Modificações nas histonas são conhecidas por regular a estrutura conformacional da cromatina e a expressão gênica em células adultas e células-tronco pluripotentes. Tem sido postulado que a acetilação e deacetilação das histonas podem influenciar a expressão de genes envolvidos na iniciação, progressão e metástase tumoral, além de contribuir para o desenvolvimento de resistência à quimioterapia. Assim, buscou-se avaliar a influência das modificações nas histonas sobre a biologia do carcinoma epidermoide de cabeça e pescoço (CECP) e sua respectiva subpopulação de células semelhantes às células-tronco (CSC). Inicialmente, foi checado os níveis de acetilação da histona H3 (membro das histonas nucleares associado à compactação da cromatina) em um painel representativo de linhagens celulares de CECP. Posteriormente, para estudar a influência do estroma tumoral no padrão de acetilação da histona H3, o microambiente do tumor foi mimetizado através da utilização de meio condicionado derivado do cultivo de fibroblastos e cultura primária de células endoteliais humanas. Além disso, validamos esses resultados in vitro por meio de amostras humanas de CECP. Finalmente, a acetilação e deacetilação da cromatina foi induzida, respectivamente, pela administração dos inibidores das enzimas histona deacetilase tricostatina A (TSA) e histona acetiltransferase curcumina, em linhagens celulares de CECP. Foi feita a análise da formação de esferas (ensaio funcional de células-tronco), juntamente com a verificação dos níveis de ALDH, marcador de células-tronco (citometria de fluxo - FACS), além da determinação do índice de proliferação tumoral (Ki-67) e realização dos ensaios de invasão e migração celular. Linhagens celulares de CECP apresentaram níveis baixos de acetilação da histona H3 e demonstraram capacidade de retenção de uma subpopulação de CSC. Apenas o meio condicionado de células endoteliais humanas foi capaz de alterar a conformação da cromatina, uma vez que induziu o aumento da acetilação da histona H3. Interessantemente, foi também notado um concomitante aumento da agressividade de linhagens celulares de CECP (aumento dos níveis de BMI-1 e vimentina). Esses resultados foram confirmados em amostras humanas de CECP que mostraram, apenas no fronte de invasão, células com cromatina acetilada. Curiosamente, essas mesmas células também expressaram vimentina. Os tratamentos com TSA e curcumina resultaram na diminuição significativa da subpopulação de CSC, interrompendo a formação de esferas e reduzindo os níveis de ALDH. Além disso, o tratamento com curcumina mostrou resultados muito interessantes, uma vez que gerou uma redução evidente da invasão celular e impactou por completo o potencial de migração tumoral, sendo nesse sentido mais eficiente que a cisplatina, droga antineoplásica bem estabelecida. Por outro lado, o tratamento com TSA induziu a transição epitélio-mesenquimal nas linhagens celulares de CECP, detectada pelo aumento da expressão de vimentina e indução de um fenótipo fusiforme, juntamente com o aumento da invasão tumoral e os níveis de BMI-1. Portanto, a organização da cromatina está envolvida na modulação da presença de CSC e os altos níveis de acetilação das histonas intensificam o comportamento agressivo de células de CECP. / Histone modifications are known to regulate chromatin conformation structure and gene expression in adult cells and pluripotent stem cells. It has been postulated that histone acetylation and deacetylation could influence the expression of genes involved in cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and development of resistance to chemotherapies. Here, we sought to evaluate the influence of histone modifications over the biology of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and its stem cell-like subpopulation (CSC). Initially, we checked the status of histone H3 acetylation (a member of the core histones associated to chromatin compaction) in a representative set of HNSCC cell lines. Subsequently, to analyze the influence of tumor stroma over the histone H3 acetylation, we mimicked the tumor microenvironment by using conditioned medium from fibroblasts and primary human endothelial cells. Further we validated these in vitro findings through human samples of HNSCC. Finally, we induced chromatin acetylation and deacetylation by the administration of the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) and histone acetyltransferase inhibitor curcumin, respectively, in HNSCC cell lines. The analysis of spheres formation (stem cell functional assay), along with the levels of stem cells marker ALDH (showed by flow cytometry - FACS), tumor proliferation index (Ki-67), invasion and migration cellular potencial were verified. HNSCC cell lines showed lower levels of histone H3 acetylation and ability to retain a subpopulation of CSC. Only conditioned media from human endothelial cells was able to alter the conformation of chromatin, since it induced the increase of histone H3 acetylation. Interestingly, it was also noted a concomitant augment of HNSCC cell lines aggressiveness (enhanced BMI-1 and vimentin levels). These findings were confirmed in human samples of HNSCC that showed, only at the invasive front, cells with acetylated chromatin. Curiously, these same cells also expressed vimentin. TSA and curcumin treatments resulted in significant decrease of the CSC subpopulation by disrupting the spheres and reducing the levels of ALDH. Also, curcumin treatment showed exciting results since it caused an evident reduction of cellular invasion and it impacted the tumoral migration potential, being more efficient than cisplantin, a well-established antineoplastic drug. However, TSA induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition in HNSCC cell lines detected by the upregulation of vimentin and the induction of a fusiform phenotype along with augmented tumor invasion and the levels of BMI-1. Chromatin organization is involved in the modulation of CSC where high levels of histone acetylation intensify the aggressive behavior of HNSCC cells.

La fibrose pulmonaire idiopathique (FPI) et le syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguë (SDRA) de l’adulte constituent des affections sévères du poumon distal, avec un pronostic sombre pour les patients. A ce jour, aucun traitement n’est réellement efficace. De manière intéressante, une hypoxie alvéolaire est retrouvée dans ces pathologies.La thérapie cellulaire utilisant des cellules souches mésenchymateuses humaines (CSMh) pourrait représenter un intérêt thérapeutique chez l’Homme. Cependant, leurs mécanismes d’action sont multiples et encore mal définis. Aussi, nous avons testé in vitro l’hypothèse selon laquelle les CSMh pourraient exercer un effet cytoprotecteur paracrine sur les cellules épithéliales alvéolaires (CEA) soumises à l’hypoxie.Dans une première étude, nous avons montré qu’une exposition prolongée à l’hypoxie telle que celle rencontrée au cours de la FPI induisait des modifications phénotypiques des CEA primaires de rat, évocatrices d’une transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse (TEM). On observe une perte progressive d’expression des marqueurs épithéliaux (TTF1, AQP5, ZO-1 et E-Cadhérine), couplée à l’apparition tardive de marqueurs mésenchymateux (α-SMA et Vimentine). Ces modifications phénotypiques s’accompagnent de l’expression dès les premières heures d’hypoxie de facteurs de transcription impliqués dans la TEM (SNAI1, TWIST1 et ZEB1) ou induits par l’hypoxie (HIF-1α et HIF-2α), et de protéines induisant la TEM (TGF-β1 et CTGF). La co-culture des CEA avec des CSMh en fond de puits prévient les modifications phénotypiques induites par l’hypoxie ainsi que l’expression des facteurs pro-TEM TWIST1, ZEB1, TGF-β1 et CTGF. Cet effet bénéfique des CSM est en partie expliqué par la sécrétion d’un facteur de croissance épithélial, le KGF.Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons confirmé que les CEA entraient en apoptose en condition hypoxique, via l’induction de deux voies de signalisations hypoxiques pro-apoptotiques. D’une part, les facteurs de transcription induits par l’hypoxie HIF sont stabilisés, et une cible pro-apoptotique, Bnip3, est induite. D’autre part, l’hypoxie induit une accumulation d’espèces réactives à l’oxygène délétère pour la cellule, perturbant l’équilibre redox de la cellule, endommageant l’ADN, et conduisant à l’apoptose. Cette accumulation pourrait résulter notamment d’une diminution de l’activité des enzymes anti-oxydantes SOD, en hypoxie. Le manque d’oxygène entraine également l’expression de CHOP, facteur de transcription pro-apoptotique impliqué dans le stress du réticulum endoplasmique, qui va13inhiber l’expression de la protéine anti-apoptotique Bcl-2. Nous avons montré que la culture des CEA en présence de milieu conditionné de CSMh (mc-CSMh) permet de prévenir partiellement l’apoptose des CEA en hypoxie, en modulant la voie de signalisation HIF, et en prévenant l’accumulation et les effets délétères des ROS. L’effet protecteur des CSM impliquerait le KGF comme observé lors de la première étude, mais également le HGF.Ces deux études indiquent que les CSMh sont susceptibles d’exercer des effets cytoprotecteurs paracrines vis-à-vis des CEA soumises à l’hypoxie aiguë ou prolongée, en limitant d’une part les modifications phénotypiques évocatrices de TEM, et d’autre part l’apoptose des CEA via la modulation des voies de signalisations hypoxiques. La sécrétion par les CSMh de KGF et de HGF, facteurs de croissance épithéliaux connus pour leurs effets bénéfiques sur les CEA, explique en partie les effets protecteurs paracrines des CSMh. Nos résultats suggèrent que les effets cytoprotecteurs des CSMh vis-à-vis des CEA pourraient contribuer aux effets bénéfiques des CSMh observés in vivo dans différents modèles animaux de fibrose induite, ou lors d’agressions alvéolaires aiguës. / Acute or chronic alveolar injuries provoke massive apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) that compromises an efficient repair of the alveolar epithelium and leads to lung diseases such as ARDS or IPF. These disorders are commonly associated with local alveolar hypoxia aggravating their progression through the stimulation of AEC apoptosis. Administration of allogenic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been shown to limit lung inflammation and fibrosis in murine models of alveolar injury, through a still poorly understood paracrine mechanism. In a first study, we showed that long term exposure of AEC in hypoxia leads to phenotypic alterations which looks like epithelio-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Co-culture with MSCs prevent hypoxia-induced EMT.In a second work, we studied whether MSC could protect AEC from hypoxia-induced apoptosis and the mechanisms involved. hMSC-conditioned media (hMSC-CM) significantly reduced hypoxia-induced apoptosis of AEC. Such a anti-apoptotic effect was also obtained with ROS scavenger N-acetylcystein or HIF1a inhibitor YC-1. hMSC-CM decreased the protein expression of HIF1α and HIF2α and of their pro-apoptotic target Bnip3 in hypoxic AEC. hMSC-CM also reduced ROS accumulation in hypoxic AEC by enhancing the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes and prevented the induction of CHOP, a pro-apoptotic factor induced by ROS signaling. The paracrine effect of hMSC was partly dependent on KGF and HGF secretion. hMSC prevent via a paracrine effect hypoxia-induced apoptosis of AEC by modulating hypoxic and ROS signaling.These two studies show that MSCs exert cytoprotective effects in vitro against hypoxia-induced apoptosis and EMT in AEC

Οι φυλλοειδείς όγκοι του μαστού είναι σπάνια διφασικά νεοπλάσματα, με ποικίλου βαθμό κίνδυνο για τοπική υποτροπή και μετάσταση, που αποτελούνται από επιθηλιακό και στρωματικό στοιχείο. Η επιθηλιακή προς μεσεγχυματική μετατροπή, κρίσιμης σημασίας γεγονός κατά την εμβρυογένεση, έχει φανεί ότι συμμετέχει στην παθογένεια της ίνωσης διαφόρων οργάνων καθώς και στη διηθητική και μεταστατική ικανότητα πολλών τύπων καρκινωμάτων. Ο σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης είναι η διερεύνηση του κατά πόσον το φαινόμενο ΕΜΤ συμμετέχει στην παθογένεια των φυλλοειδών όγκων. Υλικό-Μέθοδος: Η έφραση της Ε-καντχερίνης, της β-κατενίνης και της ILK μελετήθηκε ανοσοϊστοχημικά σε δείγματα μονιμοποιημένα σε φορμόλη και εγκλεισμένα σε παραφίνη από 71 εξαιρεθέντες φυλλοειδείς όγκους, 44 καλοήθεις (62%), 20 ενδιάμεσης κακοήθειας (28%) και 7 κακοήθεις (10%). Διερευνήθηκαν συσχετίσεις με κλινικοπαθολογικές παραμέτρους όπως τον ιστολογικό τύπο των όγκων (καλοήθεις, οριακής κακοήθειας και κακοήθεις). Αποτελέσματα: Στο μη νεοπλασματικό επιθήλιο παρατηρήθηκε μεμβρανικής εντόπισης ανοσοθετικότητα για την Ε-καντχερίνη και τη β-κατενίνη και αρνητική ανοσοχρώση για την ILK. Αντίθετα, στο επιθηλιακό στοιχείο των όγκων παρατηρήθηκε μείωση της μεμβρανικής εντόπισης ανοσοθετικότητας για την Ε-καντχερίνη και τη β-κατενίνη. Η απώλεια της μεμβρανικής Ε-καντχερίνης ήταν μεγαλύτερη στους οριακής κακοήθειας και κακοήθεις όγκους (Kruskal-Wallis test p=0.000). Πυρηνικής και κυτταροπλασματικής εντόπισης ανοσοθετικότητα για την Ε-καντχερίνη και τη β-κατενίνη, καθώς και πυρηνικής και κυτταροπλασματικής εντόπισης ανοσοθετικότητα για την ILK ανιχνεύθηκαν τόσο στο επιθηλιακό όσο και στο στρωματικό στοιχείο των όγκων. Στους οριακής κακοήθειας και κακοήθεις όγκους παρατηρήσαμε στατιστικώς σημαντικά μεγαλύτερη πυρηνική/κυτταροπλασματική ανοσοθετικότητα Ε-καντχερίνης ( Kruskal-Wallis test p=0.013/p=0.006 αντίστοιχα για επιθηλιακά κύτταρα και p=0.017 για στρωματικά κύτταρα) και μεγαλύτερη πυρηνική/κυτταροπλασματική ανοσοθετικότητα για την ILK (Kruskal-Wallis test p=0.031 /p=0.012 αντίστοιχα για στρωματικά κύτταρα). Συμπέρασμα: Τα ευρήματα αυτά υποδηλώνουν ότι μία διεργασία τύπου ΕΜΤ μπορεί να εμπλέκεται στην παθογένεια των φυλλοειδών όγκων συμβάλλοντας στην δημιουργία όγκων με πιο επιθετικό φαινότυπo. / Phyllodes breast tumors consist of epithelial and mesenchymal components. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been implicated in carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether EMT is involved in the pathogenesis of phyllodes breast tumors. Methods: E-cadherin, β-catenin and integrin-linked kinase (ILK) expression was evaluated immunohistochemically in 71 FFPE human phyllodes breast tumors (44/71 (62%) benign, 20/71 (28%) bordeline and 7/71 (10%) malignant). Correlations with tumor histopathology (benign, borderline, malignant) were investigated. Results: Non-neoplastic breast epithelium showed membranous E-cadherin and β-catenin expression and negative ILK immunoreactivity. Decreased membranous expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in tumor epithelial component was observed. Loss of membranous E-cadherin was higher in borderline/malignant tumors (Kruskal-Wallis test p=0.000). Nuclear/cytoplasmic immunoreactivity of E-cadherin and β-catenin, as well as nuclear/cytoplasmic expression of ILK was detected in both epithelial and stromal tumor cells. We observed significantly higher nuclear/cytoplasmic immunoreactivity of E-cadherin (Kruskal-Wallis test p=0.013/p=0.006 respectively for epithelial cells and p=0.017 for stromal cells) and nuclear/cytoplasmic stromal expression of ILK (Kruskal-Wallis test p=0.031 /p=0.012 respectively) in borderline/malignant tumors. Conclusion: These results suggest that an-EMT-like process may be implicated in phyllodes breast tumors pathogenesis contributing to a more malignant phenotype.

La transplantation pulmonaire pour les patients avec une maladie pulmonaire en phase terminale est leur seul espoir de survie. Malheureusement, certains greffés du poumon rencontrent des difficultés après la transplantation du poumon, dont l'un est le rejet chronique du greffon pulmonaire également connu histologiquement comme la bronchiolite oblitérante et cliniquement comme syndrome de bronchiolite oblitérante. L'étiologie exacte de la BO reste mal comprise. Certaines hypothèses suggèrent l'implication des cellules épithéliales dans le processus de remodelage des voies respiratoires, conduisant à l'obstruction des voies aériennes. Un des mécanismes proposés est un processus de transition, connue sous le nom de transition épithéliale-mésenchymateuse (TEM). Lors de ce processus, les cellules perdent leurs propriétés épithéliales, acquièrent un phénotype mésenchymateux et deviennent plus mobiles et envahissantes. Cette transformation leur permet de participer activement au processus de remodelage bronchique dans la bronchiolite oblitérante. L’induction de la TEM peut être due à certains facteurs tels que l'inflammation et l'apoptose. Le principal objectif de ce travail de maîtrise est de détecter in vivo la présence de la TEM dans des biopsies transbronchiques obtenues chez des greffés et de l’associer à leurs conditions cliniques. Le deuxième objectif est d'induire la TEM in vitro dans les cellules épithéliales des petites voies aériennes à l'aide de milieux conditionnés apoptotiques et non apoptotiques produits par les cellules endothéliales microvasculaires humaines du poumon. D’autre part, nous avons évalué si des médiateurs connus pour participer au processus de TEM tels que le facteur de croissance du tissu conjonctif (CTGF)et le facteur de croissance transformant bêta (TGF-beta) ainsi que le perlecan sont présents dans les milieux conditionnés utilisés. / For patients with end-stage lung disease, lung transplantation is their only hope for survival. Unfortunately, some of the lung transplant recipients (LTRs) might face obstacles following lung transplantation, one of which is chronic lung transplant rejection also known as bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) histologically and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) clinically. The exact etiology behind BO development remains poorly understood. Speculations have suggested the involvement of epithelial cells in the airway remodeling process leading to airway obstruction. One of the proposed mechanisms is a transitional process, known as epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT). In this process epithelial cells lose their properties and acquire mesenchymal ones causing them to be more mobile and invasive which allow them to take part of the airway remodeling process in BO. Induction of EMT can be due to several factors such as inflammation, apoptosis. In our study we try to detect in vivo the presence of EMT in transbronchial biopsies (TBB) obtained from LTRs and associates it with their clinical conditions. We also try to manipulate and induce EMT in vitro in small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) using conditioned apoptotic (SSC4h) and non apoptotic (ZVAD) media produced from human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) from lung. In addition, we worked on detecting possible mediators such as connective-tissue growth factor (CTGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and perlecan in produced media.

The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a highly conserved cellular program that allows well-­‐differentiated epithelial cells to convert to motile mesenchymal cells. EMT is critical for appropriate embryogenesis and plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. At this regard, it has become increasingly evident that, in addition to genetic alterations, tumour development involves the alteration of gene expression patterns owing to epigenetic changes. Taking this into account, this thesis mainly addresses the description of new molecular epigenetic mechanisms underlying one of the hallmark processes governing EMT, the Snail1-­‐mediated E-­‐cadherin repression. Indeed, our results demonstrate that both Polycomb group (PcG) proteins and the LOXL2 protein are involved in this process. Apart from providing novel insights into the significance of these proteins in tumor progression, our work uncovers the characterization of a new epigenetic modification carried out by LOXL2; H3K4 deamination. / La transició epiteli-­‐mesènquima (EMT) és un programa cel·lular molt conservat que permet a les cèl·lules epitelials convertir-­‐se en cèl·lules mesenquimals indiferenciades. La EMT és un procés crucial pel desenvolupament embrionari i per la progressió tumoral. A aquest respecte, ha esdevingut cada cop més evident que el desenvolupament tumoral no només està associat a alteracions genètiques, sinó també a l'alteració de l’expressió gènica causada per canvis epigenètics. Tenint això en compte, aquesta tesi es centra en la descripció de nous mecanismes moleculars en l’àmbit de l’epigenètica associats a un dels processos clau en la EMT, la repressió de la E-­‐ cadherina mitjançada pel factor de transcripció Snail1. De fet, els nostres resultats demostren que tant les proteïnes del grup Polycomb (PcG) com la proteïna LOXL2 estan implicades en aquest procés. A part de proporcionar nova informació respecte la importància d'aquestes proteïnes en la progressió tumoral, la nostra feina ha permès la caracterització d'una nova modificació epigenètica duta a terme per la proteïna LOXL2; la deaminació de H3K4.

La voie de signalisation du récepteur des androgènes (RA) est la principale cible thérapeutique des cancers de la prostate métastatiques. Toutefois, l'émergence de variants constitutivement actifs du RA dépourvus de leur partie C-terminale conduit à une résistance au traitement. Pendant ma thèse, j'ai montré que les variants du RA induisent une transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse (EMT) partielle, un phénomène observé lors de la progression tumorale. J'ai ensuite étudié les mécanismes conduisant à cette expression différentielle de marqueurs de l’EMT en me focalisant sur la N-cadhérine (CDH2). Le RA entier (AR-FL) et les variants du RA interagissent tous les deux au niveau des éléments de réponse aux androgènes dans l'intron1 de CDH2. Cependant, une augmentation du niveau d’acétylation des histones est observée uniquement avec les variants du RA. Mes données nous mène à un modèle où l'AR-FL réprimerait l'expression de CDH2 alors que les variants du RA induiraient son expression. / Androgen receptor (AR) pathway is the main therapeutic target for metastatic prostate cancer (Pca).However, the expression of AR variants lacking the carboxy-terminal end lowers therapy efficacy. During myphD, I showed that AR variants induce a partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a phenomenon observed during tumor progression. To understand the mode of action of AR variants, I explored the mechanisms leading to this differential expression of EMT markers focusing my research on N-cadherin(CDH2). While both the full length AR (AR-FL) and AR variants could interact with androgen response elements present in intron 1 of CDH2, I highlighted that they had opposite effects concerning histone modifications. Indeed, increased histone acetylation in this genomic region was observed only in the presence of AR variants. My data lead us to propose a model in which AR-FL represses CDH2 gene, while AR variants favor its expression.

Glioma, the tumor of glial cells, is one of the common types of primary central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms. Astrocytoma is the most common of all gliomas and originates from astrocytic glial cells. Astrocytoma tumors belong to two main categories: benign tumors, comprising of grade I Pilocytic astrocytoma and malignant tumors which diffusely infiltrate throughout the brain parenchyma. Diffusely infiltrating astrocytomas are graded into diffuse astrocytoma (DA; grade II), anaplastic astrocytoma (AA; grade III) and glioblastoma (GBM; grade IV) in the order of increasing malignancy. Patients with grade II astrocytoma have a median survival time of 6 to 8 years after surgical intervention. While the more aggressive grade III (AA) and grade IV (GBM) are together called malignant astrocytomas, the treatment protocols and length of survival are distinctly different between these grades. The median survival time for grade III patients is 2 to 3 years whereas patients with grade IV have a median survival of 12-15 months. GBMs have been further divided into primary GBM and secondary GBM on the basis of clinical and histopathological criteria. Primary GBM presents in an acute de novo manner with no evidence of an antecedent lower grade tumor and it accounts for >90% of all GBMs. In contrast, secondary GBM results from the progressive malignant transformation of a grade II or grade III astrocytoma. The current WHO grading system of astrocytomas is based on the histopathological characteristics of the underlying tumor tissue. Diagnoses by pathologists are dependent on specific histologic features: increased mitosis, nuclear atypia, microvascular proliferation and/or necrosis, which associate with biologically aggressive behaviour (WHO 2007). Though grading based on histology is largely reproducible and well accepted, subjectivity involved and substantial disagreement between pathologists has remained a major concern. Because of inherent sampling problems (mainly due to tumor location in the brain) and inadequate sample size available for histological evaluation, there exists a very high possibility of error in grading. Recent studies have attempted to characterize the molecular basis for the histological and prognostic differences between grade III and grade IV astrocytoma. While reports have shown the grade specific profile of gene expression, there is no molecular signature that can accurately classify grade III and grade IV astrocytoma samples. In the current work, we have identified molecular signatures for the accurate classification of grade III and grade IV astrocytoma patients by using transcriptome and miRNome data. The receptor tyrosine kinase pathway is known to be overexpressed in 88% of glioblastoma patients. The expression and activation of the receptors is reported to be deregulated by events like amplification and activating mutations. The aberrant expression of RTKs could also be due to the deregulation of miRNAs, which, in the untransformed astrocytes regulate and fine-tune the levels of the RTKs. In the current study, we have identified that tumor suppressor miRNA miR-219-5p regulates RTK pathway by targeting EGFR and PDGFRα. Part I. Transcriptome approach: Identification of a 16-gene signature for classification of malignant astrocytomas In order to obtain a more robust molecular classifier to accurately classify grade III and grade IV astrocytoma samples, we used transcriptome data from microarray study previously performed in our laboratory. The differential regulation of 175 genes identified from microarray was validated in a cohort of grade III and grade IV patients by real-time qRT-PCR. In order to identify the classification signature that can classify grade III and grade IV astrocytoma samples, we used the expression data of 175 genes for performing Prediction Analysis of Microarrays (PAM) in the training set of grade III and grade IV astrocytoma samples. PAM analysis identified the most discriminatory 16-gene expression signature for the classification of grade III and grade IV astrocytoma. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of 16-genes astrocytoma patient samples revealed that the expression of 16-genes could classify grade III and grade IV astrocytoma samples into two separate clusters. In the training set, the 16-gene signature was able to classify grade III and grade IV patients with an accuracy rate of 87.9% as tested by additional analysis of Cross-Validated probability by PAM. The 16-gene signature obtained in the training set was validated in the test set with diagnostic accuracy of 89%. We further validated the 16-gene signature in three independent cohorts of patient samples from publicly available databases: GSE1993, GSE4422 and TCGA datasets and the classification signature got validated with accuracy rates of 88%, 92% and 99% respectively. To address the discordance in grading between 16-gene signature and histopathology, we looked at the clinical features (age and survival) and molecular markers (CDKN2A loss, EGFR amplification and p53 mutation) that differ substantially between grade III and grade IV in discordant grade III and grade IV samples. The grading done by 16-gene signature correlated with known clinical and molecular markers that distinguish grade III and grade IV proving the utility of the 16-gene signature in the molecular classification of grade III and grade IV. In order to identify the pathways that 16 genes of the classification signature could regulate, we performed protein-protein interaction network and subsequently pathway analysis. The pathways with highest significance were ECM (extracellular matrix) and focal adhesion pathways, which are known to be involved in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), correlating well with the aggressive infiltration of grade IV tumors. In addition to accurately classifying the grade III and grade IV samples, the 16-gene signature also demonstrated that genes involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition play key role in distinguishing grade III and grade IV astrocytoma samples. Part II. miRNome approach microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as one of the important regulators of the interaction network that controls various cellular processes. miRNAs are short non-coding RNAs (mature RNA being 21-22nt long) that regulate the target mRNA by binding mostly in the 3’ UTR bringing about either translational repression or degradation of the target. miRNAs are shown to play key roles in cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and various other characteristic features that get altered in human cancers. miRNAs are characterized to have oncogenic or tumor suppressor role and the aberrant expression of miRNAs is reported in multiple human cancer types. Part A. Genome-wide expression profiling identifies deregulated miRNAs in malignant astrocytoma With an aim to identify the role of miRNAs in the development of in malignant astrocytoma, we performed a large-scale, genome-wide microRNA (miRNA) (n=756) expression profiling of 26 grade IV astrocytoma, 13 grade III astrocytoma and 7 normal brain samples. Using Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM), we identified several differentially regulated miRNAs between control normal brain and malignant astrocytoma, grade III and grade IV astrocytoma, grade III astrocytoma and grade IV secondary GBM, progressive pathway and de novo pathway of GBM development and also between primary and secondary GBM. Importantly, we identified a most discriminatory 23-miRNA expression signature, by using PAM, which precisely distinguished grade III from grade IV astrocytoma samples with an accuracy of 90%. We re-evaluated the grading of discordant samples by histopathology and identified that one of the discordant grade III samples had areas of necrosis and it was reclassified as grade IV GBM. Similarly, out of two discordant grade IV samples, one sample had oligo component and it was reclassified as grade III mixed oligoastrocytoma. Thus, after the revised grading, the prediction accuracy increased from 90% to 95%. The differential expression pattern of nine miRNAs was further validated by real-time RT-PCR in an independent set of malignant astrocytomas (n=72) and normal samples (n=7). Inhibition of two glioblastoma-upregulatedmiRNAs (miR-21 and miR-23a) and exogenous overexpression of two glioblastoma-downregulatedmiRNAs (miR-218 and miR-219-5p) resulted in reduced soft agar colony formation but showed varying effects on cell proliferation and chemosensitivity. Thus, we have identified the grade specific expression of miRNAs in malignant astrocytoma and identified a miRNA expression signature to classify grade III astrocytoma from grade IV glioblastoma. In addition, we have demonstrated the functional relevance of miRNA modulation and thus showed the miRNA involvement and their importance in astrocytoma development. Part B. miR-219-5p inhibits the receptor tyrosine kinase pathway by targeting mitogenic receptor kinases in glioblastoma The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathway, being one of the important growth promoting pathways, is known to be deregulated in 88% of the patients with glioblastoma. In order to understand the role of miRNAs in regulating the RTK pathway, we undertook a screening procedure to identify the potential miRNAs that could target different members of the RTK pathway. From the screening study involving bioinformatical prediction of miRNAs and subsequent experimental validation by modulation of miRNA levels in glioma cell lines, we identified miR-219-5p as a candidate miRNA. The overexpression of miR-219-5p reduced the protein levels of both EGFR and PDGFRα. We confirmed the binding of miR-219-5p to the 3’ UTRs by using reporter plasmids. We also confirmed the specificity of miR-219-5p binding sites in the 3’ UTR of EGFR by site directed mutagenesis of binding sites which abrogated the miRNA-UTR interaction. The expression of miR-219-5p was significantly downregulated in grade III as well as in grade IV astrocytoma samples in the miRNA microarray experiment and we further validated the downregulation in an independent cohort of grade III and grade IV astrocytoma patients by real-time qRT-PCR. The ectopic overexpression of miR-219-5p in glioma cell lines inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, anchorage independent growth and the migration of glioma cells. In addition, overexpression of miR-219-5p decreased MAPK and PI3K pathways, in concordance with its ability to target EGFR and PDGFRα. Additionally, for the further characterization of miR-219-5p – EGFR interaction and its effect on MAPK and PI3K pathways, we used U87 glioma cells that stably overexpress wild-type EGFR and constitutively active ΔEGFR (both lacking 3’-UTR and thus being insensitive to miR-219-5p overexpression) along with U87 parental cells. In these cell lines with the overexpression of EGFR lacking 3’-UTR, miR-219-5p was unable to inhibit - MAPK and PI3K pathways and also glioma cell migration suggesting that these effects were indeed because of its ability to target EGFR. Further, in the glioblastoma patient cohort (TCGA dataset), we found significant negative correlation between EGFR protein levels, both total EGFR and phospho EGFR and miR-219-5p levels in the glioblastoma tissue samples suggesting a role of miR-219-5p in increasing the protein levels of EGFR in glioblastoma. In summary, we have identified and characterized miR-219-5p as the RTK regulating tumor suppressor miRNA in glioblastoma.

La glycogénose de type Ia (GSDIa) est une maladie métabolique rare causée par un déficit en glucose-6- phosphatase (G6Pase), menant à l'absence de production endogène de glucose. Cette pathologie est caractérisée par des hypoglycémies sévères, une hépatomégalie et une stéatose hépatique ainsi qu'une néphromégalie. En absence de traitement curatif, la prise en charge de cette maladie repose actuellement sur des mesures diététiques très strictes. Cependant, des complications apparaissent avec l'âge comme le développement de tumeurs hépatiques et la progression de la néphropathie vers l'insuffisance rénale. Afin d'étudier l'évolution de cette pathologie à long terme, nous avons utilisé des modèles murins originaux présentant une invalidation du gène de la sous-unité catalytique de la G6Pase spécifiquement au niveau du foie ou des reins. Dans ce travail, nous avons démontré que la déficience en G6Pase uniquement au niveau des reins est suffisante pour entrainer le développement de la pathologie rénale de la GSDIa. Les souris déficientes en G6Pase hépatique nous ont permis de mettre en évidence les effets délétères d'une consommation modérée de fructose ou de galactose et d'une alimentation riche en lipides, de type « cafétéria », sur la pathologie hépatique de la GSDIa, en particulier sur le développement tumoral. Nous avons également démontré chez ces souris l'efficacité et l'innocuité d'un traitement par thérapie génique ciblant le foie. Le transfert de gène avec un vecteur lentiviral, permettant l'intégration du transgène au génome, semble plus efficace qu'avec un vecteur AAV pour prévenir le développement de la pathologie hépatique de la GSDIa et l'apparition des tumeurs / Glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSDIa) is a rare metabolic disease caused by glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) deficiency, leading to the absence of endogenous glucose production. This pathology is characterized by severe hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, hepatic steatosis and nephromegaly. In the absence of a curative therapy, the current treatments available consist in strict dietary management. However, various complications occur with aging, such as hepatic tumor development and progressive chronic renal disease leading to renal failure. In order to study the long term pathology development, we used original mouse models, presenting an invalidation of the gene encoding the G6Pase catalytic subunit, specifically in the liver or in the kidneys. In this work, we demonstrated that renal G6Pase deficiency alone is sufficient to induce the development of the GSDIa nephropathy. Mice with liver-specific G6Pase deficiency allowed us to highlight the deleterious effects of high-fat diet, such as « fast-food » diet, as well as moderate consumption of fructose or galactose on the hepatic GSDIa pathology, particularly on tumor development. Furthermore, we demonstrated the efficiency and innocuity of gene therapies targeting the liver in these mice. Gene transfer with a lentiviral vector, allowing transgene integration into the genome, seems to be more efficient than an AAV vector in preventing the development of hepatic GSDIa pathology and tumor formation

Au cours de la conversion métastatique des tumeurs épithéliales, les cellules tumorales acquièrent des capacités invasives/migratoires nouvelles. Ce changement phénotypique est associé au processus de TEM durant lequel les composants des jonctions serrées sont réorganisés. Parmi eux, la protéine adaptatrice sous membranaire zonula occludens (ZO)-1 est délocalisée de la membrane vers le cytoplasme et/ou le noyau où elle joue un rôle pro invasif au cours de la progression tumorale. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés à l’implication fonctionnelle de la fraction cyto-nucléaire de ZO-1 dans la régulation de l’expression de la chimiokine CXCL8/IL-8. In vitro, le niveau d’expression de l’IL-8 a été corrélé aux capacités invasives des cellules tumorales bronchiques et à la localisation de ZO-1. Par différentes techniques, nous avons montré non seulement que ZO-1 régule spécifiquement l’expression de l’IL-8 mais également qu’il régule la transcription du gène CXCL8 à travers l’activation du facteur de transcription NF-κB dans les cellules bronchiques et mammaires. En parallèle, l’étude de l’implication fonctionnelle de cet axe de régulation, dans des modèles ex vivo et in vivo, a mis en évidence le rôle pro-angiogénique de ZO-1 dont l’expression cyto-nucléaire dans les cancers bronchiques non-à petites cellules (CBNPC) a été corrélée avec une augmentation de la vascularisation de ces tumeurs.Ainsi, cette étude décrit le nouveau rôle de ZO-1 dans l’établissement d’un microenvironnement pro tumoral pro-angiogénique à travers sa capacité à moduler l’expression de l’IL-8 selon un mécanisme de régulation dépendant de la signalisation NF-κB. / In metastatic epithelial tumor conversion, cancer cells acquire new invasive and migratory capacities in association with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. During EMT, the junctional components are reorganized and the sub-membrane scaffolding protein zonula occludens (ZO)-1 relocates from tight junctions into cyto-nuclear compartment where it displays pro-invasive functions during tumor progression. In the present study, we focused on functional involvement of cyto-nuclear pool of ZO-1 on CXCL8/IL-8 regulation. In vitro, we observed correlation between level of IL-8 protein, invasive capacities of lung cancer cells and ZO-1 location. By overexpression of various ZO members, we showed that ZO-1 controls specifically IL-8 expression and active CXCL8 gene transcription by NF-κB dependent mechanism in lung and breast cancer cells. We also reported by in vitro assays that ZO 1 activates NF-κB. Investigation of functional implication of this regulatory axis next showed the pro-angiogenic activity of ZO-1 in both ex vivo and in vivo angiogenesis assays. Finally, we founded that non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) presenting a cyto-nuclear ZO-1 pattern were significantly more angiogenic that those without detectable cyto-nuclear ZO-1 expression.Thus, this study presents a new role of ZO-1 in establishment of pro-angiogenic tumor microenvironment through its capacity to modulate IL-8 expression via an NF-κB dependent mechanism.

Les cellules cancéreuses ayant des propriétés souches, appelées cellules souches cancéreuses (CSCs), sont au sommet de l'organisation hiérarchique des tumeurs et sont soupçonnées d'être responsable des rechutes et de la formation de métastases. Cependant, nous nous sommes demandé comment ces cellules sont-elles capables de supporter le stress métabolique lié à l'oncogène et de croitre dans un environnement nutritif défavorable distinct de celui d'une tumeur établie ? Nous avons mis en évidence dans ce travail le rôle de la réponse aux glucocorticoïdes dans le contrôle de la plasticité mammaire et l'induction d'une plasticité métabolique nécessaire au maintien du potentiel tumorigène des CSCs. Nous avons montré qu'en régulant la reprogrammation cellulaire via l'induction du gène MAFB, les glucocorticoïdes contrôlent le caractère souche des cellules épithéliales malignes en activant la voie de biosynthèse des hexosamines. L'efficacité anabolique de ces cellules est alors augmentée, favorisant le développement de la tumeur et des métastases. Ensemble, nos résultats suggèrent que l'inhibition de l'activité métabolique des glucocorticoïdes pourrait être une stratégie pour éliminer les CSCs et traiter les tumeurs mammaires / Cancer cells with stemness properties - generally designated cancer stem cells (CSCs) - are at the apex of the hierarchical organisation of tumours and are believed to drive tumour recurrence and metastasis formation. However, how they perform these neoplastic activities in a nutritive environment that is distinct from the one in an established tumour is unknown. Here, we unveil the prominent role of glucocorticoid activity in the control of mammary cancer cell plasticity and the induction of metabolic pliancy necessary for the tumorigenic potential of CSCs. By regulating MAFB-dependent cell reprogramming, glucocorticoids control stemness traits in malignant epithelial cells. As an integral part of this regulation, glucocorticoids activate the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and rewire the metabolism of CSCs. The anabolic efficiency of these cells increases then, fostering tumour and metastasis development. Together, our findings suggest that inhibition of glucocorticoid metabolic activity could be an original strategy for CSC eradication and tumour treatment