Les médicaments qui provoquent un allongement de la repolarisation cardiaque, mesuré sur l’électrocardiogramme (ECG) par la prolongation de l’intervalle QT, ont été associés à une augmentation du risque pro-arythmique, et plus particulièrement à la survenue de Torsades de pointes, une tachycardie ventriculaire polymorphe potentiellement mortelle. Les méthodes d'analyse du QT conventionnelles se restreignent à l’extraction de quelques complexes ECG. Cette pratique se traduit par de nombreuses limitations. L’inclusion de tous les battements enregistrés sur 24h et mesurés par des méthodes automatiques de mesure ECG a le potentiel de résoudre ces inconvénients. Ce travail de thèse a démontré que les méthodes de mesure ECG automatisées et les analyses continues peuvent supplanter les méthodes conventionnelles pour l'analyse de la prolongation du QT lors des essais cliniques. Des recommandations ont été établis afin de permettre une utilisation optimale des méthodes d'analyse ECG continues. / Drugs which induce a delay in cardiac repolarization measured as QT interval prolongation on the electrocardiogram (ECG) have been associated with a potential to increase the risk of arrhythmias, especially Torsades de pointes (TdP), a potentially lethal polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. The analyses performed using conventional methods are restricted to the extraction of a few ECG complexes. This practice is associated with several limitations. In contrast, the inclusion of all beats measured by computerized methods from continuous 24 h recordings could resolve all of these deficiencies. The current work demonstrated that automated ECG measurement methods employing continuous analysis can supplant conventional methods for the evaluation of QT prolongation in clinical studies. Recommendations have been established to provide an optimal use of continuous ECG analysis.

Este trabalho prospectivo, duplo-cego randomizado, avaliou o efeito da analgesia preemptiva do cetoprofeno e do parecoxibe. Sessenta pacientes foram submetidos à cirurgia para remoção de terceiros molares inferiores bilaterais inclusos, sendo operado um lado de cada vez. O paciente foi seu próprio controle. Os pacientes foram separados em dois grupos de 30 pacientes. No grupo parecoxibe, na primeira operação foi usado o parecoxibe ou placebo, endovenoso, 30 minutos antes da cirurgia e imediatamente após a operação foi feita a administração do placebo ou parecoxibe, garantindo ao paciente receber parecoxibe antes ou após a operação. O lado oposto foi operado após duas semanas da primeira cirurgia e o paciente que havia recebido parecoxibe antes e placebo depois da operação recebeu placebo antes e parecoxibe depois da operação e o que havia recebido placebo antes e parecoxibe depois recebeu parecoxibe antes e placebo depois. Nos 30 pacientes do grupo cetoprofeno, o modelo foi o mesmo, substituindo-se apenas o parecoxibe pelo cetoprofeno. O paciente pôde utilizar como medicação resgate a dipirona, sempre que necessário para controlar a dor pós-operatória. Após a operação foi fornecido para todos os pacientes um questionário, contendo a escala analógica visual (EAV), a escala descritiva de dor (EDD) e uma tabela para informar o consumo de medicação resgate. Foi avaliada a dor pós-operatória por meio da EAV, da EDD e pelo consumo de medicação resgate. Não houve diferença estatisticamente relevante quanto a intensidade da dor com o uso do parecoxibe ou do cetoprofeno antes ou depois do procedimento cirúrgico. Ao comparar a analgesia proporcionada pelo cetoprofeno e pelo parecoxibe os resultados mostraram que o parecoxibe administrado antes do procedimento cirúrgico foi mais eficaz do que o cetoprofeno no controle da dor na quarta hora do pós-operatório (p=0,041), mas foi menos eficaz após 24h (p=0,003). Quando se comparou a analgesia proporcionada por esses fármacos usados após a operação, o parecoxibe foi mais eficaz do que o cetoprofeno após 6 e 8h do procedimento (p=0,003 e 0,023, respectivamente). / This is a prospective, double-blind randomized, cross over experiment, to evaluate the effect of the preemptive analgesia of ketoprofen and parecoxib. Sixity patients who had gone though surgery for removal of the impacted mandibular bilateral third molar teeth, having one side operated each time, were evaluated. The patients were separated in groups of 30, in the parecoxib group (P). On the first operation parecoxib or placebo were used 30 minutes before the surgery. Immediately after the operation, placebo or parecoxib were administred, so that the patient who had received parecoxib before the operation or after it. The opposite side was operated two weeks after the first surgery and the patients who received parecoxib before and placebo after operation received placebo before and parecoxib after operation and patients who received placebo before and parecoxib after received parecoxib before and placebo after, under the same method. In the group C (n= 30), the model was the same, using ketoprofen instead parecoxib. The patient could use dipyrone as rescue medication, in the event of postoperative pain. A questionnaire was provided to the patient after each surgery, containing a visual analogic scale, a descriptive pain scale and a table to inform the consum of rescue medication. The postoperative pain was evaluated by visual analogic scale, descriptive pain scale and rescue medicine consum. There was no statistically relevant difference as pain intensity with use of parecoxib or ketoprofen before or after the surgical procedure. Comparing ketoprofen analgesia against parecoxib analgesial, the results shown that the administration of parecoxib before the surgical procedure had a major efficacy than ketoprofen in pain control by the fourth hour post operatory (p=0,041), but was less efficient after 24 hours (p=0,003). When comparing the analgesic effect of both drugs after the operation, parecoxib was more effective than ketoprofen six and eight hours after the procedure (p=0,003 and 0,023, respectively).

This Master's thesis discusses about the measurement of the carbon dioxide concentration in breathing by an optical analyzer using infrared absorption spectroscopy. The method is described with the technical focus on individual components needed for subsequent implementation. A circuit diagram is created to produce Arduino platform devices that serve as hardware to connect and power individual parts and software to create a user environment, followed by a Bluetooth module to transmit measured data to mobile devices where real-time results are presented.

The aim of the diploma thesis is application of the topic Control of HVAC equipments. The thesis is divided into three part – A, B, C. The first theoretical part deals with controlling/regulation in general, it focuses on controlling/regulation of HVAC equipments and it describes ways of air volume flow measurement, which relates to the third experimental part. The second part is focused on design of HVAC system in inpatient ward and fit-out for employees. In the third part was realized verification of air flow volume controller in two chosen buildings, whence in one there weren´t fulfilled manufacturer´s requirements and in the second one they were fulfilled. In conclusion there were compared measured values.

Dissertation is focused on the application of optical measurement methods using techniques of optical microscopy and fluorescence microscopy in measurements of electromechanical characteristics of isolated cardiac cells and clusters of differentiated cardiomyocytes. The first proposed method uses a practical combination of fluorescence microscopy equipped with fluorescent fast and high-resolution camera and atomic force microscopy for simultaneous measurement of calcium transients and contraction of cardiomyocyte clusters. The signals obtained undergoes filtration, processing and analysis. Result function parameters obtained by analyzing signals after application of caffeine are evaluated by comparison with functional parameters obtained during the control measurement. The second proposed method is applied to the cardiomyocyte clusters for the purpose of cardiomyocyte contraction signals measurement. The signals obtained by optical methods are analyzed and compared with the reference signal obtained using atomic force microscopy. Optical measurement method of cell contractins based on detection of cell ends using adjusting of microscopy images by re-sharpening and fluorescence method for cardiomyocyte contractions measurements were designed to increase realiability in simultaneous measurement of cell contractions simultaneously with calcium transients in isolated cardiomyocytes experiments.

Die Arbeit beschreibt verschiedene technische Ansätze zur Bestimmung der Alterung der Chip-Substrat-Verbindung. Eine der Schlüsseltechnologien ist hierbei die Bestimmung der virtuellen Sperrschichttemperatur. Es werden in der Arbeit verschiedene Möglichkeiten zur Bestimmung der virtuellen Chiptemperatur von IGBTs und der Alterung der Chip-Substrat-Verbindung vorgestellt und mit ihren Vor- und Nachteilen in der Umsetzbarkeit und in der Anwendbarkeit im Umrichter diskutiert. Besondere Betrachtung findet dabei unter anderem die technische Umsetzung einer Messmethode, die auf einer kurzzeitigen Belastung im aktiven Bereich mit anschließender Bestimmung des Abkühlverhaltens basiert. Über einen Vergleich mit dem ursprünglichen Abkühlverhalten ist es mit den vorgestellten Verfahren gut möglich, die Chipalterung zu detektieren. Weiterhin wird ein Verfahren vorgestellt, das die Bestimmung der virtuellen Chiptemperatur im Umrichter über eine Ermittlung der Millerplateauhöhe im Abschaltmoment des IGBTs ermöglicht.:1 Einleitung 2 Alterung von Leistungshalbleitern 3 Stand der Technik der Chiptemperaturbestimmung in der Umrichterschaltung 4 Untersuchungen temperaturabhängiger elektrischer Bauelementparameter 5 Wichtige Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Chiptemperatur in der Umrichterschaltung 6 Untersuchung eines Verfahrens zur Bestimmung der Chiptemperatur in der Umrichterschaltung mittels Millerplateauhöhe 7 Technische Umsetzbarkeit der gezeigten Messverfahren 8 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick A Anhang / This work describes different technical approaches to determine the aging of the chip-substrate interconnection. One of the key technologies here is the determination of the virtual junction temperature. Various possibilities for determining the virtual chip temperature of IGBTs and the aging of the chip-substrate interconnection are presented in the work and discussed with their advantages and disadvantages in terms of feasibility and applicability in the converter. Special consideration is given to the technical implementation of a measurement method based on a short-term load in the active area with subsequent determination of the cooling behavior. By comparing this with the original cooling behavior, it is possible to detect chip aging with the methods presented. Furthermore, a method is presented that enables the determination of the virtual chip temperature in the inverter via a determination of the Miller plateau height at the switch-off moment of the IGBT.:1 Einleitung 2 Alterung von Leistungshalbleitern 3 Stand der Technik der Chiptemperaturbestimmung in der Umrichterschaltung 4 Untersuchungen temperaturabhängiger elektrischer Bauelementparameter 5 Wichtige Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Chiptemperatur in der Umrichterschaltung 6 Untersuchung eines Verfahrens zur Bestimmung der Chiptemperatur in der Umrichterschaltung mittels Millerplateauhöhe 7 Technische Umsetzbarkeit der gezeigten Messverfahren 8 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick A Anhang

This diploma paper deals with the tax incidence of cigarette tax in the period of the changes in rates of this duty in the Czech Republic. The main aim of this paper is to find out how the cigarette tax shifts on consumer and producer. Moving of tax burden was found out thanks to investigation of cigarette prices in the period from September 2007 to February 2008. The amount of tax was calculated from these prices. Various periods were compared and results were closely analysed. Fiscal and educative function of cigarette tax was monitored in this paper too. Educative function was found out by the help of trend in the number of smokers and their cigarettes consumption, whilst fiscal function was demonstrated by trend of payment excise duties. At the close of diploma paper are mentioned also tax avoidances of the excise duty on cigarettes, that are large problem all the time not only in the Czech Republic.

This master’s thesis is dealing with possibilities of measurement of inductance by using of accurate capacitance bridge AH 2500E. In metrology there are no appropriate devices available for accurate measurement of inductance. It can be realized by four methods. The newest one is based on T elements, it is not used for this purpose yet and it is practically investigated in CMI Brno. For its introduction to practice it is neccessary to complete computer simulations and analysis of influences affecting measurement. It is also inevitable to examine repeatability of measurement, define methodology of measurement and potential corrections of measured values.

Different methods for the determination of cantilever properties in non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) are under investigation. A key aspect is the determination of the cantilever stiffness being essential for a quantitative NC-AFM data analysis including the extraction of the tip-surface interaction force and potential. Furthermore, a systematic analysis of the displacement noise in the cantilever oscillation detection is performed with a special focus on the thermally excited cantilever oscillation. The propagation from displacement noise to frequency shift noise is studied under consideration of the frequency response of the PLL demodulator. The effective Q-factor of cantilevers depends on the internal damping of the cantilever as well as external influences like the ambient pressure and the quality of the cantilever fixation. While the Q-factor has a strong dependence on the ambient pressure between vacuum and ambient pressure yielding a decrease by several orders of magnitude, the pressure dependence of the resonance frequency is smaller than 1% for the same pressure range. On the other hand, the resonance frequency highly depends on the mass of the tip at the end of the cantilever making its reliable prediction from known cantilever dimensions difficult. The cantilever stiffness is determined with a high-precision static measurement method and compared to dimensional and dynamic methods. Dimensional methods suffer from the uncertainty of the measured cantilever dimensions and require a precise knowledge its material properties. A dynamic method utilising the measurement of the thermally excited cantilever displacement noise to obtain cantilever properties allows to characterise unknown cantilevers but requires an elaborative measurement equipment for spectral displacement noise analysis. Having the noise propagation in the NC-AFM system fully characterised, a proposed method allows for spring constant determination from the frequency shift noise at the output of the PLL demodulator with equipment already being available in most NC-AFM setups.