Maspina (mammary serpin) foi identificada em 1994 como uma serpina (serine protease inhibitor) que apresenta atividade de supressão tumoral. Foi classificada como uma serpina devido à homologia na sequência de aminoácidos, porém, maspina não apresenta atividade de inibição de serina proteases. Entre os efeitos biológicos de maspina estão a modulação da adesão, a inibição do crescimento e a invasão tumoral, a inibição da angiogênese, o efeito pró-apoptótico e o controle da resposta ao stress oxidativo, propriedades que contribuem para supressão tumoral. Esta diversidade de funções se reflete nos inúmeros ligantes de maspina e na sua localização subcelular, já que é encontrada na membrana plasmática, no citoplasma, núcleo e mitocôndrias. A localização subcelular de maspina guarda importante relação com sua função, já que foi demonstrado que sua localização nuclear está correlacionada com bom prognóstico em diversos tumores e seu efeito supressor de tumor foi observado somente quando maspina está localizada no núcleo. Entre os ligantes de maspina estão a HDAC1, IRF6, GST, HSP90 e HSP70, β1 integrina, uPAR e colágeno tipo I e III. O mecanismo molecular envolvido na regulação dessas atividades não foi elucidado, e até o momento, somente um gene e uma proteína de maspina foram descritos, desta forma alterações pós-traducionais devem estar envolvidas na regulação dessas atividades. Com objetivo de verificar se há modificações pós-traducionais em maspina, utilizamos células MCF10A, que expressam grande quantidade dessa proteína, e submetemos seu extrato proteico à separação por gel bidimensional seguido de western blot. Identificamos quatro formas de maspina com a mesma massa molecular (42kDa), mas pontos isoelétricos distintos. Três destas formas são sensíveis ao tratamento com fosfatase ácida, o que sugere que estas sejam fosforiladas. Utilizamos ainda peroxidovanadato de sódio, um potente inibidor de tirosina fosfatase para investigar o papel da fosforilação de maspina em resíduos de tirosina. Através de western blot e imunofluorescência, observamos que o tratamento das células com o inibidor resultou no aumento dos níveis celulares de maspina assim como no seu acúmulo no citoplasma. Deste modo, concluímos que existem três diferentes fosfoformas de maspina em células MCF10A e ainda a inibição de tirosinas fosfatases aumentam os níveis de maspina e resultam no acúmulo da proteína no citoplasma. Esses resultados sugerem que a fosforilação pode estar envolvida na localização subcelular de maspina e na regulação dos seus níveis proteicos na célula. / Maspin (mammary serpin) was identified in 1994 as a serpin (serine protease inhibitor) which presents tumor suppressor activity. It was classified as a serpin due to its homology in amino acids sequence; however, maspin doesn\'t exhibit serine protease inhibition activity. Among maspin biological effects are modulation of cell adhesion, inhibition of tumor growth, invasion and angiogenesis, a pro-apoptotic effect and control of oxidative stress response, properties which contribute to tumor suppression. This functional diversity reflects maspin numerous ligands and its subcellular localization, since it is found on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, nucleus and in mitochondria. Maspin subcellular localization is closely related to its function, as its nuclear localization correlates with good prognostic in several tumors and maspin tumor suppressor activity is only observed when it is located in the nucleus. Among maspin ligands are histone H1 deacetylase, IRF6, GST, HSP90 e HSP70, β1 integrin, uPAR and type I and III collagen. The molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of maspin biological activities are poorly understood. So far, only one gene and one protein have been assigned to maspin, so posttranslational modification should be involved. In order to verify posttranslational modification in maspin, we utilized MCF10A cells, which express great amount of this protein, and we submitted its proteic extract to 2D-SDS-PAGE followed by western blot. We identified four maspin forms with the same molecular mass (42kDa), but different isoelectric point. Three of these forms are sensitive to acidic phosphatase treatment, suggesting that they are phosphorylated maspin forms. We also utilized sodium peroxovanadate, a potent tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor to investigate the role of maspin tyrosine phosphorylation. Through western blot and immunofluorescence analyses, we observed that cell treatment resulted in increase in maspin cellular levels as well as its cytoplasmic accumulation. Thus, we concluded that there are three diferente maspin phosphoforms in MCF10A cells and yet tyrosine phosphatase inhibition increases maspin levels and results in accumulation of the protein in the cytoplasm. These data suggest that phosphorylation may be involved in maspin subcellular localization and regulation of its protein levels in the cell.

Maspina (mammary serpin) foi identificada em 1994 como uma serpina (serine protease inhibitor) que apresenta atividade de supressão tumoral. Foi classificada como uma serpina devido à homologia na sequência de aminoácidos, porém, maspina não apresenta atividade de inibição de serina proteases. Entre os efeitos biológicos de maspina estão a modulação da adesão, a inibição do crescimento e a invasão tumoral, a inibição da angiogênese, o efeito pró-apoptótico e o controle da resposta ao stress oxidativo, propriedades que contribuem para supressão tumoral. Esta diversidade de funções se reflete nos inúmeros ligantes de maspina e na sua localização subcelular, já que é encontrada na membrana plasmática, no citoplasma, núcleo e mitocôndrias. A localização subcelular de maspina guarda importante relação com sua função, já que foi demonstrado que sua localização nuclear está correlacionada com bom prognóstico em diversos tumores e seu efeito supressor de tumor foi observado somente quando maspina está localizada no núcleo. Entre os ligantes de maspina estão a HDAC1, IRF6, GST, HSP90 e HSP70, β1 integrina, uPAR e colágeno tipo I e III. O mecanismo molecular envolvido na regulação dessas atividades não foi elucidado, e até o momento, somente um gene e uma proteína de maspina foram descritos, desta forma alterações pós-traducionais devem estar envolvidas na regulação dessas atividades. Com objetivo de verificar se há modificações pós-traducionais em maspina, utilizamos células MCF10A, que expressam grande quantidade dessa proteína, e submetemos seu extrato proteico à separação por gel bidimensional seguido de western blot. Identificamos quatro formas de maspina com a mesma massa molecular (42kDa), mas pontos isoelétricos distintos. Três destas formas são sensíveis ao tratamento com fosfatase ácida, o que sugere que estas sejam fosforiladas. Utilizamos ainda peroxidovanadato de sódio, um potente inibidor de tirosina fosfatase para investigar o papel da fosforilação de maspina em resíduos de tirosina. Através de western blot e imunofluorescência, observamos que o tratamento das células com o inibidor resultou no aumento dos níveis celulares de maspina assim como no seu acúmulo no citoplasma. Deste modo, concluímos que existem três diferentes fosfoformas de maspina em células MCF10A e ainda a inibição de tirosinas fosfatases aumentam os níveis de maspina e resultam no acúmulo da proteína no citoplasma. Esses resultados sugerem que a fosforilação pode estar envolvida na localização subcelular de maspina e na regulação dos seus níveis proteicos na célula. / Maspin (mammary serpin) was identified in 1994 as a serpin (serine protease inhibitor) which presents tumor suppressor activity. It was classified as a serpin due to its homology in amino acids sequence; however, maspin doesn\'t exhibit serine protease inhibition activity. Among maspin biological effects are modulation of cell adhesion, inhibition of tumor growth, invasion and angiogenesis, a pro-apoptotic effect and control of oxidative stress response, properties which contribute to tumor suppression. This functional diversity reflects maspin numerous ligands and its subcellular localization, since it is found on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, nucleus and in mitochondria. Maspin subcellular localization is closely related to its function, as its nuclear localization correlates with good prognostic in several tumors and maspin tumor suppressor activity is only observed when it is located in the nucleus. Among maspin ligands are histone H1 deacetylase, IRF6, GST, HSP90 e HSP70, β1 integrin, uPAR and type I and III collagen. The molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of maspin biological activities are poorly understood. So far, only one gene and one protein have been assigned to maspin, so posttranslational modification should be involved. In order to verify posttranslational modification in maspin, we utilized MCF10A cells, which express great amount of this protein, and we submitted its proteic extract to 2D-SDS-PAGE followed by western blot. We identified four maspin forms with the same molecular mass (42kDa), but different isoelectric point. Three of these forms are sensitive to acidic phosphatase treatment, suggesting that they are phosphorylated maspin forms. We also utilized sodium peroxovanadate, a potent tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor to investigate the role of maspin tyrosine phosphorylation. Through western blot and immunofluorescence analyses, we observed that cell treatment resulted in increase in maspin cellular levels as well as its cytoplasmic accumulation. Thus, we concluded that there are three diferente maspin phosphoforms in MCF10A cells and yet tyrosine phosphatase inhibition increases maspin levels and results in accumulation of the protein in the cytoplasm. These data suggest that phosphorylation may be involved in maspin subcellular localization and regulation of its protein levels in the cell.

O Trypanosoma cruzi é um protozoário flagelado agente causador da Doença de Chagas, patologia endêmica da América Latina. Tripomastigotas de T. cruzi expressam em sua superfície celular glicoproteínas denominadas Tc-85 e pertencentes à superfamília gp85/trans-sialidase. Vários membros desta superfamília têm sido implicados na invasão das células hospedeiras pelo T. cruzi e componentes da matriz extracelular, como fibronectina e laminina, foram descritos como alguns de seus ligantes. Utilizando a técnica de phage display, a seqüência GGIALAG foi identificada por ligar-se especificamente e de uma forma dose-dependente ao H3.3p, uma proteína recombinante que corresponde a um fragmento interno de um membro clonado da Tc85 (Tc85-11). A análise através de alinhamento identificou o receptor de procineticina 2 (PKR2) como candidato putativo. Os receptores de procineticina (PKR1 e PKR2) são expressos em muitos tecidos e estruturalmente são membros da família da rodopsina, com sete domínios transmembranares e sítios putativos para modificações pós-traducionais. Os ligantes, as procineticinas 1 e 2, são peptídeos envolvidos em uma variedade de processos biológicos, tais como angiogênese, hematopoiese, diferenciação de monócitos, ativação de macrófagos, sobrevida neuronal, ativação do bulbo olfatório, motilidade gastrointestinal, nocicepção, ritmo circadiano, coordenação do comportamento circadiano e sua fisiologia e na função reprodutiva. Com o objetivo de verificar se os PKRs poderiam ser receptores de Tc85, foi utilizada a linhagem epitelial MCF10A, derivada de células mamárias humanas, que expressam PKR2 e PKR1, avaliado pelas técnicas de imunofluorescência, Western Blot e RT-PCR. A estratégia envolveu ensaios de ligação da proteína recombinante H3.3p e ensaios de inibição da invasão por T. cruzi em células MCF10A utilizando anticorpo anti-PKR2 ou um peptídeo sintético com a sequência GGIALAG. Este trabalho mostrou que 1. H3.3p se liga à superfície de MCF10A, detectado por imunofluorescência indireta, utilizando anticorpo monoclonal G1/G8 (que reconhece H3.3p); 2. H3.3p se liga a uma banda de ~45 kDa em um extrato de MCF10A, observado em um blot de nitrocelulose (\"overlay\") 3. O peptídeo sintético GGIALAG inibe a ligação do H3.3p à banda de ~45 kDa do extrato de MCF10A, região reconhecida pelo anticorpo anti-PKR2; 4. Os antígenos reconhecidos por anticorpos anti-PKR2 e anticorpos anti-GGIALAG colocalizam na superfície da célula MCF10A, avaliada por microscopia confocal; 5. Anticorpos anti-PKR2 inibem até ~ 60% da infecção de MCF10A pelo T. cruzi; 6. O peptídeo sintético GGIALAG (0,2mM) inibe até ~ 40% da infecção de MCF10A pelo T. cruzi; 7. Anticorpos anti-PKR1 inibem até ~ 60% da infecção de MCF10A pelo T. cruzi. Em conjunto, e aliado ao fato de PKRs serem expressos numa grande variedade de tecidos e órgãos, incluindo alguns classicamente alvo de T. cruzi, os dados sugerem que PKRs são ligantes para T. cruzi durante a infecção. Os dados sugerem ainda que a seqüência de aminoácidos GIALAG, presente em PKR2 estaria envolvida neste processo. / Trypanosoma cruzi is a flagellated protozoan causing Chagas\' disease. Trypomastigotes, an infective stage of T. cruzi, express at the cell surface members of Tc85, glycoproteins that belong to the gp85/trans-sialidase gene superfamily. Several members of the superfamily have been implicated in the invasion of host cells by T. cruzi and components of the extracellular matrix, as fibronectin and laminin, were described as their ligands. Using the phage display technique, a sequence (GGIALAG) was identified that specifically binds in a dose-dependent manner to H3.3p, a recombinant protein corresponding to an internal fragment of a cloned member of Tc-85. Alignment analysis identified the prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2), as a putative candidate. Prokineticin receptors (PKR1, PKR2) are expressed in many tissues and are members of the rhodopsin family, with seven transmembrane domains and putative post-translational modifications. The ligands, prokineticins 1 and 2, are peptides involved in a variety of biological processes, such as angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, monocyte diferentiation, neuronal survival, machophage activation, olfactory bulb activation, gastrointestinal motility, pain sensitization, circadian rhythm and coordination of circadian behavior and physiology, as well as in reproduction function. In order to verify whether PKRs may be Tc85 receptors, MCF10A, a human mammary epithelial cell line, which expresses PKRs, as assessed by indirect immunofluorescence, Western Blot and RT-PCR, was employed as host cell. The strategy involved binding assays of H3.3p to MCF10A and invasion assay of MCF10A by T. cruzi in the presence of the synthetic peptide GGIALAG or in the presence of anti-PKR1, anti-PKR2 and anti-GGIALAG antibodies. This work shows that: 1. H3.3p binds to the surface of MCF10A; 2. H3.3p binds to a ~45 kDa band in a nitrocellulose blot of MCF10A cell extract (overlay); 3. The synthetic peptide GGIALAG inhibits the binding of H3.3p to the ~45 kDa band of MCF10A cell extract in the same region recognized by anti-PKR2 antibody; 4. The antigens recognized by anti-PKR2 antibody and by anti-GGIALAG antibody co-localize at the cell surface of MCF10A; 5. Anti-PKR2 antibody inhibits by ~60% the infection of MCF10A by T. cruzi; 6. The synthetic peptide GGIALAG (0.2 mM) inhibits by ~40% the infection of MCF10A by T. cruzi. 7. Anti-PKR1 antibody inhibits by ~60% the infection of MCF10A by T. cruzi; Altogether, and supported by the fact that PKR2 is widely expressed, including some classical targets of T. cruzi, the data herein indicate a possible role of PKR2, in particular the amino acid sequence GGIALAG, as a ligand for T. cruzi infection.

O Trypanosoma cruzi é um protozoário flagelado agente causador da Doença de Chagas, patologia endêmica da América Latina. Tripomastigotas de T. cruzi expressam em sua superfície celular glicoproteínas denominadas Tc-85 e pertencentes à superfamília gp85/trans-sialidase. Vários membros desta superfamília têm sido implicados na invasão das células hospedeiras pelo T. cruzi e componentes da matriz extracelular, como fibronectina e laminina, foram descritos como alguns de seus ligantes. Utilizando a técnica de phage display, a seqüência GGIALAG foi identificada por ligar-se especificamente e de uma forma dose-dependente ao H3.3p, uma proteína recombinante que corresponde a um fragmento interno de um membro clonado da Tc85 (Tc85-11). A análise através de alinhamento identificou o receptor de procineticina 2 (PKR2) como candidato putativo. Os receptores de procineticina (PKR1 e PKR2) são expressos em muitos tecidos e estruturalmente são membros da família da rodopsina, com sete domínios transmembranares e sítios putativos para modificações pós-traducionais. Os ligantes, as procineticinas 1 e 2, são peptídeos envolvidos em uma variedade de processos biológicos, tais como angiogênese, hematopoiese, diferenciação de monócitos, ativação de macrófagos, sobrevida neuronal, ativação do bulbo olfatório, motilidade gastrointestinal, nocicepção, ritmo circadiano, coordenação do comportamento circadiano e sua fisiologia e na função reprodutiva. Com o objetivo de verificar se os PKRs poderiam ser receptores de Tc85, foi utilizada a linhagem epitelial MCF10A, derivada de células mamárias humanas, que expressam PKR2 e PKR1, avaliado pelas técnicas de imunofluorescência, Western Blot e RT-PCR. A estratégia envolveu ensaios de ligação da proteína recombinante H3.3p e ensaios de inibição da invasão por T. cruzi em células MCF10A utilizando anticorpo anti-PKR2 ou um peptídeo sintético com a sequência GGIALAG. Este trabalho mostrou que 1. H3.3p se liga à superfície de MCF10A, detectado por imunofluorescência indireta, utilizando anticorpo monoclonal G1/G8 (que reconhece H3.3p); 2. H3.3p se liga a uma banda de ~45 kDa em um extrato de MCF10A, observado em um blot de nitrocelulose (\"overlay\") 3. O peptídeo sintético GGIALAG inibe a ligação do H3.3p à banda de ~45 kDa do extrato de MCF10A, região reconhecida pelo anticorpo anti-PKR2; 4. Os antígenos reconhecidos por anticorpos anti-PKR2 e anticorpos anti-GGIALAG colocalizam na superfície da célula MCF10A, avaliada por microscopia confocal; 5. Anticorpos anti-PKR2 inibem até ~ 60% da infecção de MCF10A pelo T. cruzi; 6. O peptídeo sintético GGIALAG (0,2mM) inibe até ~ 40% da infecção de MCF10A pelo T. cruzi; 7. Anticorpos anti-PKR1 inibem até ~ 60% da infecção de MCF10A pelo T. cruzi. Em conjunto, e aliado ao fato de PKRs serem expressos numa grande variedade de tecidos e órgãos, incluindo alguns classicamente alvo de T. cruzi, os dados sugerem que PKRs são ligantes para T. cruzi durante a infecção. Os dados sugerem ainda que a seqüência de aminoácidos GIALAG, presente em PKR2 estaria envolvida neste processo. / Trypanosoma cruzi is a flagellated protozoan causing Chagas\' disease. Trypomastigotes, an infective stage of T. cruzi, express at the cell surface members of Tc85, glycoproteins that belong to the gp85/trans-sialidase gene superfamily. Several members of the superfamily have been implicated in the invasion of host cells by T. cruzi and components of the extracellular matrix, as fibronectin and laminin, were described as their ligands. Using the phage display technique, a sequence (GGIALAG) was identified that specifically binds in a dose-dependent manner to H3.3p, a recombinant protein corresponding to an internal fragment of a cloned member of Tc-85. Alignment analysis identified the prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2), as a putative candidate. Prokineticin receptors (PKR1, PKR2) are expressed in many tissues and are members of the rhodopsin family, with seven transmembrane domains and putative post-translational modifications. The ligands, prokineticins 1 and 2, are peptides involved in a variety of biological processes, such as angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, monocyte diferentiation, neuronal survival, machophage activation, olfactory bulb activation, gastrointestinal motility, pain sensitization, circadian rhythm and coordination of circadian behavior and physiology, as well as in reproduction function. In order to verify whether PKRs may be Tc85 receptors, MCF10A, a human mammary epithelial cell line, which expresses PKRs, as assessed by indirect immunofluorescence, Western Blot and RT-PCR, was employed as host cell. The strategy involved binding assays of H3.3p to MCF10A and invasion assay of MCF10A by T. cruzi in the presence of the synthetic peptide GGIALAG or in the presence of anti-PKR1, anti-PKR2 and anti-GGIALAG antibodies. This work shows that: 1. H3.3p binds to the surface of MCF10A; 2. H3.3p binds to a ~45 kDa band in a nitrocellulose blot of MCF10A cell extract (overlay); 3. The synthetic peptide GGIALAG inhibits the binding of H3.3p to the ~45 kDa band of MCF10A cell extract in the same region recognized by anti-PKR2 antibody; 4. The antigens recognized by anti-PKR2 antibody and by anti-GGIALAG antibody co-localize at the cell surface of MCF10A; 5. Anti-PKR2 antibody inhibits by ~60% the infection of MCF10A by T. cruzi; 6. The synthetic peptide GGIALAG (0.2 mM) inhibits by ~40% the infection of MCF10A by T. cruzi. 7. Anti-PKR1 antibody inhibits by ~60% the infection of MCF10A by T. cruzi; Altogether, and supported by the fact that PKR2 is widely expressed, including some classical targets of T. cruzi, the data herein indicate a possible role of PKR2, in particular the amino acid sequence GGIALAG, as a ligand for T. cruzi infection.

Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer affecting women in the world today. To better understand breast cancer initiation and progression modeling biological tissue under physiological conditions is essential. Indeed, breast cancer involves complex interactions between mammary epithelial cells and the stroma, both extracellular matrix (ECM) and cells including adipocytes (fat tissue) and fibroblasts (connective tissue). Therefore, the engineering of in vitro three-dimensional (3D) systems of breast tissues allows a deeper understanding of the complex cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions involved during breast tissue development and cancer initiation and progression. Furthermore, such 3D systems may provide a viable alternative to investigate new drug or drug regimen and to model and monitor concurrent cellular processes during tumor growth and invasion. The development of suitable 3D in vitro models relies on the ability to mimic the microenvironment, the structure, and the functions of the breast tissue. Different approaches to develop a novel 3D breast model have been investigated. Most models use gel scaffolds, including Matrigel® and collagen to generate breast tissue-like structures. However, the physicochemical, mechanical, and geometrical properties of these scaffolds only partially meet the mechanical, physical, and chemical parameters of the breast tissue matrix. In the present studies, we investigated the overall hypothesis that electrospun SF-derived scaffolds promote mammary cell growth and the formation of mammary-like structures depending on the composition and/or coating of the scaffolds with ECM proteins. Through an extensive literature search (1) the importance of 3D modeling of tissues and organs in vivo, (2) 3D modeling of the mammary tissue and currently available models, (3) the properties and applications of SF in tissue modeling and regeneration were reviewed (Chapter 1). Our studies provide evidence of the effects of various concentrations (Chapter 2) of SF along with different electrospinning techniques (Chapter 3) on the structure of electrospun scaffolds and whether those scaffolds provide suitable microenvironments for mammary epithelial cells as determined by MCF10A cell attachment, viability, and structure formation. Further, we investigated the effects of the key ECM proteins collagen I (Chapter 4) and laminin (Chapter 5) used to blend or coat, respectively, SF scaffolds on the attachment, viability and structure formation of mammary epithelial cells. Our studies first highlight the mechanical and physical properties of the different SF-derived scaffolds through various SF concentrations and electrospinning techniques. Second, the biocompatibility of these SF electrospun scaffolds was defined based on MCF10A cell survival and adhesion. Third, our data indicate that scaffolds derived from blended and/or coated SF with collagen I also promoted human mammary cell survival and adhesion. Lastly, our observations suggest that on laminin-coated SF scaffolds MCF10A mammary cells, in the presence of lactogenic hormones, differentiated forming acinus-like structures. Overall, these studies provide evidence that SF electrospun scaffolds closely mimic the structure of the ECM fibers and allow many advantages such as; physical and chemical modification of the microenvironment by varying electrospinning parameters and addition of various proteins, hormones, and growth factors, respectively. Further, coating these SF scaffolds with essential ECM proteins, in particular laminin, promote cell-ECM interactions necessary for cell differentiation and formation of growth-arrested structures, through providing cell integrin binding sites and appropriate chemical cues.

Micro and nanofabrication technologies have been used extensively in many biomedical and biological applications. Integration of MEMS technology and biology (BioMEMS) enables precise control of the cellular microenvironments and offers high throughput systems. The focus of this research was to develop three dimensional (3-D) isotropic microstructures for comprehensive analysis on cell-substrate interactions. The aim was to investigate whether the normal and cancerous cells differentially respond to their underlying substrate and whether the differential response of the cells leads to a novel label-free technique to distinguish between normal and cancerous cells. Three different generations of 3-D isotropic microstructures comprised of curved surfaces were developed using a single-mask, single-etch step process. Our experimental model included HS68 normal human fibroblasts, MCF10A normal human breast epithelial cells and MDA-MB-231 metastatic human breast cancer cells. Primary findings on the first generation of silicon substrates demonstrated a distinct adhesion and growth behavior in HS68 and MDA-MB-231 cells. MDA-MB-231 cells deformed while the fibroblasts stretched and elongated their cytoskeleton on the curved surfaces. Unlike fibroblasts, MDA-MB-231 cells mainly trapped and localized inside the deep microchambers. Detailed investigations on cytoskeletal organization, adhesion pattern and morphology of the cells on the second generation of the silicon substrates demonstrated that cytoskeletal prestress and microtubules organization in HS68 cells, cell-cell junction and cell-substrate adhesion strength in MCF10A cells, and deformability of MDA-MB-231 cells (obtained by using AFM technique) affect their behavior inside the etched cavities. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with experimental breast cancer drug, SAHA, on the second generation of substrates, significantly altered the cells morphology, cytoarchitecture and adhesion pattern inside the 3-D microstructures. Third generation of silicon substrates was developed for comprehensive analysis on behavior of MDA-MB-231 and MCF10A cells in a co-culture system in response to SAHA drug. Formation of colonies of both cell types was evident inside the cavities within a few hours after seeding the cells on the chips. SAHA selectively altered the morphology and cytoarchitecture in MDA-MB-231 cells. Most importantly, the majority of MDA-MB-231 cells stretched inside the etched cavities, while the adhesion pattern of MCF10A cells remained unaltered. In the last part of this dissertation, using AFM analysis, we showed that the growth medium composition has a pronounced effect on cell elasticity. Our findings demonstrated that the proposed isotropic silicon microstructures have potential applications in development of biosensor platforms for cell segregation as well as conducting fundamental biological studies. / Ph. D.

<p>With 2.1 million new cases, breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), which is 15-20% of these breast cancer cases is clinically negative for expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER/PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) receptors<a>.</a> It is characterized by its unique molecular profile, aggressive behavior, distinct patterns of metastasis, and lack of targeted therapies. TNBCs utilize glycolysis for growth, proliferation, invasiveness, chemotherapeutic resistance and hence has poor therapeutic response. There is an urgent need for novel/alternate therapeutic strategies beyond current standard of treatment for this subset of high-risk patients. Electrical pulse-based chemotherapy, known as electrochemotherapy (ECT) could be a viable option for TNBC therapy. ECT involves the local application of precisely controlled electrical pulses to reversibly permeabilize the cell membrane for enhanced uptake. ECT can increase the cytotoxicity of the chemotherapeutics up-to 1000 times, facilitating a potent local cytotoxic effect. </p> <p>The high cost and severe side-effects of conventional chemotherapeutics motivate the application of effective natural compounds. Combining electrical pulses with natural compounds will enhance the treatment efficacy. This dissertation focuses on curcumin, the yellow pigment of natural herb turmeric, that has been used for over 5000 years for its excellent anticancer properties. Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of curcumin for treating multiple cancers, including TNBC, with limited side effects. The potency of curcumin can be enhanced further by combining it with ECT to provide an attractive and cost-effective alternative for TNBC treatment. </p> <p>Towards this we studied the effect of ECT with curcumin on MDA-MB-231 cell line, a human adenocarcinoma epithelial TNBC cell line. We performed various assays, including cell viability, colony forming, cell cycle, apoptosis, H₂O₂ reactive oxygen species (ROS), immunoblotting, real time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and cellular metabolites detection to study the impact of ECT with curcumin on MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, to better understand the underlying mechanisms, we used high throughput, label-free quantitative proteomics. While several studies have attempted to define the mechanism of action of curcumin on cancer cells, little is known on the action mechanism of the curcumin delivered with electrical pulses. This work unravels the molecular mechanism behind the enhanced effects observed under the ECT-based curcumin therapy in TNBC cells, employing a high-throughput, quantitative, label-free mass spectroscopy-based proteomics approach. The proteomics approach provides information on the thousands of cellular proteins involved in the cellular process, allowing a comprehensive understanding of the electro-curcumin-therapy mechanism. Similar studies were also performed for ECT with cisplatin to compare the efficacy of the electro-curcumin-therapy to the standard stand-alone cisplatin-based therapy.</p> <p>Our results revealed a switch in the metabolism from glycolysis to mitochondrial metabolic pathways. This metabolic switch caused an excessive production of H₂O₂ ROS to inflict apoptotic cell death in MDA-MB-231 cells, demonstrating the potency of this ECT based curcumin therapy. These results encourage further studies to extend the application of ECT for clinical practice.</p>