O solfejo, em seu conceito mais amplo, é uma técnica usual no processo de ensinoaprendizagem musical, o qual envolve a realização vocal de melodias, considerando as alturas e as durações dos sons musicais registrados em partitura, devidamente associado à marcação de compassos por intermédio de gestos que definem a estrutura métrica e o andamento da peça musical. Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem audiovisual para avaliação automática dessa prática de estudo pertinente à leitura e à estruturação musicais. O sistema proposto é dividido em três partes. A primeira efetua o reconhecimento visual dos gestos de marcação de compassos realizados pela mão, por intermédio de um classificador probabilístico. Um processo de alinhamento temporal garante o reconhecimento dos padrões de movimento mesmo em casos com variação de andamento, permitindo também a avaliação da precisão rítmica do aluno, quando comparado com um referencial metronômico. A segunda parte deste sistema obtém a transcrição melódica do canto a partir da análise do respectivo sinal de áudio. Os fragmentos melódicos detectados são agrupados e mapeados em relação às notas da partitura do exercício de solfejo, permitindo uma avaliação direta nota-a-nota da performance do canto. Por fim, a terceira parte do sistema proposto faz a integração entre o gesto de marcação de compassos e a transcrição melódica. Nesse caso, o gesto atua como um metrônomo, controlando o fluxo temporal. Assim, a avaliação nota-a-nota do solfejo pode ser empregada também em casos onde exista grande variação no andamento da peça. Tanto o processo de avaliação do gesto de marcação de compassos quanto a avaliação do canto são obtidos por intermédio de um classificador Bayesiano gerado a partir de avaliações reais, feitas por especialistas em música. Dessa forma, o sistema desenvolvido efetua o mapeamento advindo da opinião de especialistas humanos em um sistema de avaliação automática de solfejo executado por máquina, que é capaz de identificar as notas musicais cantadas pelo aluno em cada instante métrico determinado, devidamente conduzido pelo gesto, sem a necessidade de sincronização por um metrônomo ou manutenção de um andamento fixo. / Solfége is a general technique used in the music learning process, which involves the vocal performance of melodies, regarding the time and duration of musical sounds as specified in the music score, properly associated the meter-mimicking performed by the hand movement. This thesis presents an audiovisual approach for automatic assessment of this relevant musical study practice. The proposed system is divided into three parts. First, a probabilistic classifier recognizes the musical metric patterns drawn by the hand movement. A time alignment process assures the proper recognition of the movement patterns even in cases where there are changes in the musical tempo. Also, this process allows to estimate the accuracy of the rhythmic performance. In the second part of this work, audio analysis is applied to achieve the melodic transcription of the sung notes. The detected melodic fragments are then grouped and mapped into single notes, which are connected to their related notes on the music score of the solfège exercise. This mapping procedure allows the direct assessment (note by note) of the singing performance, even if there are slight discrepancies between the transcribed notes and the music score. Finally, the last part of the proposed system combines the gesture of meter-mimicking (video information) with the melodic transcription (audio information), where the hand movement works as a metronome, controlling the time flow (tempo) of the musical piece. Thus, the meter-mimicking is used to align the music score (ground truth) with the sung melody, allowing the assessment even in time dynamic scenarios. Both meter-mimicking and sung notes are evaluated by a set of Bayesian classifiers that were generated from real evaluations done by experts listeners. In this way, the developed model performs the mapping of the point of view from human experts into an automatic system which is able to make the solfege assessment, regarding the pitch, onset and duration of the music notes, without the need for external synchronization with a metronome or the maintenance of a fixed tempo.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo analítico dos elementos melódicos e gestuais presentes em Notas Soltas (1978) para flauta transversal solo e Notas Irresponsáveis (1986/87) para trio de flautas transversais de Bruno Kiefer. O livro Introduction to Post-Tonal Theory de Joseph Straus é utilizado como referencial teórico para a abordagem melódica. Buscamos identificar quais são os padrões de escrita empregados pelo compositor e procurar relações entre as duas peças. Utilizamos o catálogo de Gestos Musicais apresentados por Luciane Cardassi em A música de Bruno Kiefer : "terra", "vento", "horizonte" e a poesia de Carlos Nejar. Através dos resultados dessas análises, procuramos entender como se dá a escrita idiomática do compositor, bem como encontrar traços em comum entre repertório escolhido para essa pesquisa e obras de Kiefer investigadas por outros autores. / The purpose of this work is to present an analytical study of the melodic elements and gestures in Bruno Kiefer’s pieces entitled Notas Soltas (1978) for solo flute and Notas Irresponsáveis (1986/87) for flute trio. The theoretical framework for the melodic approach is based on Joseph Straus’ Introduction to Post-Tonal Theory. The aim has been to identify the musical patterns employed by the composer and their relationship in both works. The catalogue of Musical Gestures compiled by Luciane Cardassi in A música de Bruno Kiefer: "terra", "vento", "horizonte" e a poesia de Carlos Nejar was also used. Through the analyses of these two works it was possible to understand the idiomatic character of Kiefer’s style, while finding common traces in other works by the same composer.

O solfejo, em seu conceito mais amplo, é uma técnica usual no processo de ensinoaprendizagem musical, o qual envolve a realização vocal de melodias, considerando as alturas e as durações dos sons musicais registrados em partitura, devidamente associado à marcação de compassos por intermédio de gestos que definem a estrutura métrica e o andamento da peça musical. Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem audiovisual para avaliação automática dessa prática de estudo pertinente à leitura e à estruturação musicais. O sistema proposto é dividido em três partes. A primeira efetua o reconhecimento visual dos gestos de marcação de compassos realizados pela mão, por intermédio de um classificador probabilístico. Um processo de alinhamento temporal garante o reconhecimento dos padrões de movimento mesmo em casos com variação de andamento, permitindo também a avaliação da precisão rítmica do aluno, quando comparado com um referencial metronômico. A segunda parte deste sistema obtém a transcrição melódica do canto a partir da análise do respectivo sinal de áudio. Os fragmentos melódicos detectados são agrupados e mapeados em relação às notas da partitura do exercício de solfejo, permitindo uma avaliação direta nota-a-nota da performance do canto. Por fim, a terceira parte do sistema proposto faz a integração entre o gesto de marcação de compassos e a transcrição melódica. Nesse caso, o gesto atua como um metrônomo, controlando o fluxo temporal. Assim, a avaliação nota-a-nota do solfejo pode ser empregada também em casos onde exista grande variação no andamento da peça. Tanto o processo de avaliação do gesto de marcação de compassos quanto a avaliação do canto são obtidos por intermédio de um classificador Bayesiano gerado a partir de avaliações reais, feitas por especialistas em música. Dessa forma, o sistema desenvolvido efetua o mapeamento advindo da opinião de especialistas humanos em um sistema de avaliação automática de solfejo executado por máquina, que é capaz de identificar as notas musicais cantadas pelo aluno em cada instante métrico determinado, devidamente conduzido pelo gesto, sem a necessidade de sincronização por um metrônomo ou manutenção de um andamento fixo. / Solfége is a general technique used in the music learning process, which involves the vocal performance of melodies, regarding the time and duration of musical sounds as specified in the music score, properly associated the meter-mimicking performed by the hand movement. This thesis presents an audiovisual approach for automatic assessment of this relevant musical study practice. The proposed system is divided into three parts. First, a probabilistic classifier recognizes the musical metric patterns drawn by the hand movement. A time alignment process assures the proper recognition of the movement patterns even in cases where there are changes in the musical tempo. Also, this process allows to estimate the accuracy of the rhythmic performance. In the second part of this work, audio analysis is applied to achieve the melodic transcription of the sung notes. The detected melodic fragments are then grouped and mapped into single notes, which are connected to their related notes on the music score of the solfège exercise. This mapping procedure allows the direct assessment (note by note) of the singing performance, even if there are slight discrepancies between the transcribed notes and the music score. Finally, the last part of the proposed system combines the gesture of meter-mimicking (video information) with the melodic transcription (audio information), where the hand movement works as a metronome, controlling the time flow (tempo) of the musical piece. Thus, the meter-mimicking is used to align the music score (ground truth) with the sung melody, allowing the assessment even in time dynamic scenarios. Both meter-mimicking and sung notes are evaluated by a set of Bayesian classifiers that were generated from real evaluations done by experts listeners. In this way, the developed model performs the mapping of the point of view from human experts into an automatic system which is able to make the solfege assessment, regarding the pitch, onset and duration of the music notes, without the need for external synchronization with a metronome or the maintenance of a fixed tempo.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo analítico dos elementos melódicos e gestuais presentes em Notas Soltas (1978) para flauta transversal solo e Notas Irresponsáveis (1986/87) para trio de flautas transversais de Bruno Kiefer. O livro Introduction to Post-Tonal Theory de Joseph Straus é utilizado como referencial teórico para a abordagem melódica. Buscamos identificar quais são os padrões de escrita empregados pelo compositor e procurar relações entre as duas peças. Utilizamos o catálogo de Gestos Musicais apresentados por Luciane Cardassi em A música de Bruno Kiefer : "terra", "vento", "horizonte" e a poesia de Carlos Nejar. Através dos resultados dessas análises, procuramos entender como se dá a escrita idiomática do compositor, bem como encontrar traços em comum entre repertório escolhido para essa pesquisa e obras de Kiefer investigadas por outros autores. / The purpose of this work is to present an analytical study of the melodic elements and gestures in Bruno Kiefer’s pieces entitled Notas Soltas (1978) for solo flute and Notas Irresponsáveis (1986/87) for flute trio. The theoretical framework for the melodic approach is based on Joseph Straus’ Introduction to Post-Tonal Theory. The aim has been to identify the musical patterns employed by the composer and their relationship in both works. The catalogue of Musical Gestures compiled by Luciane Cardassi in A música de Bruno Kiefer: "terra", "vento", "horizonte" e a poesia de Carlos Nejar was also used. Through the analyses of these two works it was possible to understand the idiomatic character of Kiefer’s style, while finding common traces in other works by the same composer.

This interdisciplinary study examines a collection of chants intrinsically connected to the larger body of Western Chant: the psallendae. These chants of the Ambrosian rite, the form of Christian worship proper to the archdiocese of Milan, were sung during religious processions. With over 700 psallendae assigned to the Church calendar, this study examines only those assigned to feast days of the Virgin Mary, and in doing so, reveals a rich history of devotion to her. The primary sources examined are thirteenth-century manuscripts and medieval liturgical manuals. The processional chants are subjected to a thorough literary and musical analysis. Rooted in François-Auguste Gevaert's thematic theory, and using tools of reticular and stemmatic analysis, the psallendae are grouped according to melodic profile. Each group is then reduced to a core melodic theme, which, when juxtaposed with the ancient practice of religious processions, makes a compelling argument for the psallendae as among the oldest Christian chants.

Klangfarbenmelodien is a term first mentioned by Schoenberg in his Harmonielehre (1911) in a discussion suggesting the idea of tone colors as a structural element equal to other musical components such as harmony, rhythm, pitch, and dynamics. The intent of this study is to investigate significant influences that led to Webern's adoption and application of Klangrfarben techniques in the Symphony, op. 21, first movement. Webern's expression of Klangfarbenmelodien was his method of dispersing melodic lines and the manipulation of a wide gamut of varying tone colors. A brief biography is included in the paper and Webern's professional career as a conductor is viewed and considered as to its affect on the creation of the Symphony with emphasis on his relationship with Schoenberg and the Society for Private Musical Performance. The genesis of the Symphony and its early performance history is examined, as well as the structure of op. 21 with specific examples of Klangrfarbenmelodien. These techniques include the presentation of melodic lines in terms of octave register, timbre, dynamics, articulation, durations, rhythm, and instrumentation.

The aim of this study is to identify the main differences in compositional style in selected chamber music works by Hendrik Hofmeyr (Sonata per Flauto e Pianoforte, Sonata per Clarinetto e Pianoforte and Sonata per Violoncello e Pianoforte) and Alexander Johnson (Imicabango for flute and piano, Three Incantations for flute, clarinet and piano, and Khalagari for flute and piano). After a thorough analysis of the melodic-, harmonic-, rhythmic-, and structural elements, it was clear that the two composers’ composition style is different from one another. Differences can be identified under the following main points: form structure, melodic and harmonic content, recurring motives and texture. Hofmeyr makes use of traditional form structures, such as sonata form, ternary form, and theme and variations. Johnson does not use traditional form structures and makes use of free form structures, such as: A1-A2-A3-A4-A5- A6-A7 (second movement from Khalagari), ABABC (third movement from Three Incantations), and A1-A2-B-A3-closing section (first movement from Three Incantations). The first movement from Khalagari is the only movement where references to sonata form can be found. Hofmeyr uses existing modes and scales in his works. Both his Sonata per Flauto e Pianoforte and Sonata per Violoncello e Pianoforte contain numerous examples where he makes use of the octatonic scale and the phrygian mode. Examples of the hexatonic scale can be found in the first and second movements of the Sonata per Clarinetto e Pianoforte. Hofmeyr’s chord structures are also based on these scales and modes. Alexander Johnson does not use any of the above-mentioned scales, but rather makes use of his own scale (labeled as the “Johnson-scale” in this study). His chord structures are also based on this scale. Hofmeyr does not use themes and motives from other compositions in the three works in this study. He does however combine themes from earlier movements within a composition. Examples of this can be found in the third movements from Sonata per Flauto e Pianoforte and Sonata per Clarinetto e Pianoforte. Johnson combines motives and themes from other compositions in his works. Motives from Three Incantations can be found in Khalagari. A detailed summary can be found in the conclusion of this study. / Thesis (DMus)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Music / DMus / Unrestricted

Der Beitrag beschreibt ein laufendes Projekt zur computergestützten Erschließung und Analyse einer großen Sammlung handschriftlicher Liedblätter mit Volksliedern aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum. Am Beispiel dieses praktischen Projekts werden Chancen und Herausforderungen diskutiert, die der Einsatz von Digital Humanities-Methoden für den Bereich der Musikwissenschaft mit sich bringt. / This article presents an ongoing project for the computer-based transcription and analysis of handwritten music scores from a large collection of German folk tunes. Based on this project, I will discuss the challenges and opportunities that arise when using Digital Humanities methods in musicology.

Title: The issue of musicality in gymnastics programs at UK FTVS Objectives: Qualify changes in the level of musicality on students due to the intervention program of subjects Rhythmic gymnastics, Gymnastics I - Dance and Adapted movement and dance pedagogy at UK FTVS and present results of testing. Methods: In my thesis I mostly used analytic and synthetic method based on consolidation of data from written and video sources and their organization in content of my thesis and context of time period. The thesis also used an experimental method associated with data collection and their evaluation. The practical part is conceived as testing. Results: Description of the musicality test results. Keywords: Musicality, height of tones, melodic memory, harmonies, rhythmic memory, A. Bentley.

Cette thèse propose une réflexion sur le développement du sens musical de l’enfant tunisien de 6 à 13 ans dans le contexte musical particulier du XXIème siècle. La problématique de base est de savoir si la culture musicale tunisienne qui repose principalement sur une esthétique modale arabe favorise le développement d’un ensemble d’habitudes d’écoutes chez l’enfant tunisien en rapport avec le système modal arabe. Peut-on alors postuler l’existence d’un éventuel « sens modal » chez l’enfant tunisien qui se développe progressivement de 6 à 13 ans et qui favorise l’acquisition des éléments caractéristiques du système modal tels que les intervalles spécifiques à la gamme arabe, la hiérarchie modale et les formules-types spécifiques à un mode ? Dans son aspect théorique, cette étude qui revêt une dimension psychologique passe en revue l’ensemble de travaux en psychologie de la musique et en psychologie du développement musical qui se sont intéressés à l’étude de la perception musicale en général et à la perception de la tonalité en particulier. Dans son aspect pratique, elle reprend un principe d’expérience effectué par Le Professeur Imberty dans son étude de l‘acquisition des structures tonales chez l’enfant occidental. Cette expérience qui a été réadaptée au contexte de la musique modale repose sur l’idée de la succession de trois épreuves : une première épreuve de mémorisation immédiate, une deuxième épreuve d’achèvement mélodique et une troisième épreuve de production vocale. Mots clefs : Développement musical - sens musical- système modal arabe - enfant tunisien- mémorisation- achèvement mélodique – production vocale / The present thesis offers a reflection on the development of 6-to-13 year-old Tunisian children’s musical awareness in the musical context of the XXI century. The basic argument here is whether the Tunisian musical culture that resides primarily in Arabic modal aesthetical system promotes the development of some listening habits among Tunisian children. Also postulated is the development of a modal awareness among the of 6-to-13 years old Tunisian children which boosts the acquisition of particular features of the modal system such as the specific intervals in the range Arab modal scale, the modal hierarchy, and standard formulas specific to a given mode. In its theoretical aspect, this study holds a psychological dimension in its review of literature attendant to the disciplines of psychology of music and musical developmental psychology which are concerned with the study of musical perception in general and the perception of tone in particular. In its practical aspect, the study draws on experimental model advanced by Professor Imberty in his account of the acquisition of the tonal structure among the Western children. The experimental procedure here has been adapted to the context of modal music which is based on the idea of three successive testing episodes related to the working memory, melodic attainment, and melodic vocal production.Keywords: Musical development - musical awareness - Arabic modal system - Tunisian children - memory - melodic attainment - vocal production