Prevalencía del Síndrome de Burnout y la identificación de los factores de riesgo asociados. El presente estudio se justificó por cuanto posee valor teórico, utilidad práctica, relevancia social, y en base a los beneficios netos que genera en salud pública y otras áreas. El estudio se sustenta en las investigaciones realizadas en nuestro País y en otros países. La metodología utilizada fue la de un estudio epidemiológico de tipo descriptivo-transversal, con la aplicación de un diseño de investigación de campo donde la población estuvo conformada por ochocientos veintiséis (826) trabajadores, de los cuales se tomo una muestra del 25% (180). La técnica de observación empleada fue la observación en la cual se aplicó una encuesta formada por 10 preguntas correspondientes a las variables sociodemográficas y el Maslach Bunout Inventory (MBI) que consta de 22 preguntas cerradas en escala de Lickert. El procesamiento de datos permitió determinar que la Prevalencía en el periodo estudiado fue del 12% y que los factores de riesgo asociados fueron la edad de 41-50 años, el estado civil sin pareja, de 0 a 2 hijos, ser técnico y/o auxiliar, tener un trabajo asistencial, la condición laboral de contratado, con un tiempo de servicio de 6 a 15 años, y con un tiempo en el trabajo actual de 6 a 10 años, tener un solo trabajo. En conclusión hallamos una Prevalencía del Síndrome de Burnout y factores de riesgo asociados.

Dans le champ de la santé mentale, la population étudiante constitue un groupe particulièrement vulnérable en termes de détresse ou de souffrance psychologique. En effet, les risques anxiodépressifs et addictifs font partie des troubles souvent identifiés chez ces jeunes adultes. Le stress est également particulièrement prégnant et l’épuisement pour cette classe d’âge représente la première cause de fragilité psychologique. Les recherches internationales qui s’intéressent à la santé psychique des étudiants décrivent ce phénomène sous le terme de syndrome de burnout académique ou burnout académique (BOA). Cette souffrance largement reconnue dans le milieu professionnel est transposable au monde des études et de la formation. Elle reflète un processus tridimensionnel dont les composantes sont l’épuisement psychique, le cynisme et la réduction ou la perte du sentiment d’efficacité lié aux études. Si de nombreux travaux internationaux s’intéressent au BOA, il n’existe pas d’outil validé en français, ce qui complique la possibilité de mener de telles études systématisées dans des pays francophones. L’objectif de ce travail consiste à rendre compte du phénomène d’un point de vue clinique (cas cliniques), à valider empiriquement un outil d’évaluation du burnout académique (validation psychométrique du Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS) sur un échantillon de 667 étudiants), à procéder à l’exploration épidémiologique du BOA et ses les liens avec certains facteurs psychopathologiques (anxiété, dépression) et processus adaptatifs (régulation émotionnelle, flexibilité mentale) avec un échantillon de 2260 étudiants provenant d’espaces francophones et enfin à proposer une prise en charge du BOA s’appuyant sur les Thérapies Comportementales et Cognitives. L’ensemble de ces études est discuté afin de mettre en exergue la particularité du BOA dans cette population et la caractéristiques d’une dimension du BOA, l’épuisement émotionnel, en tant que processus transdiagnostique. / The student population is a particularly vulnerable group in terms of distress or psychological suffering. Indeed, anxiety-depressive and addictive risks are often identified in these young adults. Stress is also particularly prevalent and exhaustion for this age group is the first leading cause of psychological fragility. International researches focusing on student psychic health refer to this phenomenon with the terms academic burnout syndrome or academic burnout (ABO). Burnout is widely recognized in professional environments and is transferable to other contexts, such as higher education and training. It reflects a three-dimensional process which includes mental exhaustion, cynicism and the reduction or loss of the sense of effectiveness associated with studies. Even if many international studies investigated ABO, no French validated tool is available, which complicates the possibility of conducting systematic studies in French-speaking countries. The objective of this work is to report on the phenomenon from a clinical point of view (clinical cases), to empirically validate an evaluation tool for academic burnout (psychometric validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Survey (MBI-SS) on a sample of 667 students), to carry out the epidemiological exploration of the ABO and its links with certain psychopathological factors (anxiety, depression) and adaptive processes ( emotional regulation, mental flexibility) with a sample of 2260 students from French-speaking areas and finally to propose a management of ABO based on Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies. All of these studies are discussed in order to highlight the particularity of the ABO in this population as well as the characteristics of one ABO dimension, the emotional exhaustion, as a transdiagnostic process.

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar aspectos da saúde e do trabalho de professores da rede pública da cidade de São Paulo, usuários do Hospital do Servidor Público Municipal. A síndrome de burnout, ou síndrome de esgotamento profissional, foi considerada como risco ocupacional nessa categoria. Não encontramos outros estudos utilizando instrumento para avaliação de burnout em professores do município. Participaram da pesquisa 76 docentes com indicação de tratamento psicológico. A investigação consistiu na aplicação de inventários para avaliação de burnout: Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) e Cuestionario para la Evaluación del Síndrome de Quemarse por el Trabajo (CESQT); aplicação de questionário sociodemográfico e ocupacional e entrevista semiestruturada. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas sendo encontrada associação entre o número de alunos atendidos e a situação funcional e também associação entre o sentimento de realização profissional e: acústica, ruído, poeira, limpeza da sala de aula, número de alunos atendidos, incômodo com os alunos, incômodo com os pais e duração da licença médica. 33,96 por cento dos medicamentos em uso regular estavam relacionados à síndrome metabólica e 30,82 por cento a transtornos psiquiátricos. A avaliação dos participantes de que seus problemas de saúde tinham relação com o trabalho mostrou associação com: ter sofrido agressão dentro da escola; conhecer outras vítimas de agressão; duração da licença médica; e número de alunos atendidos. 51,32 por cento referiram ter sofrido agressão dentro da escola no último ano. 78,95 por cento relataram agressão sofrida por outras pessoas (sendo 81,67 por cento outros professores) no mesmo período. A apuração do MBI apontou nível alto de burnout em pelo menos uma escala em 76,31 por cento da amostra. A apuração do CESQT apontou burnout em 85,52 por cento dos participantes. Os resultados dos testes psicológicos apresentaram concordância (p<0,001). O MBI mostrou associação com 19 variáveis sociodemográficas e o CESQT com 11 delas, indicando que aspectos do contexto de trabalho estão relacionados ao burnout apurado por meio dos inventários. Consideramos que a democratização do ensino e a proposta da aprendizagem em ciclos transformaram o modelo educacional, trazendo benefícios, porém seriam necessários mais investimentos, bem como a adequação de 6 aspectos como: número de alunos atendidos diariamente, educação continuada dos profissionais e estímulos ao apoio mútuo entre professores, coordenadores pedagógicos e diretores de escola. / This study aimed at evaluating aspects of health and work of public school teachers from the city of São Paulo, users of the Hospital do Servidor Público Municipal (Municipal Public Servant Hospital). Burnout syndrome was considered as an occupational risk in this category. We did not find other studies using instrument for assessing burnout in teachers of the municipality. 76 teachers with indication for psychological treatment participated in the survey. The investigation consisted of the application of inventories for assessment of burnout: Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and Cuestionario para la Evaluación del Síndrome de Quemarse por el Trabajo (CESQT); application of socio-demographic and occupational questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. Statistical analyzes were performed and association was found between the number of students served and the functional condition and also association between feeling of job satisfaction and: acoustic, noise, dust, classroom cleanliness, number of students served, annoyance by students, annoyance by parents, and duration of sick leave. 33.96 per cent of the drugs in regular use were related to metabolic syndrome and 30.82 per cent to psychiatric disorders. The participants\' assessment that their health problems were related to work was associated with: having suffered physical aggression within the school; knowledge of other victims of aggression; duration of sick leave; and number of students served. 51.32 per cent reported having experienced physical aggression within the school in the last year. 78.95 per cent reported physical aggression suffered by other persons (being 81.67 per cent other teachers) in the same period. The calculation of the MBI showed high level of burnout in at least one scale in 76.31 per cent of the sample. The calculation of the CESQT pointed burnout in 85.52 per cent of the participants. The results of the psychological tests agreed to each other (p <0.001). The MBI was associated with 19 socio-demographic variables and the CESQT with 11 of them, suggesting that aspects of the workplace are related to burnout according to the inventories. We considered that the democratization of education and the proposal of learning cycles have transformed the educational model, bringing benefits, but more investments are needed, as well as the adequacy of aspects as: number of students served daily, continuing professional education and 8 incentives to mutual support between teachers, pedagogical coordinators and school principals.

Psykisk ohälsa är ett av de folkhälsoproblem som ökar mest i Sverige. En särskilt drabbad arbetsgrupp har visat sig vara vård- och omsorgspersonal. Stress kan leda till utmattningssyndrom som bidrar till långtidssjukskrivningar. Maslach Burnout Inventory är ett vedertaget mätinstrument som används för att skatta upplevelse av utmattning i tre dimensioner. Syftet med föreliggande litteraturstudie var att beskriva hur sjuksköterskor med symtom på psykisk utmattning upplever sin vardag på arbetsplatsen. Föreliggande studie är en beskrivande litteraturstudie vars resultat vilar på tio vetenskapliga artiklar med kvantitativ ansats. Underlaget inhämtades via databassökningar i Pubmed och Cinahl. Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskor upplever måttliga till höga nivåer av psykisk utmattning på arbetsplatsen. Viktiga faktorer visade sig vara ålder och erfarenhet samt arbetsplatsens omständigheter. Erfarenheten hade positiv inverkan på utmattningsnivåerna, där sjuksköterskor med högre utbildning skattade lägre enligt MBI. Stöd från ledningen och organisationen samt en funktionell arbetsmiljö påverkade upplevelserna positivt. En slutsats är att flertal sjuksköterskor världen över upplever psykisk utmattning. Detta är anmärkningsvärt då vetskap om denna problematik funnits i över tre decennier. Sjuksköterskeprofessionens hälsa bör komma i första rummet ur ett samhällsperspektiv. Vidare  forskning bör förslagsvis bedrivas i Sverige, för att säkerställa att en god vårdkvalité upprätthålls.   Nyckelord: Utmattningssyndrom, Sjuksköterska, Upplevelse, MBI.

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar aspectos da saúde e do trabalho de professores da rede pública da cidade de São Paulo, usuários do Hospital do Servidor Público Municipal. A síndrome de burnout, ou síndrome de esgotamento profissional, foi considerada como risco ocupacional nessa categoria. Não encontramos outros estudos utilizando instrumento para avaliação de burnout em professores do município. Participaram da pesquisa 76 docentes com indicação de tratamento psicológico. A investigação consistiu na aplicação de inventários para avaliação de burnout: Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) e Cuestionario para la Evaluación del Síndrome de Quemarse por el Trabajo (CESQT); aplicação de questionário sociodemográfico e ocupacional e entrevista semiestruturada. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas sendo encontrada associação entre o número de alunos atendidos e a situação funcional e também associação entre o sentimento de realização profissional e: acústica, ruído, poeira, limpeza da sala de aula, número de alunos atendidos, incômodo com os alunos, incômodo com os pais e duração da licença médica. 33,96 por cento dos medicamentos em uso regular estavam relacionados à síndrome metabólica e 30,82 por cento a transtornos psiquiátricos. A avaliação dos participantes de que seus problemas de saúde tinham relação com o trabalho mostrou associação com: ter sofrido agressão dentro da escola; conhecer outras vítimas de agressão; duração da licença médica; e número de alunos atendidos. 51,32 por cento referiram ter sofrido agressão dentro da escola no último ano. 78,95 por cento relataram agressão sofrida por outras pessoas (sendo 81,67 por cento outros professores) no mesmo período. A apuração do MBI apontou nível alto de burnout em pelo menos uma escala em 76,31 por cento da amostra. A apuração do CESQT apontou burnout em 85,52 por cento dos participantes. Os resultados dos testes psicológicos apresentaram concordância (p<0,001). O MBI mostrou associação com 19 variáveis sociodemográficas e o CESQT com 11 delas, indicando que aspectos do contexto de trabalho estão relacionados ao burnout apurado por meio dos inventários. Consideramos que a democratização do ensino e a proposta da aprendizagem em ciclos transformaram o modelo educacional, trazendo benefícios, porém seriam necessários mais investimentos, bem como a adequação de 6 aspectos como: número de alunos atendidos diariamente, educação continuada dos profissionais e estímulos ao apoio mútuo entre professores, coordenadores pedagógicos e diretores de escola. / This study aimed at evaluating aspects of health and work of public school teachers from the city of São Paulo, users of the Hospital do Servidor Público Municipal (Municipal Public Servant Hospital). Burnout syndrome was considered as an occupational risk in this category. We did not find other studies using instrument for assessing burnout in teachers of the municipality. 76 teachers with indication for psychological treatment participated in the survey. The investigation consisted of the application of inventories for assessment of burnout: Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and Cuestionario para la Evaluación del Síndrome de Quemarse por el Trabajo (CESQT); application of socio-demographic and occupational questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. Statistical analyzes were performed and association was found between the number of students served and the functional condition and also association between feeling of job satisfaction and: acoustic, noise, dust, classroom cleanliness, number of students served, annoyance by students, annoyance by parents, and duration of sick leave. 33.96 per cent of the drugs in regular use were related to metabolic syndrome and 30.82 per cent to psychiatric disorders. The participants\' assessment that their health problems were related to work was associated with: having suffered physical aggression within the school; knowledge of other victims of aggression; duration of sick leave; and number of students served. 51.32 per cent reported having experienced physical aggression within the school in the last year. 78.95 per cent reported physical aggression suffered by other persons (being 81.67 per cent other teachers) in the same period. The calculation of the MBI showed high level of burnout in at least one scale in 76.31 per cent of the sample. The calculation of the CESQT pointed burnout in 85.52 per cent of the participants. The results of the psychological tests agreed to each other (p <0.001). The MBI was associated with 19 socio-demographic variables and the CESQT with 11 of them, suggesting that aspects of the workplace are related to burnout according to the inventories. We considered that the democratization of education and the proposal of learning cycles have transformed the educational model, bringing benefits, but more investments are needed, as well as the adequacy of aspects as: number of students served daily, continuing professional education and 8 incentives to mutual support between teachers, pedagogical coordinators and school principals.

Bakgrund: Negativ arbetsrelaterad stress är ett ständigt problem i flera samhällssektorer, även så i stor utsträckning inom vårdsektorn. Forskning visar att arbetsrelaterad stress inom vården kan utlösas av flera olika faktorer, bland annat en för hög arbetsbelastning. Långvarig negativ stress kan orsaka utmattningssymtom och utbrändhet. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka stress relaterad till arbetsbelastningen hos allmänsjuksköterskor som arbetar på sjukhusavdelningar. Metod: En kvantitativ enkätstudie utfördes på fyra sjukhusavdelningar på ett sjukhus i Södra Sverige. Instrumentet Maslach Burnout Inventory- HSS användes för att mäta respondenternas stress. Resultatet redovisades och analyserades med deskriptiv statistik, regressionsanalys och Spearmans rangkorrelationskoefficient. Resultat: Resultatet visar att det hos allmänsjuksköterskor finns ett samband mellan arbetsbelastning och stress. Samband uppmättes mellan antal övertidstimmar och utbrändhetsfaktorn ”Otillräcklighet” (p &lt; 0,05), samt mellan känslan av att vara överarbetad och utbrändhetsfaktorn ”Emotionell utmattning” (p &lt; 0,01).  Resultatet visar också att bakgrundsfaktorer som kan kopplas  till privatlivet spelar en mindre roll för sjuksköterskornas upplevda arbetsstress och att det huvudsakligen är arbetsrelaterade faktorer som påverkar upplevelsen av stress. Slutsats: Den undersökta populationen lider av stressfaktorer kopplade till arbetsbelastning och låg arbetstillfredsställelse och majoriteten av den undersökta populationen löper en risk att drabbas av utbrändhet. För att bibehålla god vårdkvalité, eller förbättra den ytterligare, bör åtgärder för att sänka arbetsbelastningen och öka arbetstillfredställelsen ses över.

In the present study, using stream-dwelling brown trout (Salmo trutta) as a model species, movement through the summer and autumn in two large Norwegian rivers, River Glomma and River Gudbrandsdalsl&#229;gen, was observed. In addition fish from each river were sampled for age and growth analysis. The aim of the study was to test for which individual characteristics (sex, body mass, body condition factor, tagging site and cohort) that influenced movement and to test for correlations between growth rates (both immature and mature) and movement (movement during the growth season and spawning migration) on a large spatiotemporal scale. Model selection showed that body condition was negatively related to movement during the growth season and that there was a difference in movement activity between the two rivers. Female body size had a positive effect on the activity level shown for movement during the growth season and spawning period; however no such relationship was found for males. As this relationship has not been shown before in salmonids, the reason for this pattern remains unknown. However, one might speculate that it is related to differences between the two sexes in size-specific energy requirements associated with spawning. Neither movement during the growth season nor spawning migration could be predicted from growth rates experienced as juveniles. This indicates that variation in movement among individuals is not temporally consistent throughout life in brown trout.

Acoustic telemetry was used to study the movements and habitat use of sea trout (Salmo trutta L.) and Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus (L.)) in Repparfjord in Northern Norway during July until October 2010. In total, 18 trout and 8 char was internally tagged with acoustic depth temperature-tags (ADTT), and 6 trout and 3 char with identification-tags. Detected fish ranged in size with an average (mean±SE) of 27.8±1.6 cm for trout and 29.1±1.8 cm for char. All fish was monitored by 32 stationary hydrophones placed in zones over the fjord system during the whole time period in addition to manual tracking. Concerning temporal aspects results indicated that trout ascend earlier than char, contradicting other findings in areas close to the study area. However, no statistical analysis were carried out due to all fish were captured at sea so no descend time was recorded. Concerning spatial usage data showed results on distance to land and temperature preferences with fish length. However, species had a trend on distance to land and temperature, where char was observed closer to shore and in colder waters. Concerning zone there was a significant difference in spatial habitat usage on interaction between fish length and species as well as on species. There was a trend with a negative relationship on fish length and zone usage for char indicating that smaller fish seek further out in the system in addition to differences between species where trout occupied inner areas and char was detected more often in the outer areas of the system. This is in accordance with earlier studies that states species will exploit different areas of the system. Data collected from the ADTT-tags showed that trout on average preferred slightly warmer (0.7°C warmer) and shallower water (0.59 m. vs. 0.75 m.) than char. However, the only significant here was on temperature with a positive relationship over fish length.

In the last few decades stochastic dynamic modeling (SDM) has been used to explore adaptive state-dependent strategies in a whole host of different theoretical problems in behavioural ecology, with considerable success. It has allowed us to better understand cooperative behaviours such as sentinel behaviour, and it might allow us to more fully understand other cooperative behaviours with alternative dynamics. In a recently developed SDM, anti-predator behaviour was examined and a counter-intuitive prediction has emerged: that mobbing effort should be completely independent of state. In this study we test this interesting prediction, using the cooperatively breeding Apostlebird (Struthidea cinerea) as our study species. From October 15th to November 21st in 2009, 6 groups of varying sizes were put through a set of trials, where we used a rubber snake model to elicit mobbing behaviour in experimental trials. A similarly sized stick was used during control trials, wherein birds tended to forage. Behaviour, placement and vocalisation data on an individual basis were gathered in multiple scan samplings per trial in both kinds of treatment. This highly accurate data was then compared with within-individual differences in body mass (state). Several other variables were also considered: sex, age, breeding status, relatedness and mean body mass. Results show that while foraging behaviour was highly state-dependent during controls, no such effect was found in the mobbing effort of the same individuals during experiments. Mobbing effort also did not vary with any of the mentioned phenotypically fixed variables. Our study therefore offers the first empirical evidence of state-independent mobbing.

Summary1. Migration is present in all animal taxa and is defined as a periodic movement pattern between given ranges. Migratory individuals generally move more directional and with higher speed than stationary individuals during the migration seasons. It is suggested that migratory individuals in these periods encounter more risk factors, and therefore experience a higher mortality.2. I studied the variation in the speed of movement and the number of times migratory and stationary moose were crossing elements associated with mortality risk, i.e. water bodies, roads and railroads, in Central Norway. This was done by examining the movement pattern of 121 GPS-collared moose. I also examined whether realized mortality differed between the two movement strategies. 3. The results only partly supported my hypothesis that migratory moose experience higher costs of movement and are confronted with more risk elements than stationary moose. As predicted, migratory moose moved faster than stationary moose, particularly during the migratory season. However, stationary moose had higher densities of risk elements within their home ranges, and crossed risk elements more frequently than migratory moose. For a given density of risk elements, migratory moose crossed more frequently, supporting the hypothesis that migratory moose are less risk adverse. This pattern was present throughout the year, suggesting that the behavior is not only related to higher movement during the migratory period. 4. I found no effect of movement strategy on the mortality rates, but the sample size was low. However, the trend of realized mortality was opposite of what I expected, with migratory moose having a lower mortality rate than stationary moose.5. My results suggest that migratory moose experience a higher risk of mortality by their movement strategy compared to stationary moose. However, this varies between individuals. By considering individual differences in costs of migration, it is possible to increase our understanding of partial migration. Increased human induced risks such as roads, will most likely increase the number of road crossings. The differences between the two movement strategies in number of crossings will most likely decrease as risk density increase, resulting in a high crossing frequency of risk factors performed by moose.