Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein has frequently been interpreted as a cautionary tale of the dangers of medical science and its ambitions. However, by comparing the different narratives in the novel the essay will show that the intention of the novel is quite different. The essay will show that while Frankenstein himself comes to believe that science is the culprit, the narratives by Walton and the creature qualify that view, showing rather that the problem is not science as such but Frankenstein’s abandonment of his creation. The essay begins with a brief introduction to the historical background of the novel, followed by an analysis of the three distinct narratives given by Walton, Frankenstein and the creature, and conclude with a discussion of the findings when comparing their narratives. / Mary Shelleys Frankenstein har ofta tolkats som en varnande berättelse om farorna av medicinsk vetenskap och dess ambitioner. Men genom att jämföra de olika berättelserna i boken så kommer uppsatsen att visa att syftet med boken är ganska annorlunda. Uppsatsen kommer att visa att medan Frankenstein själv tror att vetenskapen är den skyldige, Waltons och varelsens berättelser berättigar denna uppfattning, så är problemet inte vetenskap som sådan utan det faktum att Frankenstein övergav sin skapelse. Uppsatsen börjar med en kort introduktion till den historiska bakgrunden av boken, följt av en analys av de tre distinkta berättelserna från Walton, Frankenstein och varelsen och uppsatsen avslutas med en diskussion av resultaten när man jämför deras berättelser.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as reportagens de capa sobre saúde, das revistas Veja e Época, publicadas entre maio de 1998 mês de lançamento de Época e dezembro de 2006. Nossa análise está baseada nos conceitos-chave da Análise do Discurso, tais como formulados por Foucault e Bakhtin e posteriormente ampliados por diversos estudiosos da linguagem. Queremos identificar e discutir os modos de subjetivação implicados no quadriculamento discursivo verbal e não verbal sobre saúde física e mental, com desdobramentos no comportamento dos indivíduos; e entender como os diferentes enunciadores se manifestam e se articulam através de suas marcas textuais, que se diferenciam e se agrupam nesse universo midiático. Numa palavra, como são inscritas ou ocultadas textualmente as palavras de ordem enquanto dispositivos disciplinares no atual estágio de desenvolvimento capitalista da sociedade de consumo. A partir do recorte efetuado, separamos as matérias por grupos temáticos nove temas ao todo e elegemos duas matérias por ano uma de Veja e uma de Época para análise , totalizando 18 reportagens analisadas, abrangendo nove anos de publicação. Evidentemente os temas se entrecruzam e a divisão se fez necessária apenas em função da metodologia aplicada. Constatamos, porém, que determinadas segmentações do discurso não são tão aleatórias quanto parecem ser à primeira vista. Elas refletem posições discursivas, periodicamente reiteradas, visando manter a sociedade de consumo em funcionamento, através de contratos comunicativos entre leitor e sociedade, cujos operadores são a vitimização do sujeito e a constante ameaça à sua integridade física e moral, caso sejam descuidadas as regras disciplinares estabelecidas por esse pacto social simbólico. / The purpose of this paper is to analize the cover articles about health published in the Veja and Época magazines between May, 1998 month of the Época magazine launching and December, 2006. Our analysis is based on the key concepts of the Approach Analysis as formulated by Foucault and Bakhtin and later on enhanced by several scholars of the language. We want to identify and discuss the ways of subjectivation implied in the verbal and non-verbal world view (Weltanschauung) about the mental and physical health with breakdowns regarding the individuals behaviour. In addition, we want to understand how different enunciators reveal and articulate themselves through their textual brands? which differentiate and group themselves in this mediate universe. In a word, how the words of order are textually inscribed or hidden as disciplinary devices in the consumption societys current capitalist development stage. From this sectioning, we separate the subject matters by thematic groups and elected two subject matters per year , namely one from Veja and another one from Época to examplify the analysis, thus totalizing 18 articles, in nine year. The themes are clearly connected and the division was necessary due to the methodology applied. However, we came to the conclusion that certain segmentations of the approach are not as random as they seem at a first glance. They reflect discursive points of view, reiterated by the media so as to keep the consumption society functioning through communication agreements between the reader and the society, whose operators are the subject´s victimization and the constant threat to his/her physical and mental integrity, in the event of not following the disciplinary rules established by this symbolic social pact.

Cardiac disease is the most common cause of death among the adult population worldwide and atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. The state of the art in AF treatment involves creating lesions of heart tissue through radiofrequency ablation. In this thesis, mathematical modelling techniques are developed to design decision support tools that could help a cardiologist determine the best location to ablate in clinic. Firstly, parameter optimisation methods are explored to adapt a model designed for the ventricles to the atria, and a novel technique is introduced to characterise pathways through parameter space from a healthy state to a diseased state using a multi-objective genetic algorithm. Next, I reproduce clinical signals recorded during AF ablation through the use of a phenomenological model of the cardiac action potential on a cylinder and show how this model can enable us to recover information lost in clinic to improve clinical decision. This is followed by introducing a more simplistic approach to the same problem, by characterising the electrical activity on the recording by a sine wave. Finally, the effectiveness of these two approaches is compared in the clinical setting by testing both as decision support tools. The emphasis of the approaches throughout the thesis is on developing techniques with clinical applicability. We demonstrate that lost information in clinic can affect the decision made by an experienced clinician, and that the mathematical modelling approaches developed in the thesis can significantly reduce the impact that this information loss can have on clinical decision making.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as reportagens de capa sobre saúde, das revistas Veja e Época, publicadas entre maio de 1998 mês de lançamento de Época e dezembro de 2006. Nossa análise está baseada nos conceitos-chave da Análise do Discurso, tais como formulados por Foucault e Bakhtin e posteriormente ampliados por diversos estudiosos da linguagem. Queremos identificar e discutir os modos de subjetivação implicados no quadriculamento discursivo verbal e não verbal sobre saúde física e mental, com desdobramentos no comportamento dos indivíduos; e entender como os diferentes enunciadores se manifestam e se articulam através de suas marcas textuais, que se diferenciam e se agrupam nesse universo midiático. Numa palavra, como são inscritas ou ocultadas textualmente as palavras de ordem enquanto dispositivos disciplinares no atual estágio de desenvolvimento capitalista da sociedade de consumo. A partir do recorte efetuado, separamos as matérias por grupos temáticos nove temas ao todo e elegemos duas matérias por ano uma de Veja e uma de Época para análise , totalizando 18 reportagens analisadas, abrangendo nove anos de publicação. Evidentemente os temas se entrecruzam e a divisão se fez necessária apenas em função da metodologia aplicada. Constatamos, porém, que determinadas segmentações do discurso não são tão aleatórias quanto parecem ser à primeira vista. Elas refletem posições discursivas, periodicamente reiteradas, visando manter a sociedade de consumo em funcionamento, através de contratos comunicativos entre leitor e sociedade, cujos operadores são a vitimização do sujeito e a constante ameaça à sua integridade física e moral, caso sejam descuidadas as regras disciplinares estabelecidas por esse pacto social simbólico. / The purpose of this paper is to analize the cover articles about health published in the Veja and Época magazines between May, 1998 month of the Época magazine launching and December, 2006. Our analysis is based on the key concepts of the Approach Analysis as formulated by Foucault and Bakhtin and later on enhanced by several scholars of the language. We want to identify and discuss the ways of subjectivation implied in the verbal and non-verbal world view (Weltanschauung) about the mental and physical health with breakdowns regarding the individuals behaviour. In addition, we want to understand how different enunciators reveal and articulate themselves through their textual brands? which differentiate and group themselves in this mediate universe. In a word, how the words of order are textually inscribed or hidden as disciplinary devices in the consumption societys current capitalist development stage. From this sectioning, we separate the subject matters by thematic groups and elected two subject matters per year , namely one from Veja and another one from Época to examplify the analysis, thus totalizing 18 articles, in nine year. The themes are clearly connected and the division was necessary due to the methodology applied. However, we came to the conclusion that certain segmentations of the approach are not as random as they seem at a first glance. They reflect discursive points of view, reiterated by the media so as to keep the consumption society functioning through communication agreements between the reader and the society, whose operators are the subject´s victimization and the constant threat to his/her physical and mental integrity, in the event of not following the disciplinary rules established by this symbolic social pact.

This thesis deals with the way in which the human body was discussed from different points of view in a particular type of medical literature (so called "Family Doctor Books) in the second half of the 19th and early 20th century. The work is based on a premise that body is not only neutral biological foundation made in nature but perception of body and physicality is influenced by society. That's why certain social changes may reflect changes in perception of human body, especially its conceptualization as a female and male body. Since just around sixties of the 19th century both emancipatory activities of Czech women, their rights extension and generally transformation of gender relations in society started to develop. This work examines whether these social changes reflected in the manner in which it was human, and thus male and female, body reported on in a particular medical literature. This work also explores what such conceptions of human body say about gender changes in society.

Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur läkarvetenskapen uttrycker sig om medicinska fosterfördrivningar under tidsperioden 1870–1900 samt studera om det har skett ett medikaliserande av fosterfördrivning. Till uppsatsens syfte hör även att studera hur förhållningssättet till de medicinska fosterfördrivningarna förändrades under den aktuella tidsperioden samt undersöka om det förekom ett motstånd mot utförandet av medicinska fosterfördrivningar inom den medicinska diskursen. Frågor som ställs för undersökningen är vilka föreställningar om medicinsk fosterfördrivning som uttrycks i samtida medicinska skrifter, om det i dessa går att utläsa ett motstånd inom den medicinska vetenskapen beträffande utförandet av de medicinska fosterfördrivningarna, vilken medicinsk fosterfördrivningstradition beträffande medicinska metoder och regelverk som kännetecknar de olika nedslagsperioderna 1870–1875; 1885–1890; 1895–1900 samt hur förhållningssättet till de medicinska fosterfördrivningarna har förändrats över tid.Med en utgångspunkt i Foucaults diskursanalys samt begreppen föreställning, tradition, förändring och medikalisering studeras det hur läkarvetenskapen under perioden 1870–1900 har förhållit sig till utförandet av medicinska fosterfördrivningar samt vad som har varit möjligt att uttrycka inom den medicinska diskursen beträffande dessa.Resultatet visar att början av tidsperioden innehåller en medicinsk fosterfördrivning som inte utfördes under resten av tidsperioden. Det rör sig om en fosterfördrivning i ett tidigt skede av graviditeten. Generellt sett så sker oftast en medicinsk fosterfördrivning annars i samband med en komplicerad förlossning. Utöver ett direkt förgörande av fostret inuti livmodern så problematiseras även igångsättningar av en tidig förlossning då dessa av lagstiftningen klassade som en sådan vid tidpunkten. Undersökningen visar att utförandet av medicinska fosterfördrivningar till stor del var allmänt accepterade av läkarvetenskapen även om det sker ett visst motstånd inifrån det egna medicinska ledet. Tydligt är även att läkarvetenskapen vid tidpunkten ser kvinnan som huvudpatient och inte fostret.

Flows of fluids and solid particles through microchannels have a very wide range of applications in biological and medical science and engineering. Understanding the mechanism of microflows will help to improve the development of the devices and systems in those applications. The aim of this study is to develop a sophisticated simulation and analysis technique for the study of fluid-particle flow through microchannels. This work involves construction of mathematical models, development of analytical methods and numerical algorithms, and numerical investigation and analysis. / The study consists of three parts. The first part of the research focuses on the transient flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid through a micro-annual with a slip boundary. The flow of the fluid is governed by the continuity equation and the Navier-Stokes equations, and is driven by the pressure field with a timevarying pressure gradient. By using the Fourier series expansion in time and Bessel functions in space, an exact solution is derived for the velocity field. The velocity solution is then used to obtain the exact solutions for the flow rate and the stress field. Based on the exact solutions, the influence of the slip parameter on the flow behaviour is then investigated. / The second part of the research focuses on the particle-fluid flow in microchannels. The transport of fluid in the vessel is governed by the continuity equation and the transient Navier-Stokes equations, while the motion of the particles is governed by Newton’s laws. The particle-wall and particle-particle interactions are modelled by the interacting forces, while the particle-fluid interaction is described by the fluid drag force. A numerical scheme based on the finite element method and the Arbitary Lagrangian-Eulerian method is developed to simulate the motion of the particles and the fluid flow in the vessels. The influence of boundary slip on the velocity field in the fluid is also investigated numerically. / Based on the work in the second part, the third part of the research focuses onthe control of the movement of particles in the fluid by applying an external magneticfield to the system. Maxwell’s equations are used to model the magnetic fieldgenerated by the external magnetic source, and a finite element based numericalscheme is developed to solve the underlying boundary value problem for the magneticflux density generated. From the computed flux density and magnetic vectorpotential, the magnetic forces acting on the particles are determined. These magneticforces together with the drag force and the particle-particle interacting forcesdominate the behaviour of the particle motion. A numerical scheme, similar to thatfor the second part of the research, is then developed to study the fluid-particle flowin microchannels under magnetic forces, followed by a numerical investigation onthe influence of the magnetic forces on the particle flow behaviour.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:22:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_ja_dr_bauru.pdf: 4227944 bytes, checksum: 5d6dcad973bd956063521c334d3b9d4c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho busca tratar da história da produção do conhecimento científico na área da Medicina, especialmente com relação à Hanseníase, considerando-a como o resultado de um processo de construção histórica para a qual atuam múltiplos determinantes. A hanseníase foi durante séculos o problema de saúde que mais atemorizou a população no mundo, por ter permanecido até recentemente sem tratamento específico e também pelo seu alto potencial incapacitante. Erradicada na maioria dos países, é ainda hoje considerada um problema de saúde pública, apresentando caráter endeêmico em várias partes do mundo, inclusive no Brasil, que ocupa o segundo lugar em número absoluto de casos registrados. Apesar de, sob o ponto de vista médico, a doença contar atualmente com tratamento e cura, sob o ponto de vista cultural ela remete a símbolos negativamente carregados em número considerável de sociedades, inclusive o Brasil. Por conseguinte, a hanseníase, apesar de representar, ainda hoje, um sério problema de saúde pública no Brasil, é um tema evitado no ensino de Ciências e Biologia. A partir de pesquisa desenvolvida nos livros didáticos de Ciências e Biologia selecionados pelos programas oficiais, este trabalho constatou que a doença se mantém como um conteúdo de ensino evitado e busca demonstrar a relação que isto tem com a história da doença, particularmente com as formas de controle e tratamento adotadas no estado de São Paulo, a partir do modelo isolacionista com a construção dos asilos-colônia. Para tanto desenvolve o estudo de caso do Instituto Lauro Souza de Lima, localizado em Bauru-SP, cuja história se iniciou como um asilo-colônia para doentes de hanseníase no final da década de 1920. Ao final a tese aponta para a necessidade de sua abordagem de forma contextualizada nos níveis fundamental e médio, e assim contribuir... / This tesis deals with the history of the production of knowledge about Hansen's disease within the context of Bauru-SP, Lauro de Souza Lima Institute's history. The history of the aforementioned Institute, which started out as an asylum/colony for lepers at the end of the 1920's, is market by distinct moments that reveal the pathways trailed by scientific research, medical practice and public health services when it came to prophylaxis, treatment and control of Hansen's disease. The purpose of this thesis is to provide support to the formation of Sciences' professors, as well as to those who exercise pedagogic activities related to the Health issue. In this way we wish to contribute to make Hansen's disease, understood as a Brazilian contemporary public health issue, approately addressed in our schools, which means based in the study of History of science

Derived from a marxist/liberal humanist view of power, conventional critiques and historical accounts of the socio-medical sciences in South Africa see only their power to repress and negate the true bodily attributes and authentic person of the African. In so doing, they ignore the productive capacity of these knowledges and practices as a manifestation of what Michel Foucault termed "disciplinary" power, by which the human body is manufactured and made manageable as an object of medical knowledge and industrial utilisation. Accordingly, this thesis offers just such a Foucaultian reading of western socio-medical knowledge in South Africa to demonstrate how it has operated to fabricate the bodies of Africans as visible objects possessed of distinct attributes that have provoked particular strategies for their surveillance, management, and government in health and disease. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

文藝復興時期人文主義學者關心人的課題，無論是宗教、文學、音樂、藝術等生活各個面向都可見其端倪，影響深遠甚至觸及感情和心理層面，這是從天國到塵世一個思想流變的過程。作為基本情緒表達，笑成為當代思想討論不可或缺一部分。由於崇尚古典文明，當時不少著名思想家重新檢視蘇格拉底、柏拉圖和亞里斯多德的作品，進而接觸希臘、羅馬時代重要議題：喜劇笑鬧是否合於禮教，由此他們展開笑的適切性辯證，如維渥斯(Juan Luis Vives , 1492-1540)在《靈魂的情緒》(The Passions of the Soul, 1538)裡面一章〈笑〉(Laughter)談到他對於笑和喜悅的看法，文詞間顯然承襲自古典學派的說法。同一時期，熟讀醫學典籍的醫家卻有其他觀察。像是法蘭西醫生茹貝爾(Laurent Joubert, 1529-1582)於1579 年出版醫學典籍《笑論》(Treatise of Laughter, 1579)，內文強調笑對身體療效，敘述人們透過這一行為改變不平衡的精神狀態，保持心智健全。不過，誠如文化史學家揭示般，整體而言，社會普遍存在縱情言笑的限制。綜觀文藝復興時期笑的論述，於古典體系底下，百花齊放，引起各方爭論的癥結點在於：到底引起笑的根本原因是什麼？這一問題影響日後歐洲思想發展，並且形成心理學的理論基礎。那麼，各家說法之間到底有什麼相似和差異？其論述的歷史發展如何？不同時代有關笑的醫學論述，是否存在連續與斷裂面向呢？其次，造成轉變的原因又是何在？本文試圖藉分析當代知識分子對於笑存在不同說法，藉此理清歷史演變的軌跡並回答問題。 本論文共計四章，第一章考察希臘羅馬時期哲學家和文人學者對於笑的態度， 同時介紹古典醫學理論，以了解文藝復興晚期歐洲的知識份子具有的情緒觀念， 以及背後存在的歷史淵源。第二章主要分析維渥斯與茹貝爾對於笑的看法，並且 描述中古時期基督教會系統如何解釋笑，以及中古世紀的醫學發展。第三章闡述 十七世紀有關笑的醫學論述，本文將深入探討十七世紀的醫學文獻，主要說明醫 者如何透過以體液說為主的古代醫學理論，綜合外在因素與身體內部的運行方式， 剖析笑的現象；另一方面，分析他們是怎麼透過解剖學知識來解釋笑發生的原因。 第四章為本文結論，根據前三章的分析，綜觀文藝復興晚期文人學者與醫家的理 論皆源自希臘和羅馬時期，爾後各自發展一套論述，哲學思想與古代醫學兩大理 論系統，共同形塑十六、十七世紀歐洲笑的觀念與情緒表達的方式。 / In the Renaissance, humanists concerned about issues regarding mankind, which is reflected on aspects of life including religion, literature, music, and arts, etc. This far-reaching influence even touches the emotional and psychological facets, representing a transformational process of thoughts from heaven to the mundane world. As a basic emotional expression, laughter has always been indispensable in the discussion on thoughts in the contemporary era. At that time, because of their appreciation for classical culture, many well-known thinkers re-examined the works of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. They then contacted the important issues of ancient Greece and Rome: whether laughter and joy in the comedy conformed to ethics; hence dialectic about the appropriateness of laughter began. For instance, one of the chapters in The Passions of the Soul, namely “Laughter”, Juan Luis Vives talked about his viewpoints of laughter and joy, which, between the lines, apparently followed the classicism. In the same period, a French doctor, Laurent Joubert, published a medical book titled Treatise of Laughter in 1579, emphasizing the curative effect of laughter and suggested that through this behavior people could treat their mental disorders and keep themselves healthy, physically and emotionally. However, as cultural historians revealed, in general, the content of constraints on laughing to one’s heart had commonly existed in the society. Overall, under the classical system, discourses on laughter in the Renaissance flourished, and the principles underlying different arguments lied on the reasons pertaining to the causes of the external behavior of laughter. This question influenced the later development of European thoughts, and formed the theoretical basis of psychology. Thus, what are the similarities and differences among various schools? How had their discourses developed? Are the medical discourses on laughter in the late Renaissance Europe continuous or discontinuous? In addition, what caused the transformation? The thesis tries to analyze the accounts of intellectuals in the late Renaissance Europe to figure out the historical developments and answer the questions above. This thesis has four chapters. The first chapter investigates the attitudes of the philosophers and humanists in ancient Greece and Rome towards laughter, and provides an introduction to the classical medical theory for understanding the historical context behind the emotional concepts of the intellectuals in the late Renaissance Europe. The second chapter focus on analyzing Vives’s and Joubert’s ideas on laughter. In addition, this chapter describes Christian interpretation of laughter and the development of medicine in the Middle Age. Chapter Three expounds the medical discourses on laughter in the seventeenth century, and will give an in-depth discussion on the contemporary medical literature to illustrate how doctors explained the cause of laughter through anatomy and how they, based on the ancient medical theory on Humourism, analyzed laughter by combining the external factors and the internal operation in the body. Chapter Four sums up the thesis. Based on the previous three chapters, all the theories of the humanists and doctors derived from ancient Greece and Rome, and developed into two main theoretical systems, philosophy and medical science, respectively. Together they shaped the concept of laughter and emotional expressions in the sixteenth and seventeenth century Europe.