The purpose of the study was to investigate the lived experiences of young people living with mental healthcare users (MHCUs) in order to gain insight into their needs and how their daily coping can be maximised. A qualitative, descriptive phenomenology study was undertaken, with face-to-face, audiorecorded individual in-depth interviews conducted with 10 participants aged between 19 and 23 years, at their homes. Participants were recruited from one of the local health clinics in Dikgale area, Limpopo province, where the MHCUs collect medication and attend follow-up medical reviews. Non-probability purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample size. The following were the objectives of the study:  To explore and describe the lived experiences of young people living with MHCUs.  To determine the coping strategies of young people living with MHCUs. Five themes and 12 sub-themes emerged from the study. The findings of the study revealed that young people were faced with psychological effects, caring demands and responsibilities, effects on their schooling performance, and lack of coping and support. The study results informed recommendations to the psychiatric nursing services on the needs and support to be provided to these young people in order to ensure maximum coping in their life situation. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

O atendimento de saúde mental em hospitais gerais no Brasil vem crescendo em especial na última década, como resultado de políticas sociais específicas para ampliação da rede de atenção psicossocial, constituindo mais um recurso para mudança de paradigmas na produção do cuidado. Assim, um dos maiores desafios para reforma psiquiátrica brasileira tem sido a coexistência de modelos de atenção, que seguem lógicas distintas na relação estabelecida entre os modos de gestão de políticas, oferta e organização dos serviços, e na relação entre os profissionais e os usuários. O Rio Grande do Sul, em especial a política estadual, vem utilizando recursos públicos para incentivo ao atendimento de saúde mental em hospitais gerais, nos últimos três governos, com as devidas diferenças de contextos e políticas propostas, configurando, assim, um cenário de concentração de leitos em relação aos demais estados do país. Uma tese sobre as políticas sociais, que utilizam recursos públicos para complementação do Sistema Único de Saúde, no atendimento de saúde mental, utilizando leitos de saúde mental em hospitais gerais foi um desafio colocado a partir de vários outros questionamentos que envolvem esta temática; possibilitando, assim, discutir os contextos desta modalidade de atenção e em especial os modelos de atenção presentes nos processos de trabalho das equipes. Para a construção desta tese foi utilizada uma pesquisa quantiqualitativa, com o objetivo de compreender quais modelos de atenção em saúde mental se expressam na organização e gestão da atenção, a partir da ampliação de leitos de saúde mental em hospitais gerais no Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto foram utilizados como fontes legislações, dados do Datasus, relatórios e projetos terapêuticos de hospitais gerais, além da realização de entrevistas e grupos nominais. O cuidado na crise ainda tem no hospital uma referência muito forte; é possível encontrar nas diferentes instituições um modelo híbrido, que contempla diferentes experiências e formações, com potencial de movimento e que pode desacomodar práticas mais rígidas, promover cuidado com acolhimento e singularidade – desafios que se colocam para o trabalho em rede. Estes e outros resultados estão presentes nesta tese que reúne o trabalho de pesquisa conectado com o da experiência profissional da pesquisadora. / The mental health care in general hospitals in Brazil has been growing especially in the last decade as a result of specific social policies to expand the network of psychosocial care and is another resource for paradigm shift in care production. So, one of the biggest challenges for the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform has been the coexistence of care models that follow different logics in the relationship between the modes of management policies, supply and service organization, and the relationship between professionals and user. In Rio Grande do Sul (RS), in particular, the state policy has been using public funds to encourage the mental health care in general hospitals in the last three governments, with appropriate differences in contexts and policy proposals, thus setting a scenario of concentration of beds in relation to other states. A thesis about social policies using public resources to complement the National Health System, in the care of mental health, using mental health beds in general hospitals was a challenge that arose from several other questions that surround this issue, thus enabling discuss the contexts this type of care and in special care models in the processes of work team. To the construction of this thesis we used a quantitative and qualitative research in order to understand which models of mental health care are expressed in the organization and management of attention from the expansion of mental health beds in general hospitals in RS, for this were used as sources laws, Datasus, reports and therapeutic projects general hospitals, as well as interviews and nominal groups. The care crisis in the hospital still has a reference too strong, you can find the different institutions a hybrid model, which includes various experiences and backgrounds, and has the potential of motion that can dislodge stricter practices and promote care with host and uniqueness, challenges to for networking. These and other results are presented in this thesis that meets the research work connected with the professional experience of the researcher.

O atendimento de saúde mental em hospitais gerais no Brasil vem crescendo em especial na última década, como resultado de políticas sociais específicas para ampliação da rede de atenção psicossocial, constituindo mais um recurso para mudança de paradigmas na produção do cuidado. Assim, um dos maiores desafios para reforma psiquiátrica brasileira tem sido a coexistência de modelos de atenção, que seguem lógicas distintas na relação estabelecida entre os modos de gestão de políticas, oferta e organização dos serviços, e na relação entre os profissionais e os usuários. O Rio Grande do Sul, em especial a política estadual, vem utilizando recursos públicos para incentivo ao atendimento de saúde mental em hospitais gerais, nos últimos três governos, com as devidas diferenças de contextos e políticas propostas, configurando, assim, um cenário de concentração de leitos em relação aos demais estados do país. Uma tese sobre as políticas sociais, que utilizam recursos públicos para complementação do Sistema Único de Saúde, no atendimento de saúde mental, utilizando leitos de saúde mental em hospitais gerais foi um desafio colocado a partir de vários outros questionamentos que envolvem esta temática; possibilitando, assim, discutir os contextos desta modalidade de atenção e em especial os modelos de atenção presentes nos processos de trabalho das equipes. Para a construção desta tese foi utilizada uma pesquisa quantiqualitativa, com o objetivo de compreender quais modelos de atenção em saúde mental se expressam na organização e gestão da atenção, a partir da ampliação de leitos de saúde mental em hospitais gerais no Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto foram utilizados como fontes legislações, dados do Datasus, relatórios e projetos terapêuticos de hospitais gerais, além da realização de entrevistas e grupos nominais. O cuidado na crise ainda tem no hospital uma referência muito forte; é possível encontrar nas diferentes instituições um modelo híbrido, que contempla diferentes experiências e formações, com potencial de movimento e que pode desacomodar práticas mais rígidas, promover cuidado com acolhimento e singularidade – desafios que se colocam para o trabalho em rede. Estes e outros resultados estão presentes nesta tese que reúne o trabalho de pesquisa conectado com o da experiência profissional da pesquisadora. / The mental health care in general hospitals in Brazil has been growing especially in the last decade as a result of specific social policies to expand the network of psychosocial care and is another resource for paradigm shift in care production. So, one of the biggest challenges for the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform has been the coexistence of care models that follow different logics in the relationship between the modes of management policies, supply and service organization, and the relationship between professionals and user. In Rio Grande do Sul (RS), in particular, the state policy has been using public funds to encourage the mental health care in general hospitals in the last three governments, with appropriate differences in contexts and policy proposals, thus setting a scenario of concentration of beds in relation to other states. A thesis about social policies using public resources to complement the National Health System, in the care of mental health, using mental health beds in general hospitals was a challenge that arose from several other questions that surround this issue, thus enabling discuss the contexts this type of care and in special care models in the processes of work team. To the construction of this thesis we used a quantitative and qualitative research in order to understand which models of mental health care are expressed in the organization and management of attention from the expansion of mental health beds in general hospitals in RS, for this were used as sources laws, Datasus, reports and therapeutic projects general hospitals, as well as interviews and nominal groups. The care crisis in the hospital still has a reference too strong, you can find the different institutions a hybrid model, which includes various experiences and backgrounds, and has the potential of motion that can dislodge stricter practices and promote care with host and uniqueness, challenges to for networking. These and other results are presented in this thesis that meets the research work connected with the professional experience of the researcher.

O atendimento de saúde mental em hospitais gerais no Brasil vem crescendo em especial na última década, como resultado de políticas sociais específicas para ampliação da rede de atenção psicossocial, constituindo mais um recurso para mudança de paradigmas na produção do cuidado. Assim, um dos maiores desafios para reforma psiquiátrica brasileira tem sido a coexistência de modelos de atenção, que seguem lógicas distintas na relação estabelecida entre os modos de gestão de políticas, oferta e organização dos serviços, e na relação entre os profissionais e os usuários. O Rio Grande do Sul, em especial a política estadual, vem utilizando recursos públicos para incentivo ao atendimento de saúde mental em hospitais gerais, nos últimos três governos, com as devidas diferenças de contextos e políticas propostas, configurando, assim, um cenário de concentração de leitos em relação aos demais estados do país. Uma tese sobre as políticas sociais, que utilizam recursos públicos para complementação do Sistema Único de Saúde, no atendimento de saúde mental, utilizando leitos de saúde mental em hospitais gerais foi um desafio colocado a partir de vários outros questionamentos que envolvem esta temática; possibilitando, assim, discutir os contextos desta modalidade de atenção e em especial os modelos de atenção presentes nos processos de trabalho das equipes. Para a construção desta tese foi utilizada uma pesquisa quantiqualitativa, com o objetivo de compreender quais modelos de atenção em saúde mental se expressam na organização e gestão da atenção, a partir da ampliação de leitos de saúde mental em hospitais gerais no Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto foram utilizados como fontes legislações, dados do Datasus, relatórios e projetos terapêuticos de hospitais gerais, além da realização de entrevistas e grupos nominais. O cuidado na crise ainda tem no hospital uma referência muito forte; é possível encontrar nas diferentes instituições um modelo híbrido, que contempla diferentes experiências e formações, com potencial de movimento e que pode desacomodar práticas mais rígidas, promover cuidado com acolhimento e singularidade – desafios que se colocam para o trabalho em rede. Estes e outros resultados estão presentes nesta tese que reúne o trabalho de pesquisa conectado com o da experiência profissional da pesquisadora. / The mental health care in general hospitals in Brazil has been growing especially in the last decade as a result of specific social policies to expand the network of psychosocial care and is another resource for paradigm shift in care production. So, one of the biggest challenges for the Brazilian Psychiatric Reform has been the coexistence of care models that follow different logics in the relationship between the modes of management policies, supply and service organization, and the relationship between professionals and user. In Rio Grande do Sul (RS), in particular, the state policy has been using public funds to encourage the mental health care in general hospitals in the last three governments, with appropriate differences in contexts and policy proposals, thus setting a scenario of concentration of beds in relation to other states. A thesis about social policies using public resources to complement the National Health System, in the care of mental health, using mental health beds in general hospitals was a challenge that arose from several other questions that surround this issue, thus enabling discuss the contexts this type of care and in special care models in the processes of work team. To the construction of this thesis we used a quantitative and qualitative research in order to understand which models of mental health care are expressed in the organization and management of attention from the expansion of mental health beds in general hospitals in RS, for this were used as sources laws, Datasus, reports and therapeutic projects general hospitals, as well as interviews and nominal groups. The care crisis in the hospital still has a reference too strong, you can find the different institutions a hybrid model, which includes various experiences and backgrounds, and has the potential of motion that can dislodge stricter practices and promote care with host and uniqueness, challenges to for networking. These and other results are presented in this thesis that meets the research work connected with the professional experience of the researcher.

This thesis comprises a rigorous and coherent body of work related to the use of the HCR-20 and the START to inform risk assessment and management of secure mental health inpatients. The thesis contributes significant theoretical and applied knowledge by: 1) investigating the extent to which these tools can be generalised beyond restricted validation samples to the full range of individuals in contact with secure services, 2) determining whether they can aid assessment and management of adverse outcomes beyond aggression, and 3) offering practical, empirically-derived advice for clinicians regarding management strategies that may reduce the occurrence of adverse events. This collection of papers has used considerably novel methods, such as rocreg analysis in risk assessment of behavioural outcomes, and high quality, routinely collected data to gain a more realistic representation of what occurs in clinical practice. Further, the papers draw on larger sample sizes than have previously been reported in this area, allowing for more complex statistical analysis. This thesis has helped clarify the contexts in which these instruments perform effectively and therefore has important implications for clinical risk assessment in inpatient settings. Specifically, there is evidence that the HCR-20 and the START may aid assessment and management of aggression for the majority of groups examined, and that both tools have some efficacy for predicting self-harm among female populations. However, the HCR-20 should not be used to inform prediction and management of aggression and self-harm for individuals with developmental and organic disorders and is unlikely to be beneficial at informing risk management strategies targeting self-harm among males; the START should not be used to inform prediction and management of substance abuse, victimisation, or unauthorised leave. Finally, this thesis highlights a number of directions for future research to continue advancement in this area.

Cotherapy has been advocated as an effective treatment mode, especially with groups, couples, and families. The relationship between the cotherapists has been identified as an important determinant in the success of this method. This relationship has been compared to the marital relationship between spouses, and the marriages of therapists have been viewed as offering advantages for cotherapy. Since not all therapists who are married to each other work as cotherapists, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not spouse cotherapists differ from other therapists who are also married to each other but who do not work together on a regular basis as cotherapists. The five dimensions measured for all subject couples include frequency of differing theoretical orientation, similarity of self-reported behavior in therapy, compatibility of needs for inclusion, compatibility of needs for control, and compatibility of needs for affection. Subjects for this study were 6 5 married couples in which both spouses were psychotherapists. The couples were divided into two groups according to whether or not they worked together as cotherapists on a regular basis. The group of spouse cotherapists included 29 couples who reported regular cotherapy together. The group of therapist couples included 37 couples who reported no regular cotherapy with their spouses. All subject couples were provided a packet of materials which included a letter explaining the general purpose of the study, two copies of the Therapist Personal Data Form, two copies of the Self-Description of Therapist's Behavior, two copies of the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior, and a stamped envelope addressed to the experimenter for the return of the materials.

Bakgrund: Forskning har visat att det förekommer brister i vårdpersonalens bemötande till patienter med psykisk ohälsa. Negativa attityder och beteenden är faktorer som kan påverka patienters förtroende för vården. Ett gott bemötande och en förtroendefull relation kan vara avgörande för patientens tillfredsställelse, behandlingsresultat och hälsa. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva patienters upplevelse av vårdpersonals bemötande inom psykiatrisk vård vid psykisk ohälsa samt hur vårdpersonals bemötande kan påverka patienten i psykiatrisk vård. Metod: Designen är en litteraturöversikt. Datainsamling har skett i databaserna Cinahl, PubMed och PsycINFO som resulterade i 15 kvalitativa artiklar. Resultat: Teman som påvisades i resultatet var att bemötas som människa och behandlas lika, positiva och negativa upplevelser av attityder och beteenden, kommunikation, dialog, samtal, att bli lyssnad till och uppleva närvaro. Även interaktion, kontakt och fysisk kontakt framkom. Slutligen framkom temat relation som inkluderade bemötande, respekt, tillit, att bry sig samt att bli sedd. Slutsats: Denna litteraturöversikt redogör för att patienter med psykisk ohälsa upplever både ett gott och ett bristfälligt bemötande hos vårdpersonal. Detta kan ha en påverkan på patienters behandlingsresultat och hälsa. / Background: Research has shown that there are faults in the health care staffs treatment for patients with mental illness. Negative attitudes and behaviors are factors that can affect patients confidence in healthcare. A good treatment and a trusting relationship can be crucial to patient satisfaction, treatment outcomes and patient health. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe mental health care staffs treatment in psychiatric care to patients with mental illness and how the mental health care staffs treatment affects the patient in psychiatric care. Method: The design is a literature review. Data collection occurred in the databases CINAHL, PubMed and PsycINFO which resulted in 15 qualitative articles. Results: Themes that were detected in the results were to be treated as a human being and equal treatment, positive and negative experiences of attitudes and behaviors, communication, dialogue, conversation, to be listened to and experience presence. Also interaction, contact and physical contact appeared. Finally, the themes relationship that included treatment, respect, trust, caring and being seen was detected. Conclusion: This literature review describes that patients with mental illness experience both good and inadequate treatment of mental health care staff. This can affect patients' treatment results and health.

PHDPH / Department of Public Health / Family involvement in caring for mentally ill patients in long-term mental healthcare institutions is defined as a strategy in which family members and long-term healthcare professionals become partners to provide the best possible care for a person with mental illness. The study seeks to develop a model to promote family involvement in long-term mental health care institutions in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Mixed methods was used. Unstructured interviews were conducted with 21 family members and 6 focused group discussions with MHCUs in qualitative phase. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data from 360 nurses in the quantitative phase. Data was analysed independently of which convergent analytic approach was used to merge the two data sets. iv The study reports that the MHCUs’ attitudes towards families contribute to poor involvement by family members in the care/visit of the MHCUs while admitted in long-term mental health care. The rejection of the MHCUs also came up strongly during data analysis. Nurses perceived that insufficient family involvement hinders the provision of mental health care services. Eight steps in the Walker and Avant Method were adapted to clarify and distinguish the definition of the main concepts. A model to promote family involvement was conceptualised using the six areas as described by Dickoff, James and Wiedenbach (1968). A model was validated against its rationale and purpose of the study. Justification on the contribution of the family involvement in mental health care revealed that “family involvement in caring for MHCUs” is an engagement and encourages family members to participate in the diagnosis, treatment and recovery process. Study recommended that a developed model should be implemented in health establishments providing mental health services. Policies should be reviewed to include activities which the families should be notified of immediately the mentally ill patient is declared to receive mental health care, treatment and rehabilitation. Developed model should be piloted and evaluated to identify areas that will further improve the quality of mental health services. / NRF

The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the interaction between parents’ own trauma and their assessment of their child’s functioning and its relationship to the parent’s belief that their child would benefit from mental health care services. The parents’ trauma experience was measured using the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) questionnaire and Trauma History Questionnaire (THQ), and the child’s functioning was measured using the Columbia Impairment Scale (CIS). It was hypothesized that the higher number of traumas a parent experienced was associated with a weaker relationship between a parent’s assessment of their child’s functional impairment and the likelihood a parent recognizes the benefit of mental health care services for their child. One hundred and eighty-four people participated in this study. Data were analyzed using multiple binary logistic regression, and no significant relationship was found between a parent’s assessment of their child’s functional impairment and that parent’s belief that their child would benefit from mental healthcare services. The parent’s childhood THQ score and age were found to have significant positive relationships with the parent’s belief that their child would benefit from mental healthcare services. The variable found to have the most significant positive relationship with the parent’s belief that their child would benefit from mental healthcare services was an educational or healthcare professional telling the parent that the child would benefit from mental health care services. Clinical implications, limitations, and future directions for research were addressed.

Magister Curationis - MCur / Depression is defined as a psychiatric condition, wherein a person experiences extreme sadness, social withdrawal, and expresses self-deprecating thoughts. Across the world, millions of people with Human Infectious Virus (HIV) suffer from depression each year. Depression is regarded as the most common disabling medical condition that affects both HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals, globally. It is further reported that depression is the most common neuropsychiatric disturbance observed in HIV infected individuals. In South Africa, the prevalence of depression symptoms among Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) clients is reported to be 25.4%. However, depression among this group is often underdiagnosed and untreated in Primary Health Care settings. The need for routine screening is encouraged by studies confirming that depression and anxiety disorders accelerate the progression of HIV disease. Methods A quantitative descriptive research design was used. The study population included 1 440 males and females, aged eighteen years and over, who were HIV positive and received ART at the Clinic. A randomly selected sample of 372 respondents were recruited, but 110 had to be excluded because of eligibility issues; therefore, 262 respondents completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) questionnaire. Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher’s exact test and the Spearman Rank test were used to analyse the data, using GraphPad Prism software. Depression symptoms were evaluated, using BDI, and a score of -> 10 indicated depression. Results Of the 262 respondents, 52% had club membership, compared to 48%, who were only on ART. There were significantly more female respondents (44%) involved in Adherence Clubs, as opposed to their male counterparts (8%), a difference of 36% overall (p=0.016). In summary, the number of individuals, who were suffering from some form of depression, enrolled in ART Adherence Clubs was 8.4% of the total sample, compared to 10% of those who were not in ART adherence clubs. The overall prevalence of depression in this current study was 18.4 %, which was in line with other studies conducted in a South African context, and a similar setting. Clinical depression status represents the main outcome of interest in this research project. The model category was 0-10, which indicated that a significant majority, 69.5%, n= 182, of the enrolled respondents were classified as healthy, in terms of clinical depression status. Beck depression scores were consistent across gender. Depression seemed to be more severe in the 35-44 age category. Fisher’s exact test confirmed the absence of any statistical difference between ART club membership and their depression status. Spearman rank correlation coefficient of -0.02 indicates a very low association between length of HIV seropositivity and Beck Depression score. Conclusion This is the first study reporting on the prevalence of depression, in relation to HIV infection, as well as ART treatment, and the associated adherence programme in Cape Town. Further research on a similar topic is recommended, using other instruments in the same geographic area.