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An Extended Mental Accounting Model for Green Last Mile DeliveryFilipsson, Hampus, Gustafsson, Victor January 2021 (has links)
Background. Several technologies are being developed to reduce emissions to make the transportsector greener. Extensive research has been conducted on the supply side of these technologies, but not as much on the demand side. Objectives. The purpose of the study is to analyze end consumers’ preferences for green last mile delivery. Electric roads are used to represent green technologies. The purpose is examined by investigating consumers’ preferences for the last mile delivery attributes delivery fee, delivery speed, delivery point and emission reduction using mental accounting. Methods. A choice-based conjoint analysis is conducted to gather data on 196 Swedish online consumers’ preferences. The choice experiment is conducted in two contexts to examine how these preferences differ between involvement in the product being transported. Data is analyzed with a Hierarchical Bayesian model. Results. The results show that consumers think emission reductions are more important than delivery fee when choosing last mile delivery. Consumers with low purchase frequency have higher preferences for emission reductions than consumers with higher purchase frequency. Also, females prefer higher rates of emission reductions relative to males when choosing last mile delivery for low involvement products, while there are no differences in the high involvement case. Preferences for the green attribute of last mile delivery do not vary between age and income groups, but preferences between these groups differ for other attributes. Conclusions. These findings indicate that consumers use an environmental responsibility account when choosing last mile delivery and that it has high importance relative to a money account but similar importance as the convenience and time accounts. Preferences are different when choosing transport for high and low involvement products and consumers with different characteristics. Implications. Firms offering last mile delivery services could use technologies to make their services greener and gain a competitive advantage since consumers prefer these green options. / Bakgrund. Flera teknologier som kan göra transportsektorn grönare genom att minska utsläpp ärunder utveckling. Tidigare forskning har främst fokuserat på utbudssidan av dessa teknologier och mindre fokus har legat på efterfrågesidan. Syfte. Denna studie har som syfte att analysera konsumenters preferenser för grön transport. Den inriktar sig specifikt på transporten från butiker eller lager till konsumenten. Elvägar används i denna studie som grön teknologi. Syftet undersöks genom att studera konsumenter preferenser för transportattributen, fraktpris, leveranstid, utlämningsplats och utsläppsminskning med hjälp av mental accounting teorin. Metod. En valbaserad conjoint-analys används för att samla in data på 196 svenska onlinekonsumenters preferenser. Valexperimentet utförs med två olika kontexter för att undersöka hur konsumenters preferenser skiljer sig beroende på hur involverade de är i produkten som ska transporteras. Data analyseras sedan med en hierarkisk bayes modell. Resultat. Resultatet visar att konsumenter anser att utsläppsminskning är viktigare än leveransprisvid val av transport. Konsumenter med låg köpfrekvens har högre preferenser för utsläppsminskning jämfört med konsumenter med högre köpfrekvens. Kvinnor har högre preferenser för utsläppsminskning jämfört med män. Denna skillnad gäller enbart vid val av transport för produkter med låg konsumentinvolvering. Det finns inga skillnader mellan olika konsumentgrupper som skapas beroendepå konsumenternas inkomst eller ålder för attributet utsläppsminskning. Grupperingar på dessa konsumentkaraktäristiker visar dock skillnader i preferenser för andra transportattribut. Slutsatser. Resultaten indikerar att konsumenter använder ett mentalt konto för miljövänliga köp vid val av transport. Detta konto är relativt viktigare än deras mentala konto för pengar och är lika viktigt som de mentala kontona för tid och bekvämlighet. Konsumenters preferenser skiljer sig beroende på hur involverade de är i produkten som ska transporteras. Preferenserna skiljer sig även mellan olika konsumentgrupper. Implikationer. Företag som erbjuder frakt kan använda teknologier för att göra deras service grönare och därigenom få konkurrensfördelar eftersom konsumenter har preferenser för gröna alternativ.
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Waste Not, Wait a Lot: The feeling of waste elicits multiple mental accounting strategies in sunk cost decisionsMacDonald, Tyler Fraser 02 October 2020 (has links)
No description available.
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Mind the Gap: Generations at Risk : En kvantitativ studie i hur riskbenägenheten skiljer sig mellan Generation Z och X.Hansson, Samuel, Stenseth, Fabian January 2023 (has links)
Titel: Mind the Gap: Generations at Risk Författare: Samuel Hansson och Fabian Stenseth Handledare: Zahida Sarwary Bakgrund: Efter en tid av positiv avkastning har förändringar i omvärlden lett till ökad inflation. Investerare från Generation Z upplever sin första tid på börsen i en ekonomisk oro, medan Generation X upplever det igen efter finanskraschen 2008. Dessa generationers riskbenägenhet vid finansiella beslut har inte kunnat kartläggas i modern tid, och därmed har en kunskapslucka identifieras. Syfte: Studien ämnar undersöka och kategorisera riskbenägenhet utifrån börspsykologiska faktorer mellan Generation X (personer födda 1965–1980) och Generation Z (personer födda 1997–2012), där investerarna har en eftergymnasial utbildning inom ekonomi. Metod: Studien har tillämpat en kvantitativ metod, bestående av en deduktiv ansats. Empiriska data har utförts via en enkätundersökning och ett slumpmässigt urval. Empirin bestod av 105 användbara svar, varav 46 svar från Generation X och 59 svar från Generation Z. Empiriska data analyserades utifrån deskriptiv statistik, t-tester, korrelationsmatris, samt multipel linjär regressionsanalys. Resultat: Analysen redovisade en signifikant positiv samvariation mellan generationerna vid olika börspsykologiska faktorer, där mental accounting påverkade Generation X och överkonfidens påverkade Generation Z. Slutsats: Studiens resultat påvisade en positiv signifikant samvariation för Generation Z gällande överkonfidens, vilket innebär att högre överkonfidens leder till en högre riskbenägenhet. För Generation X påvisades en positiv signifikant samvariation för mental accounting, vilket leder till en högre riskbenägenhet. Nyckelord: Behavioral finance, investment, mental accounting, herding bias, overconfidence, financial literacy, cognitive reflection ability / Title: Mind the Gap: Generations at Risk Authors: Samuel Hansson and Fabian Stenseth Supervisor: Zahida Sarwary Background: After a period of positive returns, changes in the environment have led to increased inflation. Investors from Generation Z are experiencing their first time in the stock market during economic uncertainty, while Generation X is experiencing it again after the 2008 financial crisis. The risk propensity of these generations in financial decision-making has not been adequately studied in modern times, creating a gap in knowledge. Purpose: The study aims to examine and categorize risk propensity based on behavioral finance factors between Generation X (individuals born between 1965 and 1980) and Generation Z (individuals born between 1997 and 2012), with investors having a post-secondary education in finance and economics. Methodology: The study applied a quantitative method with a deductive approach. Empirical data was collected through a survey and random sampling, resulting in 105 usable responses of which 46 respondents from Generation X and 59 respondents from Generation Z. The empirical data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, correlation matrices, and multiple linear regression analysis. Results: The analysis revealed a significant positive association between the generations in various behavioral finance factors, with the risk propensity being affected by mental accounting for Generation X and overconfidence for Generation Z. Conclusion: The study's results demonstrated a significant positive association for Generation Z regarding overconfidence, indicating that higher overconfidence leads to a greater risk propensity. For Generation X, a significant positive association was found for mental accounting, which also leads to a higher risk propensity. Key words: Behavioral finance, investment, mental accounting, herding bias, overconfidence, financial literacy, cognitive reflection ability
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Escape from Poverty Traps: Three Essays on the Effects of Policy Intervention on Agricultural Productivity and Welfare among the Rural PoorFarrin, Kathleen Maura 17 September 2013 (has links)
No description available.
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Essays in financial economics: mental accounting and selling decisions of individual investors; analysts' reputational concerns and underreaction to public newsLim, Seongyeon 03 February 2004 (has links)
No description available.
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Hear Us Out: When Colleges Talk About Tuition IncreasesPolikoff, Richard A. 24 May 2018 (has links)
In the decades that followed World War II, tuition at American colleges was well within the financial reach of most families. Since 1980, however, it has grown more expensive to attend both public and private colleges, as tuition has surged at a rate that has far outpaced inflation. At the same time, the economic and lifestyle disparities between those who earn four-year degrees and those who do not have reached record levels. As a result, students have to go to college in order to have a realistic shot at prosperity, but must borrow significantly in order to afford the cost of attendance. Colleges are aware that whenever the subject of increased tuition comes up, be it a proposed increase or an official one, it is a threat to their image and is likely to be viewed as offensive by students, who are already straining from the high cost of college. Thus, colleges employ a range of image restoration theory strategies at all phases of the conflict management life cycle, in order to restore, repair, and protect their images. While the rhetorical strategies taken by colleges may be given a great deal of thought by college spokespersons, they are not always strategically appropriate. This thesis uses mental accounting to extend image restoration theory, and offers rhetorical strategies that colleges may consider in order to minimize the threat to their images posed by increased tuition. / Master of Arts
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Pensionssparande ur ett livscykelperspektiv : En studie om vad som påverkar individens beslut avseende pensionssparande / Retirement Savings in a Life Cycle-Perspective : A study about what affects the personal retirement savingsHillerstig, Hanna, Gustavsson, Karin January 2018 (has links)
BAKGRUND: Samtidigt som befolkningen blir äldre läggs ett större ansvar på individen att upprätta ett eget pensionssparande. Det blir således viktigare att påbörja sitt pensionssparande vid en yngre ålder. Det bör därför undersökas hur kognitiva motivationsfaktorer förändras över individens livscykel samt hur det interagerar med viljan och möjligheten att pensionsspara. SYFTE: Syftet med denna studie är att ur ett retroaktivt perspektiv låta individer reflektera över vad som påverkat deras beslut gällande det egna pensionssparandet. Detta med fokus på (a) självkontroll, (b) mental accounting samt (c) undvikande av information och beslut. Studien avser att analysera och värdera dessa kognitiva motivationsfaktorer i en livscykelkontext samt hur de interagerar med möjligheten och viljan för att pensionsspara. GENOMFÖRANDE: Studien har genomförts med ett kvalitativt angreppssätt genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med individer i åldrarna 40-65 år. Respondenterna har ställts inför frågor med fokus på studiens tre huvudfaktorer. Genom frågorna har respondenterna fått reflektera över hur dessa faktorer förändrats över tid och hur de varit kopplat till pensionssparandet. SLUTSATS: Individer tenderar att påverkas av specifika händelser i livet och låter dessa påverka deras pensionssparande. Pensionssparandet är lågt i början av det vuxna livet, när individen studerar och bildar familj, för att sedan öka och nå sin högsta nivå då barnen flyttar hemifrån. Dock finns det en personlighetstyp som har en hög grad av självkontroll genom hela livet och upprättar därmed ett pensionssparande vid ung ålder. / BACKGROUND: As people are getting older, the importance of establishing personal retirement savings increases. Therefore, it is more important to begin retirement savings at a younger age. Because of this it needs studying how cognitive motivational factors changes during the life cycle and how they interact with the ability and willingness to save for retirement. AIM: The aim of this thesis is to let individuals reflect on what has affected their decisions regarding retirement savings, in a retroactive perspective. This with a focus on (a) self-control, (b) mental accounting, and (c) information and decision avoidance. The aim of the thesis is to analyze and evaluate these cognitive motivational factors in a life cycle-context, and how they integrate with the ability and willingness to save for the retirement. COMPLETION: The thesis has been conducted using a qualitative approach, through semi-structured interviews with individuals aging from 40-65. The respondents have responded to questions focusing on the thesis’s three main factors. Through these questions, the respondents have reflected on how these factors have changed over time and how they have been connected to retirement savings. CONCLUSION: Individuals tend to be affected by different events in their life and let them affect their retirement savings. Retirement savings are lower in early adult life, when the individual studies and starts a family, and is at its peak when kids move from home. There is also a personality type that has a high level of self-control throughout life and therefore saves for retirement at an early age.
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"Girl Math" - sanning eller konsekvens? : En beteendefinansiell studie om unga kvinnors och mäns finansiella tankesätt / "Girl Math" - truth or consequence? : A behavioral financial study on the financial mindset of young woman and men.Lemón Palmborg, Tove, Hedmo, Emily January 2024 (has links)
Denna studie ämnar att undersöka vad som skiljer sig mellan unga kvinnors och mäns finansiella tankesätt i form av mottagligheten för kognitiva snedvridningar, samt huruvida dessa snedvridningar är relaterade till sparbeteende. Som följd av en mansdominerad finansmarknad tillsammans med andra faktorer har kvinnors och mäns ägande genom åren, och fram tills idag skiljt sig åt. Att kvinnor sparar mindre än män, vilket visar sig redan vid ung ålder, ger avtryck i deras framtida ekonomi. Det förstärker även fördomar om kvinnors finansiella beteenden vilket kan bli en bromskloss för kvinnors avancemang på finansmarknaden. “Girl math” är ett fenomen som trendar på sociala medier och handlar om kvinnors finansiella kognitiva snedvridningar och förstärker befintliga fördomar. Frågan som vi ställer oss är hur väl dessa girl math-påståenden om kvinnors finansiella beteende stämmer överens med verkligheten, är girl math sanning eller konsekvens? De kognitiva snedvridningar som undersöks i studien är mental accounting, sunk cost fallacy och opportunity cost neglect. För att studera detta utformade vi en onlinestudie riktad till individer inom åldersspannet 18-30 år. Deltagarna fick svara på frågor kopplade till tre kognitiva snedvridningarna som är framträdande inom girl math samt deras sparbeteende. Tillvägagångssättet för analysen var genom en OLS-regression med flera förklaringsvariabler mot de beroende variablerna. Resultaten indikerar att unga kvinnor är mer mottagliga för mental accounting jämfört med unga män, något som går i linje med tidigare forskning. Däremot kan variabeln kön inte förklara mottagligheten för sunk cost fallacy eller opportunity cost neglect. Det finns inte heller något signifikant samband mellan mottagligheten för våra tre kognitiva snedvridningar och könsskillnader i sparande. Våra resultat mynnar ut i att fenomenet girl math delvis är sanning som troligen uppstått som konsekvens av samhällets finansiella normer och stereotyper. / This study aims to investigate the differences between young women's and men's financial mindsets in terms of susceptibility to behavioral biases, and whether these biases are related to savings behavior. As a result of a male-dominated financial market, along with other factors, women's and men's ownership has diverged over the years, and until today. The fact that women save less than men, which is already evident at a young age, has an impact on their future finances. It also reinforces prejudices about women's financial behavior, which can become a barrier to women's advancement in the financial market. “Girl math” is a phenomenon trending on social media that addresses women's financial behavioral biases and reinforces existing prejudices. The question we ask is how well do these girl math claims about women's financial behavior match reality, is girl math truth or consequence? The behavioral biases examined in the study are mental accounting, sunk cost fallacy and opportunity cost neglect. To study this, we designed an online study aimed at individuals in the age range 18-30 years. Participants were asked to answer questions related to three behavioral biases prominent in girl math and questions about their savings behavior. The approach to the analysis is through an OLS regression with several explanatory variables against the dependent variables. The results indicate that young women are more susceptible to mental accounting compared to young men, which is in line with previous research. However, the variable gender cannot explain the susceptibility to sunk cost fallacy or opportunity cost neglect . There is also no significant relationship between susceptibility to the three behavioral biases and gender differences in savings. Our results conclude that the phenomenon of girl math is partly true and has probably arisen as a consequence of societal financial norms and stereotypes.
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台灣期貨交易所選擇權投資人的交易行為 / The Trading Behavior of Options Investors at Taiwan Futures Exchange王銘駿, Wang, Ming Chun Unknown Date (has links)
在第一篇文章當中,我們論證了台灣選擇權市場的投資人交易行為符合Kahneman and Tversky (1981) 所提出來的框架效應. 更進一步, 我們發現投資人的專業程度, 交易複雜性, 與交易經驗能降低框架效應的行為偏誤.
在第二篇文章當中, 我們發現台灣選擇權市場投資人並無符合Thaler (1985) 所提出來的心理帳戶效應來編輯利得與損失. 但是對於混合利得與損失當中, 投資人仍有心理帳戶的現象來處理他們的選擇權部位. / In the first essay, we document support for the narrow framing effect proposed by Kahneman and Tversky (1981). Our findings that traders in an options market frame complicated investment decisions into the simpler ones support the narrow framing effect. Traders’ professionalism, sophistication and trading experience are negatively related with the degree of narrow framing, implying that these factors help to reduce investors’ behavioral bias. Our study bridges the gap between the psychological literature and financial literature in terms of the relationship between experience/sophistication and narrow framing. The results of this paper shed light on the decision-making process in an options market.
In the second essay, complementary to Lim (2006)’s findings in regards to stocks market, we also claim that in a much more complex derivatives market, traders tend to frame gains and losses asymmetrically by editing or evaluating their outcomes into different accounts. Nevertheless, different from Thaler’s mental accounting theory (1985), we find investors are more susceptible to segregating losses and integrating gains when they liquidate their positions. Our empirical evidence shows that they also have asymmetry in the propensity to liquidate multiple options. The current study sheds a light on how investors perceive, categorize, evaluate and engage their outcomes in financial activities, in addition, under what circumstances investor integrate or separate their investment profits. The fact that investors’ responses to edit their outcomes vary across countries and securities markets highlights the complexity of human behavior and calls for further studies on a broader range of financial markets.
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Factors Influencing Impulse Buying During an Online Purchase TransactionHodge, Rebecca January 2004 (has links)
An important element in retailing is the use of impulse purchases; generally small items that are bought by consumers on the spur of the moment. By some estimates, impulse purchases make up approximately 50 percent of all spending by consumers. While impulse purchases have been studied in the brick-and-mortar retail environment, they have not been researched in the online retail environment. With e-commerce growing rapidly and approaching $20 billion per year in the Canadian and US markets, this is an important unexplored area.
Using real purchasing behaviour from visitors to the Reunion website of Huntsville High School in Ontario Canada, I explored factors that influence the likelihood of an impulse purchase in an online retail environment. Consistent with diminishing sensitivity (mental accounting and the psychophysics of pricing), the results indicate that the likelihood of a consumer purchasing the impulse item increases with the total amount spent on other items. The results also show that presenting the offer in a popup is a more effective location and presentation mode than embedding the offer into the checkout page and increases the likelihood of the consumer making an impulse purchase. In addition, the results confirm that providing a reason to purchase by linking a $1 donation for a charity to the impulse item increases the frequency of the impulse purchase.
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