Established interspecific metabolic allometric relationships do not adequately describe the complexity and variable physiological states of developing animals. Consequently, intraspecific allometric relationships of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production as a function of body mass; the respiratory quotient; the function of the silk cocoon; and body composition were investigated for each distinct developmental stage of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Whole animal O2 consumption in Bombyx ranged from 0.00064 + 0.000047 ml O2 .hr-1 at larval instar I to 0.77 + 0.06 ml O2 .hr-1 in pre-pupal, falling to 0.21+ 0.01 ml O2 .hr-1 in the pupae. Those instars having a significant relationship between O2 consumption as a function of body mass, the slope of the line relating O2 consumption to body mass varied between 0.99 and 1.02, while across all instars the slope was 0.82. Developmental allometry should be presented for individual developmental stages because the individual allometric exponents of the stages can be significantly different from the overall allometric exponent throughout development and in some cases, the overall allometric exponent can be a statistical artifact. The first larval instar of Bombyx mori has the lowest cross sectional area of high metabolic tissue of the midgut (27%) and had one of the highest percentages of some metabolically inert tissues (i.e. lipid, 7.5%). Body composition of the first instar does not support the idea that smaller mass animals having the highest O2 consumption are composed of a greater percentage of metabolically active organs when compared to larger animals. However, this developmental stage has the highest percentage of the mitochondrial marker cytochrome oxidase, which correlates well with the high O2 consumption rate of the smaller mass. Therefore, established interspecific principles should not be assumed to function as valid models for intraspecific developmental relationships of metabolism as a function of body mass. Developmental allometry should include an analysis of individual stages of development as well as an analysis of development as a whole to gain a comprehensive understanding of the complexity of allometry of the developing animal such as the silkworm.

Bats are the only mammals capable of powered flight. In flight, bats consume up to 20 times more oxygen per hour than under basal conditions. This is twice the increase reported for running mammals of the same body sizes. Birds are the only other group of vertebrate capable of powered flight. By plotting morphological and physiological parameters against body mass for bats, terrestrial mammals, and birds, we can observe to what extent these parameters permit high rates of oxygen delivery necessary for flight. In this study we analyzed basal metabolic rate, heart mass, and hematocrit, and compared how differently they scale in the afore-mentioned groups. We found that larger heart masses are associated with the ability to fly; hematocrit values for birds change markedly with body size, while those for mammals and bats are nearly independent of body size; and that BMR scales differently in all three groups.

RESUMO Introdução: Osteogênese imperfeita (OI) é uma enfermidade que leva à fragilidade e redução da massa óssea, não secundária a qualquer outra condição conhecida. Devido à importância do estado nutricional para a saúde óssea, há necessidade de melhor conhecimento sobre o estado nutricional, a composição corporal e a ingestão alimentar de indivíduos com OI. Objetivo: Avaliar o estado nutricional e o consumo alimentar de adolescentes e adultos com OI. Métodos: Estudo caso-controle, com adolescentes e adultos de ambos os sexos. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos a avaliações do estado nutricional (IMC, comprimento supino e envergadura), da composição corporal e densidade mineral óssea (DMO) pelo Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry DXA, ingestão alimentar (diário alimentar de 3 dias), avaliação bioquímica [cálcio total, fósforo, creatinina, albumina, CTX, PTH e vitamina D], avaliação da atividade física, determinação da Taxa de Metabolismo Basal (TMB). Para análise dos resultados foram utilizados One Way ANOVA, teste T-Student e testes de correlação de Pearson e considerados os valores de p<0,05. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 26 indivíduos com OI (50% OI tipo I/ 50% OI tipo III) e 8 indivíduos saudáveis pareados por sexo e idade. O nº de fraturas foi maior nos indivíduos com OI tipo III, em média 60 fraturas comparado a 19 no OI tipo I. A DMO em coluna lombar L1-L4 foi significativamente maior no grupo controle comparado aos tipos de OI I e III [-0,4(0,5) vs. -2,7(1,0) e - 2,7(0,6) g/cm2, p<0,05], respectivamente. Segundo o IMC, 100% dos indivíduos do grupo controle encontram-se eutróficos, 46% dos indivíduos com OI tipo III obesos e 31% dos indivíduos OI tipo I com sobrepeso. Quanto ao percentual de gordura corporal, encontrou-se 14% de indivíduos com excesso de gordura corporal no grupo controle, 83% nos indivíduos com OI tipo III e 42% nos indivíduos com OI tipo I. No grupo caso houve correlação negativa entre número de fraturas e massa magra e correlações positivas entre número de fraturas e porcentagem de gordura corporal e IMC. Não houve diferença na ingestão de cálcio e de fósforo entre os grupos. Entretanto, a vitamina D foi significativamente menor no grupo controle. Somando-se a ingestão e a suplementação de nutrientes, 58% e 12% dos indivíduos do grupo caso não alcançaram os valores recomendados de ingestão de cálcio e vitamina D, respectivamente. Os indivíduos com OI tipo III apresentaram concentrações séricas de fósforo significativamente maiores quando comparados aos com OI tipo I [4,3 (0,8) vs. 3,3 (0,4)mg/dl, p<0,05], respectivamente. Foi observada 71%, 77% e 69% de indivíduos com insuficiência de vitamina D no grupo controle, OI tipos I e III, respectivamente. Quanto à TMB, observou-se diferença significativa na TMB em kcal/dia entre os gêneros dos indivíduos adultos com OI tipo III, sendo significativamente maior no feminino. Conclusão: Observou-se elevada porcentagem de indivíduos com OI com excesso de peso e excesso de gordura corporal, principalmente entre os indivíduos com OI tipo III. A ingestão de cálcio e vitamina D foi inferior a recomendação na maioria dos indivíduos com OI e também no grupo controle. Estes resultados apontam a necessidade de uma intervenção nutricional direcionada a estes pacientes, uma vez que o estado nutricional e alimentar adequado podem contribuir para a saúde óssea. / Background: Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a disease that leads to fragility and reduced bone mass, not secondary to another known condition. Due to the importance of nutritional status for bone health, there is a need for better knowledge on the nutritional status, body composition and dietary intake of individuals with OI. Objective: To evaluate the nutritional status and nutrient intakes of adolescents and adults with OI. Methods: A case-control study with adolescents and adults of both genders. Nutritional status (BMI, supine length and armspan), body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry - DXA, dietary intake (3 days Dietary Records), biochemical measurements (total calcium, phosphorus, albumin, creatinina, PTH, CTX and vitamin D), physical activity assessment and determination of basal metabolic rate (BMR) were evaluated. Statistical analyses comprised One Way ANOVA and Student-T test to calculated differences between groups and Pearson\'s correlation test. Significance was considered when p<0.05. Results: There were 26 subjects with OI (50% OI type I / type III OI 50%) and 8 healthy subjects matched by sex and age in the control group. The number of fractures was higher in subjects with OI type III, an average of 60 fractures compared to 19 in the OI type I. The BMD in the lumbar spine L1-L4 was significantly higher in the control group compared to the types of OI I and III [-0.4 (0.5) vs -2.7 (1.0) and -2.7 (0.6) g/cm2, p<0.05], respectively. According to BMI, 100% of subjects in the control group were considered normal weight, 46% of individuals with OI type III are obese and 31% of individuals type I OI, overweight. Regarding percentage of body fat, 14% of individuals with in the control group, 83% in OI type III and 42% in individuals with type I presented excess of body fat. In the case group, there was negative association between number of fractures and fat-free body mass and positive association between number of fractures and body fat% and BMI. There was no difference of calcium and phosphorus intakes between the groups. However, vitamin D was significantly lower in the control group. In addition considering foods and supplementation, 58% and 12% of individuals in the case group did not reach the recommended levels of calcium and vitamin D, respectively. Individuals with type III showed serum phosphorus significantly higher when compared with OI type I [4.3 (0.8) vs. 3.3 (0.4) mg/dl, p<0.05], respectively. Was observed 71%, 77% and 69% of insufficiency vitamin D in individuals of control group, OI types I and III, respectively. A significant difference between BMR in kcal/day between genders of adults with OI type III was observed being significantly higher in females. Conclusion: There was a high percentage of individuals with OI with higher body weight and body fat, mainly among OI type III. The calcium and vitamin D intakes was under recommended levels in most individuals with OI and in the control group. These results demonstrates that a nutritional intervention program is necessary for these patients, such an adequate nutritional status and dietary pattern could contribute to bone health.

Vários estudos analisando a taxa de metabolismo de repouso (TMR) contribuíram com equações cuja proposta era estabelecer padrões que pudessem ser genericamente utilizadas para se estimar a TMR. A equação de Harris-Benedict (HB), permanece como o método mais comumente utilizado para estimar a TMR. Porém, em indivíduos obesos o uso de equações preditivas da TMR pode levar a resultados conflitantes. Indivíduos obesos submetidos a dietas hipocalóricas podem apresentar uma diminuição da TMR e do gasto energético total. Isto pode ser a causa da redução na velocidade da perda de peso durante o tratamento. Outros estudos mostram que a TMR, quando corrigida para a massa livre de gordura (MLG), apresenta pouca variabilidade e propõem uma correlação entre MLG e TMR. Porém ainda existem dificuldades em se afirmar ou não se a redução de massa corporal também reduz a TMR. O presente estudo teve como objetivos determinar a TMR de indivíduos com obesidade grau III (IMC > 40 kg/m2) do sexo feminino obtida por meio de calorimetria indireta (CI) e comparar com a TMR estimada por meio da equação de HB utilizando-se peso atual e peso ideal. Relacionar a TMR medida por CI com a composição corporal e validar a relação entre a TMR e a MLG nestes indivíduos antes e após a perda de peso. As pacientes foram internadas na Unidade Metabólica da Divisão de Nutrologia do Departamento de Clínica Médica do HCFMRP-USP, durante um período de 8 semanas. No início e no final do estudo foram realizadas: avaliação nutricional incluindo antropometria, bioimpedância e calorimetria indireta. As pacientes foram submetidas a uma dieta hipocalórica durante a internação. A TMR medida por calorimetria indireta (CI) no início e final do estudo foi de 2540 ± 417 e 1924 ± 275 kcal/dia, respectivamente (p<0,05). Quando calculado pela equação de HB utilizando-se peso atual, os valores encontrados foram 2074 ± 214 e 1941 ± 190 kcal/dia (p<0,05). Utilizando-se o peso ideal a TMR calculada foi de 1343 ± 59 kcal/dia. A TMR medida por CI foi, em média, 18 % maior que a calculada por HB pelo peso atual e 47 % maior que a calculada por HB utilizando-se o peso ideal no início do estudo. No final do estudo estes valores passaram para 1% e 30% respectivamente. Comparando-se a TMR medida por CI e calculada por HB usando peso atual tem-se, no início do estudo uma diferença significante (p<0,05) que não se repete no final do estudo (p>0,05). A TMR, quando corrigida para massa livre de gordura no início e no final do estudo foi de 46 ± 6 e 35 ± 5 kcal/d/MLG (p<0,05) respectivamente e quando corrigida para a gordura corporal (GC) foi de 33 ± 6 e 30 ± 5 kcal/d/GC (p<0,05) respectivamente. Os dados encontrados no presente estudo não permitem afirmar que o uso da equação de HB possa estimar a TMR de maneira confiável em indivíduos obesos grau III do sexo feminino. Porém os dados sugerem que logo após submeter esses indivíduos à dieta hipocalórica, com conseqüente perda de peso a equação de HB se torna confiável para estimar a TMR. Pacientes obesos ingerindo dieta livre deveriam ter a TMR obtida por meio da equação de HB corrigida por um fator de 20% a mais. / Studies analyzing resting energy expenditure (REE) have contributed with equations that were intended to establish a pattern that could be used generally to estimate the REE. Harris Benedict’s (HB) equation remains as the most used in estimating the REE. But in obese subjects, the use of predictive equations can lead to conflicting results. Obese individuals undergoing a hypo caloric diet may have a reduction in the REE and in the total energy expenditure. These are the most probably cause of the slowing on weight loss during the treatment. Some studies show that when the REE is relative to the fat free mass (FFM) there is less variability and their proposal is a correlation between FFM and REE. But it is difficult to confirm if a reduction in total body mass also can diminish the REE. The objective of this study was to define the REE of female subjects with grade III obesity (body mass index (BMI) > 40 kg/m2) using indirect calorimetry (IC) and to compare this REE with the one estimated with HB equation using real body weight and ideal body weight, and try to correlate the REE obtained by IC with the body composition, validating the relation between REE and FFM in these individual before and after weight loss. The patients were under hospital regimen in the Metabolic Unit of the Nutrology Division of the Internal Medicine Department of the HCFMRP-USP, for an 8 weeks period. At the beginning and at the end of the study, nutritional assessment was realized, including anthropometry, bioimpedance and indirect calorimetry. The patients were undergoing a hypo caloric diet during the 8 week period. The REE obtained by indirect calorimetry (IC) at the beginning and at the end of the study was 2540 ± 417 e 1924 ± 275 kcal/day, respectively (p<0,05). When estimated with the HB equation using real weight the values were 2074 ± 214 e 1941 ± 190 kcal/day (p<0,05). Using the ideal weight, the calculated REE was 1343 ± 59 kcal/day. At the beginning of the study, REE obtained by IC was 18 % greater than the REE calculated with HB equation using the real weight and 47 % greater than the one calculated using the ideal body weight. At the end of the study these values changed to 1% e 30% respectively. There is a significant difference (p<0,05) when comparing the REE obtained by IC with the one calculated using the HB equation with real weight at the beginning of the study, but this does not happen at the end of the study (p>0,05). The REE corrected by the FFM at the beginning and at the end of the study was 46 ± 6 e 35 ± 5 kcal/d/FFM (p<0,05) respectively and the REE corrected by the fat mass (FM) was 3 ± 6 e 30 ± 5 kcal/d/FM (p<0,05) respectively. The data found in this study does not allow affirming that the use of HB equation to predict REE in female grade III obese subjects is reliable. But the data suggest that immediately after using a hypo caloric diet, the REE calculated using HB equation and real weight is reliable. When calculating the REE of female grade III obese patients undergoing a free diet using HB equation, the obtained value should be increased in 20 %.

RESUMO Introdução: Osteogênese imperfeita (OI) é uma enfermidade que leva à fragilidade e redução da massa óssea, não secundária a qualquer outra condição conhecida. Devido à importância do estado nutricional para a saúde óssea, há necessidade de melhor conhecimento sobre o estado nutricional, a composição corporal e a ingestão alimentar de indivíduos com OI. Objetivo: Avaliar o estado nutricional e o consumo alimentar de adolescentes e adultos com OI. Métodos: Estudo caso-controle, com adolescentes e adultos de ambos os sexos. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos a avaliações do estado nutricional (IMC, comprimento supino e envergadura), da composição corporal e densidade mineral óssea (DMO) pelo Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry DXA, ingestão alimentar (diário alimentar de 3 dias), avaliação bioquímica [cálcio total, fósforo, creatinina, albumina, CTX, PTH e vitamina D], avaliação da atividade física, determinação da Taxa de Metabolismo Basal (TMB). Para análise dos resultados foram utilizados One Way ANOVA, teste T-Student e testes de correlação de Pearson e considerados os valores de p<0,05. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 26 indivíduos com OI (50% OI tipo I/ 50% OI tipo III) e 8 indivíduos saudáveis pareados por sexo e idade. O nº de fraturas foi maior nos indivíduos com OI tipo III, em média 60 fraturas comparado a 19 no OI tipo I. A DMO em coluna lombar L1-L4 foi significativamente maior no grupo controle comparado aos tipos de OI I e III [-0,4(0,5) vs. -2,7(1,0) e - 2,7(0,6) g/cm2, p<0,05], respectivamente. Segundo o IMC, 100% dos indivíduos do grupo controle encontram-se eutróficos, 46% dos indivíduos com OI tipo III obesos e 31% dos indivíduos OI tipo I com sobrepeso. Quanto ao percentual de gordura corporal, encontrou-se 14% de indivíduos com excesso de gordura corporal no grupo controle, 83% nos indivíduos com OI tipo III e 42% nos indivíduos com OI tipo I. No grupo caso houve correlação negativa entre número de fraturas e massa magra e correlações positivas entre número de fraturas e porcentagem de gordura corporal e IMC. Não houve diferença na ingestão de cálcio e de fósforo entre os grupos. Entretanto, a vitamina D foi significativamente menor no grupo controle. Somando-se a ingestão e a suplementação de nutrientes, 58% e 12% dos indivíduos do grupo caso não alcançaram os valores recomendados de ingestão de cálcio e vitamina D, respectivamente. Os indivíduos com OI tipo III apresentaram concentrações séricas de fósforo significativamente maiores quando comparados aos com OI tipo I [4,3 (0,8) vs. 3,3 (0,4)mg/dl, p<0,05], respectivamente. Foi observada 71%, 77% e 69% de indivíduos com insuficiência de vitamina D no grupo controle, OI tipos I e III, respectivamente. Quanto à TMB, observou-se diferença significativa na TMB em kcal/dia entre os gêneros dos indivíduos adultos com OI tipo III, sendo significativamente maior no feminino. Conclusão: Observou-se elevada porcentagem de indivíduos com OI com excesso de peso e excesso de gordura corporal, principalmente entre os indivíduos com OI tipo III. A ingestão de cálcio e vitamina D foi inferior a recomendação na maioria dos indivíduos com OI e também no grupo controle. Estes resultados apontam a necessidade de uma intervenção nutricional direcionada a estes pacientes, uma vez que o estado nutricional e alimentar adequado podem contribuir para a saúde óssea. / Background: Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a disease that leads to fragility and reduced bone mass, not secondary to another known condition. Due to the importance of nutritional status for bone health, there is a need for better knowledge on the nutritional status, body composition and dietary intake of individuals with OI. Objective: To evaluate the nutritional status and nutrient intakes of adolescents and adults with OI. Methods: A case-control study with adolescents and adults of both genders. Nutritional status (BMI, supine length and armspan), body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry - DXA, dietary intake (3 days Dietary Records), biochemical measurements (total calcium, phosphorus, albumin, creatinina, PTH, CTX and vitamin D), physical activity assessment and determination of basal metabolic rate (BMR) were evaluated. Statistical analyses comprised One Way ANOVA and Student-T test to calculated differences between groups and Pearson\'s correlation test. Significance was considered when p<0.05. Results: There were 26 subjects with OI (50% OI type I / type III OI 50%) and 8 healthy subjects matched by sex and age in the control group. The number of fractures was higher in subjects with OI type III, an average of 60 fractures compared to 19 in the OI type I. The BMD in the lumbar spine L1-L4 was significantly higher in the control group compared to the types of OI I and III [-0.4 (0.5) vs -2.7 (1.0) and -2.7 (0.6) g/cm2, p<0.05], respectively. According to BMI, 100% of subjects in the control group were considered normal weight, 46% of individuals with OI type III are obese and 31% of individuals type I OI, overweight. Regarding percentage of body fat, 14% of individuals with in the control group, 83% in OI type III and 42% in individuals with type I presented excess of body fat. In the case group, there was negative association between number of fractures and fat-free body mass and positive association between number of fractures and body fat% and BMI. There was no difference of calcium and phosphorus intakes between the groups. However, vitamin D was significantly lower in the control group. In addition considering foods and supplementation, 58% and 12% of individuals in the case group did not reach the recommended levels of calcium and vitamin D, respectively. Individuals with type III showed serum phosphorus significantly higher when compared with OI type I [4.3 (0.8) vs. 3.3 (0.4) mg/dl, p<0.05], respectively. Was observed 71%, 77% and 69% of insufficiency vitamin D in individuals of control group, OI types I and III, respectively. A significant difference between BMR in kcal/day between genders of adults with OI type III was observed being significantly higher in females. Conclusion: There was a high percentage of individuals with OI with higher body weight and body fat, mainly among OI type III. The calcium and vitamin D intakes was under recommended levels in most individuals with OI and in the control group. These results demonstrates that a nutritional intervention program is necessary for these patients, such an adequate nutritional status and dietary pattern could contribute to bone health.

abstract: No studies have evaluated the impact of tracking resting energy expenditure (REE) and modifiable health behaviors on gestational weight gain (GWG). In this controlled trial, pregnant women aged >18 years (X=29.8±4.9 years) with a gestational age (GA) <17 weeks were randomized to Breezing™ (N=16) or control (N=12) for 13 weeks. The Breezing™ group used a real-time metabolism tracker to obtain REE. Anthropometrics, diet, and sleep data were collected every 2 weeks. Rate of GWG was calculated as weight gain divided by total duration. Early (GA weeks 14-21), late (GA weeks 21-28), and overall (GA week 14-28) changes in macronutrients, sleep, and GWG were calculated. Mediation models were constructed using SPSS PROCESS macro using a bootstrap estimation approach with 10,000 samples. The majority of women were non-Hispanic Caucasian (78.6%). A total of 35.7% (n=10), 35.7% (n=10), and 28.6% (n=8) were normal weight, overweight, and obese, respectively, with 83.3% (n=10) and 87.5% (n=14) of the Control and Breezing™ groups gaining above IOM GWG recommendations. At baseline, macronutrient consumption did not differ. Overall (Breezing™ vs. Control; M diff=-349.08±150.77, 95% CI: -660.26 to -37.90, p=0.029) and late (M diff=-379.90±143.89, 95% CI:-676.87 to -82.93, p=0.014) changes in energy consumption significantly differed between the groups. Overall (M diff=-22.45±11.03, 95% CI: -45.20 to 0.31, p=0.053), late (M diff=-23.16±11.23, 95% CI: -46.33 to 0.01, p=0.05), and early (M diff=20.3±10.19, 95% CI: -0.74 to 41.34, p=0.058) changes in protein differed by group. Nocturnal total sleep time differed by study group (Breezing vs. Control; M diff=-32.75, 95% CI: -68.34 to 2.84, p=0.069). There was a 11.5% increase in total REE throughout the study. Early changes in REE (72±211 kcals) were relatively small while late changes (128±294 kcals) nearly doubled. Interestingly, early changes in REE demonstrated a moderate, positive correlation with rates of GWG later in pregnancy (r=0.528, p=0.052), suggesting that REE assessment early in pregnancy may help predict changes in GWG. Changes in macronutrients did not mediate the relationship between the intervention and GWG, nor did sleep mediate relationships between dietary intake and GWG. Future research evaluating REE and dietary composition throughout pregnancy may provide insight for appropriate GWG recommendations. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Nutrition 2019

The two most common methods to measure resting metabolic rate using indirect calorimetry are steady state or time interval. Steady state is commonly defined as the first five minutes in which oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production vary by <10%. A time interval measurement generally lasts 20-60 minutes. Using steady state criteria is often harder to achieve, but many suggest it more accurately measures resting metabolic rate. Our objective was to determine if there were differences between steady state and time interval measurements in a healthy adult population. Seventy seven subjects were measured for 45 minutes. Inclusion criteria included healthy subjects ages 18-65, excluding pregnant and lactating women. Paired t-tests analyzed differences between measures, and Bland-Altman plots evaluated bias, precision, and accuracy. Of 77 subjects, 84% achieved steady state, and 95% achieved SS by minute 30. Most differences between steady state and time intervals were statistically but not practically significant. Bland-Altman plots showed steady state measurements were generally lower indicating that steady state is more indicative of resting metabolic rate. Minutes 6-25 were most precise, accurate and fairly unbiased compared to steady state. We recommend measuring a subject for 30 minutes and using steady state criteria of <10% variation of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production for five minutes if a subject is able to achieve it. However, if a subject cannot achieve steady state, we recommend averaging minutes 6-25.

This study measured total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) in adults at least 50 years of age. The goal was to determine the effect of the estimate of resting metabolic rate (RMR) on the relationship between energy expenditure estimates made using (a) self-reports of physical activity and (b) food intake records. The objectives were to determine if (a) RMR estimates based on body composition, body weight, and the 111 metabolic cart were strongly related to each other, and (b) TDEE estimates based on a 7- day physical activity diary and a 7-day food intake record were more strongly related to each other when an RMR was used that was based on body composition, body weight, or the met cart. This was a three-phase study. In phases I and II, the Pearson r was computed for all combinations of methods . If r > .80, the most practical method for field use was used in the next phase. Phase I: Estimated body composition using bioimpedance (BIA), skinfold (SKF), and girth. Phase II: Measured RMR using a met cart and three equations. Phase III: Computed TDEE using the self-reports. The Pearson r was computed to determine which methods of estimating RMR resulted in the strongest relationships. Forty-four older adults participated. Phase I: r = .88 for SKF, girth; r = .64 for SKF, BIA. Phase II: rs ranged from .47 to .59 between the met cart-RMR and all the other methods; rs ranged from .84 to .98 for the remaining methods. Phase III: r = .41 between the two estimates of TDEE that used a body weight -RMR; r = .59 between estimates using a met cart-RMR; and r = .58 between estimates using a body composition-RMR. Even though r = .59 and r = .58 are similar, the average individual difference between the two estimates for each participant was smaller for the metabolic cart- RMR (372 calories /day) than for the body composition-RMR (1,045 calories /day), which suggests that body composition is not as useful as a met cart when estimating TDEE for older adults . When estimating clients' daily calorie needs, health professionals ought to consider using a met cart to estimate RMR and TDEE instead of other methods .

Heat stress is a well documented hazard across industries. The combination of environmental conditions, work demands, and clothing contribute to heat strain. Left unchecked, heat strain causes changes in an individual's physiological state that can lead to serious and fatal conditions with little warning. Although engineering and administrative controls are the first choice to abate this hazard, they frequently are not feasible. In these cases, personal cooling is often employed. There are three main types of personal cooling: liquid, air, and passive. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. This study focuses on continuous cooling using a portable liquid cooling system (LCS). The LCS used a vest with tubes circulating water from an ice heat sink. The experiment consisted of five males each completing seven tests in random order. The subjects wore work clothes as the control then in conjunction with a firefighter, vapor barrier, and bomb suits. Each suit was tested with and without the benefit of the LCS. All of the tests took place at 35oC dry bulb and 50% relative humidity while attempting to walk 90 minutes on a treadmill at a 300 W metabolic rate. The study found continuous use of the LCS significantly reduced heat storage (S) and the rate of rise of heart rate (rrHR), core temperature (rrTre), and mean skin temperature (rrTsk) for the firefighter and vapor barrier suits as compared to no-cooling. Although the LCS didn't significantly affect the rate of rise for physiological responses with the bomb suit, it did however, significantly increase the endurance time. Interestingly, the study also found when wearing either the vapor barrier or firefighter suits in conjunction with the LCS that the rrHR and rrTre were not significantly different from only wearing work clothes.

<p> </p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p> </p><p>Migration is common among populations of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). However, not all individuals in the same population migrate, a phenomenon referred to as partial migration. The aim of this thesis was to investigate if an individual’s behaviour and metabolic rate influences its decision to migrate and how such knowledge may be used when trying to produce hatchery-raised smolts with as high a proportion of migrating individuals as possible. In paper I the influence of reduced food ration on the proportion and swimming speed of migrating brown trout and Atlantic salmon smolts was investigated. Furthermore, the standard metabolic rate (SMR) of migrating and non-migrating individuals was compared. In paper II, a laboratory experiment, SMR was correlated to the behaviour of individual brown trout and Atlantic salmon. Dominant fish of both species had a higher SMR than subordinates (paper II). In addition, migrant brown trout had a higher SMR than non-migrant trout when given a normal food ration, whereas no difference in SMR between migrating and non-migrating salmon could be seen (paper I). When administered low food rations, smolts of both species migrated faster than smolts given a normal food ration, and the proportion of migrating smolts was higher for salmon given less food when the size difference for smolts from the two feeding regimes was large (paper I). Other factors that influenced migration speed were the degree of smolt development and water temperature (paper I). SMR was not correlated with aggressiveness, or with different measurements of boldness. Moreover, aggression and boldness were not correlated with each other (paper II). Trout showed a higher level of aggressiveness and acclimated more rapidly to laboratory conditions than salmon (paper II). In summary, there was no support for the existence of coping styles in migratory Atlantic salmon and brown trout. Instead, metabolic rates were related to both migratory behaviour and social status. Furthermore, an individual’s decision to migrate was influenced by ration size.</p>