No description available.

Traditional design theories have focused on technical functions and more or less disregard a product’s user involvement. The existing methods of ergonomic designare mostly intended for analysis activities. There is a need for new dynamic methods that focus on user-product interactions. The aim of this research work is to develop design methods for user-product interactions, which should support synthesis activities in early product development phases. An observation study and a questionnaire survey were carried out in order to investigate product developers’ work and relation to the users for providing background information about the research problem. Furthermore, student projects in product development were followed, giving essential input. After the theories and methods were developed, a retrospective interview study was carried out in order to confirm the need for the developed methods. The studies showed, for instance, that companies use few formal methods and almost none of these are directed towards the user. It is also indicated that the product developers’ contact with users decreases with increasing company size. Few companies have a defined procedure for defining their intended users. Six methods are developed. They embrace three ways of classifying the users and their relations to products and other users (User identification, Use profile and User relations), an analysis of the users’ Activities, goals and motives behind their use of the product, a scenario technique (User-technical process scenario, UTPS), which shows the user process in parallel with the technical process, and a hierarchical decomposition of technical functions and user actions, which is named the Functionaction tree (FAT). All the methods, apart from FAT, were tested in real product development teams. All the tested methods stimulate communication between the group members of various competencies in the design group. Most of the methods are easy to apply and are valuable for understanding the design problem. The UTPS is also useful for comparing design solutions and generates new ideas about the design task. The other tested methods did not generate many new ideas, but the reason is probably that they were mainly tested on products that are already on the market. Thus, the methods are most valuable in the early design stages, when trying out a product idea or a concept. / QC 20100618

The study substantiates common strategies and theories regarding the teaching of sight-reading. The literature study done on sight-reading at the keyboard consists of opinions and recommendations resulting from empirical findings of well-known piano pedagogues. Seven beginner courses were analysed in order to assess their presentation of a well-structured development of piano sight-reading against the opinions and recommendations of well-known piano pedagogues and authors in this field as well as the personal experience of the researcher. During this process it was discovered that insufficient attention was paid to the development of the association between a note symbol and its corresponding key on the piano. However no attention was paid to the act of playing while reading ahead. The researcher compiled additional progressive exercises for the 7 to 9 year old beginner, to address the above-mentioned discrepancies. The exercises and their individual purposes are clearly explained with instructions regarding their performance. / Hierdie studie bevestig algemene strategieë en teorieë aangaande die ontwikkeling van vaardighede om musieknotasie te lees en te speel. Die literatuur wat in hierdie studie bestudeer is, handel oor opinies en aanbevelings van vooraanstaande klavierpedagoë wat voortspruit uit die resultate van hulle empiriese navorsing. Sewe aanvangskursusse is ontleed en die aktiwiteite en metodes waarvolgens vaardighede onderrig word om musieknotasie te leer lees en speel, is gemeet aan die aanbevelings van vooraanstaande klavierpedagoë, navorsers op die gebied, asook die navorser se eie ervaring met die boeke. Gedurende die studie is daar ontdek dat daar meesal nie aandag geskenk word aan die ontwikkeling van 'n assosiasie tussen 'n toonhoogtesimbool en ooreenstemmende klawer op die klavier nie en glad nie aan die proses van vooruitlees nie. Om hierdie tekortkominge te oorkom het die navorser 'n stel aanvullende en progressiewe oefeninge saamgestel wat maklik genoeg uitvoerbaar is vir die 7- tot 9-jarige beginner. Duidelike beskrywings van die oefeninge, elkeen se spesifieke doel, en aanwysings vir effektiewe uitvoering daarvan word verskaf. / Art History, Visual Arts & Music / M.A. (Musicology)

La version intégrale de cette thèse est disponible uniquement pour consultation individuelle à la Bibliothèque de musique de l’Université de Montréal (www.bib.umontreal.ca/MU) / Cette recherche propose la description panoramique du style mélodique du compositeur québécois Claude Vivier (1948-1983) d’un point de vue qualifié d’endogénétique. L’entreprise repose sur l’analyse de seize (16) œuvres, composées entre 1973 et 1982 et allant de Chants à Samarkand. Il s’agit, en les considérant dans l'ordre chronologique de leur composition, de déterminer quels traits stylistiques mélodiques sont propres à chacune des œuvres, comment ils sont transformés d’une œuvre à l’autre, et quels traits stylistiques nouveaux apparaissent. Dans certains cas, une de ces caractéristiques est utilisée comme moteur unique d'une œuvre : un élément utilisé parmi d'autres dans certaines œuvres – la mélodie principale, la construction mélodique par ajouts de hauteurs, les accords-couleurs – apparaît comme l’élément principal d'une œuvre spécifique, pour ensuite être réintégré dans une autre, mais en étant ramené à un rôle secondaire au profit d'un autre élément. L’ensemble donne lieu à une description dynamique du style de Vivier comme évoluant de façon hélicoïdale plutôt que de façon linéaire. La thèse est constituée de trois chapitres précédés d'une introduction, consacrée au parcours biographique du compositeur, à la revue critique de la littérature analytique qui lui a été consacrée et à la notion de style. Le premier chapitre présente le choix des œuvres analysées et la méthodologie suivie, en particulier les principes de l'analyse paradigmatique, utilisée systématiquement pour chacune des seize œuvres analysées. Les parcours analytiques des œuvres forment le chapitre central de la thèse et permettent la constitution de fiches stylistiques dont les résultats sont compilés dans un tableau synthèse servant de base à un chapitre final où l’évolution endogénétique du style mélodique de Vivier est synthétisée. La seconde partie de la thèse présente en annexe les analyses paradigmatiques des seize œuvres, auxquelles renvoient les parcours analytiques du deuxième chapitre. Cette recherche a notamment démontré des similitudes d'axes paradigmatiques entre les œuvres, ce qui a donné lieu à une dénomination uniforme des axes d'une œuvre à l'autre ; ils sont décrits avec précision au début du second chapitre. Bien que la méthodologie utilisée donne une importance première au paramètre mélodique, les autres paramètres musicaux sont également mis en lumière dans les parcours analytiques. / This research proposes the panoramic description of the musical melodic style of Quebec composer Claude Vivier (1948-1983) from a perspective identified as endogenetic. The endeavour is based on the analysis of sixteen (16) works composed between 1973 and 1982, from Chants to Samarkand. This entails considering them in their chronological order of composition, so as to determine which stylistic traits are present in each work, how these are transformed from one work to the next, and what new stylistic melodic traits appear. In some cases, a single trait is used to propel an entire work: thus, an element that is one among many in certain works–the mélodie principale (principal melody), additive melodic construction based on pitch, accords-couleurs (colour-chords)–appears as the principal element of a particular work, to then be reintegrated into a subsequent work, this time in a subordinate role to some other element. Taken as a whole, these analyses lead to a dynamic description of Vivier’s style as having evolved in spirals rather than in a linear fashion. This dissertation is comprised of three chapters preceded by an introduction that is dedicated to the biographical elements of Vivier’s life, to a review of analytical literature devoted to the composer, and to a discussion of style as a concept. Chapter One presents the selection process of the works chosen for analysis and the methodology applied, in particular the fundamentals of paradigmatic analysis, used systematically for each of the sixteen works analyzed. The analytical overview for each of the works forms the core of the central chapter of the dissertation, facilitating the production of style index cards whose results are compiled in a summary chart that provides the foundation for the final chapter, where a synthesis of the endogenetic evolution of Vivier’s melodic style is presented. In the second part of the dissertation, an annex contains the paradigmatic analyses of all sixteen works, as referred to in Chapter Two during discussion of the analytical overview. In particular, this research has demonstrated the presence of similar paradigmatic axes between works, which has resulted in a standardization of the naming structure of these axes from one work to another; these are explained in detail at the beginning of the second chapter. Although the chosen methodology allots particular importance to the melodic parameter, the other musical parameters are also brought to light during the analytical overviews.

The study substantiates common strategies and theories regarding the teaching of sight-reading. The literature study done on sight-reading at the keyboard consists of opinions and recommendations resulting from empirical findings of well-known piano pedagogues. Seven beginner courses were analysed in order to assess their presentation of a well-structured development of piano sight-reading against the opinions and recommendations of well-known piano pedagogues and authors in this field as well as the personal experience of the researcher. During this process it was discovered that insufficient attention was paid to the development of the association between a note symbol and its corresponding key on the piano. However no attention was paid to the act of playing while reading ahead. The researcher compiled additional progressive exercises for the 7 to 9 year old beginner, to address the above-mentioned discrepancies. The exercises and their individual purposes are clearly explained with instructions regarding their performance. / Hierdie studie bevestig algemene strategieë en teorieë aangaande die ontwikkeling van vaardighede om musieknotasie te lees en te speel. Die literatuur wat in hierdie studie bestudeer is, handel oor opinies en aanbevelings van vooraanstaande klavierpedagoë wat voortspruit uit die resultate van hulle empiriese navorsing. Sewe aanvangskursusse is ontleed en die aktiwiteite en metodes waarvolgens vaardighede onderrig word om musieknotasie te leer lees en speel, is gemeet aan die aanbevelings van vooraanstaande klavierpedagoë, navorsers op die gebied, asook die navorser se eie ervaring met die boeke. Gedurende die studie is daar ontdek dat daar meesal nie aandag geskenk word aan die ontwikkeling van 'n assosiasie tussen 'n toonhoogtesimbool en ooreenstemmende klawer op die klavier nie en glad nie aan die proses van vooruitlees nie. Om hierdie tekortkominge te oorkom het die navorser 'n stel aanvullende en progressiewe oefeninge saamgestel wat maklik genoeg uitvoerbaar is vir die 7- tot 9-jarige beginner. Duidelike beskrywings van die oefeninge, elkeen se spesifieke doel, en aanwysings vir effektiewe uitvoering daarvan word verskaf. / Art History, Visual Arts and Music / M.A. (Musicology)

This study investigates how different guitarists introduced saxophone-like phrasing into the improvisatory and compositional vocabulary of jazz guitar through their collaborations with saxophonists. This research presents a comparative analysis of phrasing, articulation, and melodic design in solo improvisations. The mixed approach to this study includes analysis of motives, voice leading, articulation, length of phrases, melodic contour, and the execution of bebop vocabulary on the guitar. The findings are based on original transcriptions from significant recordings by guitar-saxophone pairs. These highlight the similarities between and adaptations of musical devices from saxophonists Stan Getz, Jimmy Giuffre, and Joe Lovano into the jazz guitar styles of Jimmy Raney, Jim Hall, and John Scofield. This study supports the argument that the evolution of modern jazz guitar playing is directly connected to the adaptation of saxophone-like phrasing at an improvisatory and compositional level. It also shows that the concept of style in jazz flows between different instruments' lineages. Understanding these findings provides a more complex and accurate concept of the development of style in jazz.

Nicolaus Bruhns (1665-1697) fut organiste à la Marienkirche de Husum (Schleswig-Holstein), et Kapellmeister au service des ducs de Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf. Si nous ne possédons aujourd’hui qu’une poignée de ses pièces pour orgue (quatre praeludia et un choral-fantaisie), nous pouvons apprécier l’ingéniosité de cet auteur à travers sa production d’œuvres sacrées, douze cantates où règne une énergie comparable à celle de son professeur Dietrich Buxtehude.Soucieux de mieux cerner les enjeux de l’identité créatrice, nous proposerons une approche contradictoire, fondée sur deux conceptions opposées de l’œuvre d’art : elle est par voie de conséquence le produit d’une culture (parce qu’elle est liée au contexte artistique qui la précède, au regard des éléments qui la constituent et qui sont facilement identifiables dans les œuvres du passé, toute œuvre peut être perçue et pensée comme une synthèse de différents modèles, une forme d’aboutissement culturel), mais aussi le fruit d’une individualité (une œuvre d’art est une élaboration unique, indépendante de toute autre production, au regard des facteurs d’unité qui la structurent ; toute œuvre peut alors être perçue et pensée comme une entité autonome).Cette étude nous permettra de mettre à jour un soubassement de l’activité psychique : l’estimation de la distance entre le fixe et le muable. / Nicolaus Bruhns (1665-1697) was an organist at the Marienkirche in Husum (Schleswig-Holstein), and Kapellmeister to the dukes of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorf. If we own today only a handful of his pieces for organ (four praeludia and a chorale-fantasia), we can appreciate the cleverness of this author through his production of sacred works, twelve cantatas where the energy which appears is similar to that of his professor Dietrich Buxtehude.With the concern to better define the stakes of creative identity, we shall put forward a contradictory approach based on two opposite conceptions of the work of art : it is in essence the product of a culture (since it is linked to the artistic context which precedes it, according to the elements which constitute it and which are easily identifiable in the works of the past, any work can be perceived and thought as a synthesis of various models, a form of cultural achievement), but also the result of individuality (a work of art is a unique construction, independent from any other production according to the factors of unity which structure it ; any work may then be perceived and thought as an autonomous entity).This study will enable us to bring to light a basis of the psychic activity : the appraisal of the distance between the fixed and the changing.

Text in English with abstracts in English, isiZulu and Xhosa / Page numbering of table of contents inconsistent with dissertation. Appendix A : Full transcription only of Tip toe by Lacey May / What is it about the vocal melodies of popular music that make you want to listen again and again? This music-theoretical study applies principles of Gestalt psychology and theories of expectation to a study of melodic hooks in 21st-century popular music. The hypothesis tested here is that melodic hooks are a vital element in “catchiness”. Transcription and analysis of melodies by major recording artists is used to explore the note-to-note basis for melodic hooks. The analysis of recordings by Adele, Carly Rae Jepsen, Pharrell Williams and Robin Thicke shows how factors of repetition, familiarity, simplicity, resolution, ambiguity of key, and expectation all contribute to the sense of catchiness in music. A listener-response study was used to test the experience of catchiness in the case studies, and corroborates the hypothesis that catchiness depends principally on expectation as an overarching factor. The study also uses auto-ethnographic reflection on the practice of song-writing to give insight into strategies for creating catchy popular songs. The experience of composing a pop song, and releasing it on air, provides unique insight into the artistic process. The results of all these studies show that the perceptual principle of expectation is a crucial factor in the experience of catchiness. / Ingabe yini eyenza iminkenenezo yomculo odumile ikukhange futhi ikuhehe ufise ukuwulalela kaninginingi? Lolu cwaningo lwethiyori yomculo lusebenzisa imigomo ye-Gestalt psychology kanye namathiyori alokho okulindelekile (theories of expectation) ukucubungula nokuhlaziya amavesi eminkenenezo emnandi futhi ekhangayo yomculo odumile wekhulunyaka lama-21. Ihayiphothesisi ehlolwayo lapha wukuthi amavesi eminkenenezo emnandi futhi ekhangayo ayingxenye esemqoka kakhulu “ekukhangeni” komculo. Ukubhalwa nokuhlaziywa kweminkenenezo yabaculi abayizikhondlakhondla abaqopha umculo kuyasetshenziswa kulolu cwaningo ukucubungula inothi nenothi levesi lomnkenenezo omnandi futhi okhangayo. Ukuhlaziywa komculo oqoshiwe ka-Adele, Carly Rae Jepsen, Pharrell Williams kanye no-Robin Thicke kuyabonisa ukuthi izinto ezinjengokuphindaphinda, ukujwayeleka komculo othile, ubulula bomculo, ukuguquka kwenothi lomculo libe ngumnkenenezo ohlabahlosile (resolution), ukungaqondakali nokungaqiniseki ngokhiye womculo (ambiguity of key), kanye nalokho okulindelekile, konke kuyizinto ezilekelelayo futhi ezifaka isandla ekukhangeni komnkenenezo womculo. Ucwaningo lwendlela abazizwa ngayo abalaleli bomculo lwasetshenziswa ukuhlola ukuthi bakhangekile yini labo balaleli bomculo, kwizincwaningo-zigameko zokulalelwa komculo, futhi lolu cwaningo lwasekela lwaphinda lwaqinisekisa ihayiphothesisi ethi ukukhanga komnkenenezo womculo kuncike ikakhulukazi kulokho okulindelwe ngumlaleli womculo njengombandela-ngqangi wokuheheka nokukhangeka kwakhe. Ucwaningo lusebenzisa futhi nokuzibandakanya komcwaningi (auto-ethnographic reflection) enqubweni yokubhalwa kwamaculo ukuze athole ulwazi olunzulu futhi aqondisise kahle amaqhingasu okuqamba izingoma ezidumile ezinomnkenenezo omnandi futhi okhangayo. Ukuzibandakanya enqubweni yokuqamba ingoma yomculo we-pop, kanye nokuyikhipha ukuze idlalwe emisakazweni, kuhlinzeka ngethuba eliyingqayizivele lokuqonda ngokujulile inqubo yokwenza umculo. Imiphumela yazo zonke lezi zincwaningo iyabonisa ukuthi umgomo wendlela-kuhumusha izinto ngokwalokho okulindelekile wumgomo osemqoka kakhulu ekufikelweni komuntu ngumuzwa wokukhangwa nokuhehwa ngumnkenenezo. / Zingantoni izandi ezimnandi zokuvuma ezivakalayo zomculo odumileyo okubangela ufune ukuwuphulaphula njalo njalo? Olu phononongo lomculo ngokwenkcazelo eyingcingane lusebenzisa imigaqo-siseko yemeko yengqondo iGestalt (Gestalt psychology) kunye neengcingane (theories) zokulindelweyo kufundo lwezandi ezinomtsalane okubambayo kumculo wenkulungwane yama-21 Ulwazi oluyingcamango engenabungqina oluhlolwe apha kukuba izandi ezimnandi zokuvuma ingoma ziyinto ebalulekileyo "ekubambeni lula". Ukubhalwa kunye nohlalutyo lweengoma ezenziwa ngabaculi abaphambili bokushicilela kusetyenziselwa ukuphonononga isiseko senowuthi ukusuka kwenye ukuya kwenye inowuthi ngokwezibambo zokuvakala kwezandi. Uhlalutyo lokushicilela luka-Adele, Carly Rae Jepsen, Pharrell Williams kunye noRobin Thicke kubonisa indlela izinto eziphindaphindwayo, zokuqheleka, zobulula, ukusombulula, nobumbolombini kwikhi kunye nokulindelweyo konke kunegalelo kumba wokutsalwa ubanmbeke emculweni. Uphononongo lokusabela komphulaphuli lwasetyenziswa ukuvavanya amava okufumana ifuthe lomtsalane kwizifundo zabucala, kwaye zihambelana nengcinga yokuba ukubamba kuxhomekeka ikakhulu kulindelo njengeyona nto iphambili. Olu phononongo lukwasebenzisa imbonakalo ezenzekelayo kwinkcazo yenzululwazi ngeentlanga kumsebenzi wokubhalwa kwengoma ukunika ukuqonda ngeendlela zokuyila ingoma ezimnandi ezidumileyo. Amava okuqamba ingoma ye-pop, kunye nokuyikhupha emoyeni, inika ingqiqo eyahlukileyo kwinkqubo yobugcisa. Iziphumo zazo zonke ezi zifundo zibonisa ukuba umgaqo-siseko wengcingane yokulindelweyo luphawu olubalulekileyo kakhulu kumava okubamba. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / M. Mus. (Musicology)