La presente investigación tuvo como finalidad determinar la relación de la transformación digital y las necesidades de formación de las empresas metalmecánicas en Lima Metropolitana al 2020. Este estudio tiene un enfoque cuantitativo, con un alcance correlacional simple. Asimismo, el diseño de la investigación es no experimental de corte transversal. Para la recolección de datos de los encargados de la formación con respecto a las dos variables y dimensiones investigadas, se elaboró un cuestionario tipo Likert. Con los datos analizados, se afirma que el Coeficiente de Alfa de Cronbach (0.856) determinó la fiabilidad del instrumento utilizado, y el juicio de los expertos en la investigación otorgó la validación de la herramienta aplicada. La población de esta investigación está compuesta por 26,892 encargados de la formación y a través de del muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple, se estableció una muestra de 270 encargados. De acuerdo con la información obtenida, se infiere que los trabajadores de las empresas metalmecánicas en Lima Metropolitana, a través del Coeficiente de Correlación de Spearman (p=0.458) y Coeficiente de Determinación (0.9864), perciben que la transformación digital posee una fuerte relación sobre las necesidades de formación. / The following research seeks to determine the relationship between the digital transformation and the training needs of metalworking companies in Metropolitan Lima by 2020. This study has a quantitative approach, with a simple correlational scope.  Likewise, the research design is non-experimental of cross-sectional cut. The instrument used to collect data from those in charge of training was a Likert-type survey regarding the two variables and dimensions under investigation.  With the data analyzed, it is stated that the Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient (0.856) determined the reliability of the instrument used, and the judgment of the research experts, granted the validation of the applied tool.  The population of this research is composed of 26,892 managers of training and through simple random probability sampling, a sample of 270 managers was established.  According to the parametric tests of the information obtained, it is inferred that the workers of the metalworking companies in Metropolitan Lima, through the Spearman Correlation Coefficient (p = 0.458) and Determination Coefficient (0.9864), perceive that the digital transformation has a strong relationship on training needs. / Tesis

Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Fragestellung, ob das Drahtziehverfahren bereits im Altertum zur Anwendung kam und nicht, wie in der bisherigen Forschung angenommen, erst im Frühmittelalter einsetzte. Um diese Fragestellung zu klären, wurden Drähte unterschiedlicher Produktgattungen untersucht und experimentalarchäologisch mit der Expertise des Goldschmieds und Restaurators Frank Willer nachgeahmt. Während einige Drähte aus einem Blech gezogen sind, konnte für den Draht des Kettenpanzers aus der Tiefenau bei Bern anhand einer metallographischen Analyse das Ziehen aus einem massiven Rohling nachgewiesen werden. Auch die Untersuchung der für das Drahtziehen benötigten Werkzeuge unterstützt die Annahme, dass das Drahtziehverfahren früher als bisher vermutet bekannt gewesen war. Durch eine materialwissenschaftliche Analyse der Zieheisen und -bronzen konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass diese Werkzeuge den Anforderungen für das Ziehen von Drähten entsprechen. Ein weiteres Argument für das Drahtziehen im Altertum besteht aus der chronologischen und geographischen Korrelation zwischen dem Einsetzen von Kettenpanzern und dem Aufkommen von Zieheisen innerhalb des Latènekreises. Für die Produktion von Kettenpanzern wurde Draht in großen Mengen benötigt, weswegen die Nutzung des im Vergleich ökonomischeren Drahtziehverfahrens naheliegend ist. Somit lässt sich das Ziehen von Drähten zwar schon vereinzelt für die Bronzezeit nachweisen, doch eine weite Verbreitung dieser Innovation geschieht erst ab der Früh- oder Mittellatènezeit mit der Nutzung von Kettenpanzern. Solch eine verzögerte Diffusion einer Innovation stellt keine Ausnahme innerhalb der Technikgeschichte dar und ist dadurch zu erklären, dass eine Innovation, die nicht fortgeführt wurde, an einem geographisch und zeitlich unterschiedlichem Punkt der Geschichte erneut auftreten kann, da es sich um eine konvergente Entwicklung handelt, bei der dieselben Rahmenbedingungen und Anforderungen vorliegen. / The doctoral thesis examines the question of whether the wire drawing process was already used in antiquity and not, as assumed in previous research, first began in the early Middle Ages. In order to elucidate this question, the wires of different products were examined and imitated experimentally with the expertise of the goldsmith and conservator Frank Willer. While some wires were drawn from a sheet metal, by metallographic analysis the wire of the mail armour from Tiefenau near Bern was drawn from a solid blank. The investigation of the tools required for wire drawing also supports the assumption that the wire drawing process was known earlier than previously assumed. A materials science analysis of the drawplates showed that these these Bronze and Iron Age tools met the requirements for wire drawing. Another argument for wire drawing in antiquity is the chronological and geographical correlation between the introduction of mail armour and the frequent use of drawplates within the Latène circle. The production of mail armour required considerable quantities of wire, so the use of the more economical wire drawing process compared to hammering or torsion techniques is obvious. Although the drawing of wire can be proven for the Bronze Age in certain cases, this innovation was not widely spread and established until the Early or Middle Latène Period onwards with the use of mail armour and the accompanying higher demand for wires. Such a delayed diffusion of an innovation is not an exception within the history of technology and can be explained by the fact that an innovation that was not continued can reappear at a geographically and temporally different point in history, since it is a convergent development in which the same underlying conditions and requirements are present.

This study was designed to determine the employment opportunities in the steel fabrication industry of the Greater Fort Worth Metropolitan Area, and to ascertain what skills and knowledge were required of the prospective employee and which of these skills were being taught in the Industrial Arts metalworking laboratories. The Machine Metalworking I & II curriculum was established and related to information gained through a questionnaire sent to participating steel fabrication firms. The study was used to determine present and anticipated employment opportunities in the steel fabrication industry and aid in evaluating the curriculum of Machine Metalworking I & II as it relates to the employment requirements of the steel fabrication industry.

Este estudo aborda a atividade industrial vinculada à atividade agropecuária de um município de pequeno porte localizado na microrregião Fronteira Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Rosa que, nas últimas décadas, atraiu para sua região de abrangência investimentos industriais ligados à transformação dos produtos gerados pela agropecuária local: a soja, o milho, o trigo, o leite e o suíno, produzidos em grande parte em pequenas propriedades fundiárias. Uma destacada indústria dessa microrregião é a metalmecânica, que teve alicerçadas as primeiras plantas industriais montadoras de máquinas e produtoras de implementos agrícolas já na década de 1950 e que, à medida dos empreendimentos em tecnologia, melhoramento de produtividade no campo e formação de mão-de-obra especializada, tem aumentado a geração de renda na região de estudo. No transcurso de sua economia, a microrregião enfrentou diversos percalços, devidos por um lado ao modelo de produtividade local e, por outro, às dificuldades da política econômica brasileira vigente nos anos de 1980, quando o Governo deixa de subsidiar o setor produtivo primário da região, forçando uma reestruturação de sua economia. As lideranças regionais do RS procuraram estimular a vinda de novos empreendimentos e ao mesmo tempo evitar a fuga de capitais internos, especialmente do setor empresarial e do efetivo humano, consequência da intensificação do êxodo rural rumo a outras áreas melhor posicionadas economicamente. É quando entram em cena as políticas coordenadas que, envolvendo atores sociais, políticos e econômicos, buscaram melhorar a inserção da região nos contextos estadual e brasileiro e culminaram na criação recente dos Conselhos Regionais de Desenvolvimento, dos Arranjos Produtivos Locais e dos Programas de Apoio aos Polos Tecnológicos. O estudo traça uma trajetória dos principais setores dessa indústria local e regional do Brasil, revelando alguns dos aspectos que têm marcado seu avanço entre meados do século XX e os dias atuais / This study addresses the industrial activities of Santa Rosa, a small city located in the North West Frontier micro region of Rio Grande do Sul, and their linking to agriculture. In recent decades, Santa Rosa has attracted industrial investments related to the processing of local agricultural products, such as soybeans, corn, wheat, milk and pork, mostly farmed on small estates. In this scenario, metalworking has played a major role since the foundation of the first industrial plants for the production of machinery and agricultural implements, in the 1950s. It has developed technology, improved productivity and trained specialized manpower, increasing the income generation in the study area. Over the period, however, Santa Rosa region has faced some mishaps. This were due firstly to the local production model, and secondly, to the Brazilian economic policy in the 1980s when the government stopped subsidizing the primary productive sector of the region, which led the municipality to restructure its economy. Regional leaders of Rio Grande do Sul sought to encourage the coming of new ventures and at the same time prevent the outflow of domestic capital, especially the business class and working class, caused by the intensifying rural exodus towards other better economically positioned areas. Coordinated policies involving social, political and economic players then came into play aiming at better integration of the region at the state and national levels culminating in the mid -1990s in the creation of the Conselhos Regionais de Desenvolvimento COREDES (regional development councils), Arranjos Produtivos Locais APL (local production arrangements) and Programas de Apoio aos Polos Tecnológicos (programs to support technological poles). The study traces a trajectory the main sectors of this local and regional industry in Brazil, revealing some of the aspects that have marked its development from the mid-twentieth century to present day

Este estudo aborda a atividade industrial vinculada à atividade agropecuária de um município de pequeno porte localizado na microrregião Fronteira Noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Rosa que, nas últimas décadas, atraiu para sua região de abrangência investimentos industriais ligados à transformação dos produtos gerados pela agropecuária local: a soja, o milho, o trigo, o leite e o suíno, produzidos em grande parte em pequenas propriedades fundiárias. Uma destacada indústria dessa microrregião é a metalmecânica, que teve alicerçadas as primeiras plantas industriais montadoras de máquinas e produtoras de implementos agrícolas já na década de 1950 e que, à medida dos empreendimentos em tecnologia, melhoramento de produtividade no campo e formação de mão-de-obra especializada, tem aumentado a geração de renda na região de estudo. No transcurso de sua economia, a microrregião enfrentou diversos percalços, devidos por um lado ao modelo de produtividade local e, por outro, às dificuldades da política econômica brasileira vigente nos anos de 1980, quando o Governo deixa de subsidiar o setor produtivo primário da região, forçando uma reestruturação de sua economia. As lideranças regionais do RS procuraram estimular a vinda de novos empreendimentos e ao mesmo tempo evitar a fuga de capitais internos, especialmente do setor empresarial e do efetivo humano, consequência da intensificação do êxodo rural rumo a outras áreas melhor posicionadas economicamente. É quando entram em cena as políticas coordenadas que, envolvendo atores sociais, políticos e econômicos, buscaram melhorar a inserção da região nos contextos estadual e brasileiro e culminaram na criação recente dos Conselhos Regionais de Desenvolvimento, dos Arranjos Produtivos Locais e dos Programas de Apoio aos Polos Tecnológicos. O estudo traça uma trajetória dos principais setores dessa indústria local e regional do Brasil, revelando alguns dos aspectos que têm marcado seu avanço entre meados do século XX e os dias atuais / This study addresses the industrial activities of Santa Rosa, a small city located in the North West Frontier micro region of Rio Grande do Sul, and their linking to agriculture. In recent decades, Santa Rosa has attracted industrial investments related to the processing of local agricultural products, such as soybeans, corn, wheat, milk and pork, mostly farmed on small estates. In this scenario, metalworking has played a major role since the foundation of the first industrial plants for the production of machinery and agricultural implements, in the 1950s. It has developed technology, improved productivity and trained specialized manpower, increasing the income generation in the study area. Over the period, however, Santa Rosa region has faced some mishaps. This were due firstly to the local production model, and secondly, to the Brazilian economic policy in the 1980s when the government stopped subsidizing the primary productive sector of the region, which led the municipality to restructure its economy. Regional leaders of Rio Grande do Sul sought to encourage the coming of new ventures and at the same time prevent the outflow of domestic capital, especially the business class and working class, caused by the intensifying rural exodus towards other better economically positioned areas. Coordinated policies involving social, political and economic players then came into play aiming at better integration of the region at the state and national levels culminating in the mid -1990s in the creation of the Conselhos Regionais de Desenvolvimento COREDES (regional development councils), Arranjos Produtivos Locais APL (local production arrangements) and Programas de Apoio aos Polos Tecnológicos (programs to support technological poles). The study traces a trajectory the main sectors of this local and regional industry in Brazil, revealing some of the aspects that have marked its development from the mid-twentieth century to present day

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo principal evaluar el comportamiento de los costos según la productividad y su efecto financiero en la industria de carrocerías metálicas de Lima este. Esta industria se ha visto afectada por la disminución de la demanda de su principal cliente, el sector minero, y la competencia informal, que ofrece al mercado un precio por debajo del precio de una empresa formal. Bajo este contexto, las empresas que pertenecen a la industria de carrocerías metálicas se ven obligadas a buscar alternativas y soluciones a fin de seguir compitiendo en el mercado. En este sentido, el presente trabajo de investigación se centra en el análisis del comportamiento y clasificación de los costos, para obtener información financiera fiable que permita planificar y controlar la gestión de producción que es esencial en la industria metalmecánica. Para ello, se usará como herramienta el método de costeo variable que identifica los costos fijos y variables con mayor exactitud para aplicar el análisis de contribución marginal lo que permitirá tomar decisiones concernientes a precios, descuentos, eliminación de productos, hacer o comprar, e invertir capital. Además, se considera la productividad como medida de rendimiento, así se obtendrá indicadores de utilidad y rentabilidad para determinar el efecto financiero del comportamiento de los costos. / The main objective of this research work is to evaluate the behavior of costs according to productivity and its financial effect in the metallic bodywork industry in Lima. This industry has been affected by the decrease in demand from its main client, the mining sector, and informal competition, which offers the market a price below the price of a formal company. In this context, companies that belong to the metal body industry are forced to look for alternatives and solutions in order to continue competing in the market. In this sense, this research work focuses on the analysis of the behavior and classification of costs, to obtain reliable financial information to plan and control the production management that is essential in the metalworking industry. For this, the variable cost method that identifies the fixed and variable costs with greater accuracy will be used as a tool to apply the marginal contribution analysis, which will allow decisions regarding prices, discounts, product elimination, making or buying, and investment of capital. In addition, productivity is considered as a measure of performance, thus obtaining indicators of utility and profitability to determine the financial effect of cost behavior. / Tesis

Gold Foil Figures or guldgubbar (henceforth GFFs) are precious metal artefacts from the Scandinavian Late Iron Age. This master's essay offers a new approach to GFFs. As opposed to the established understanding of GFFs as representational images with real or mythic referents, belonging to an aristocratic milieu, this essay instead attends to GFFs in terms of their material and Figural traits. The material for this study consists if 42 GFFs from the find site of Västra Vång, Blekinge, Sweden. A comprehensive presentation of this artefact material is a secondary aim of this essay. With the aid of a neomaterialist theoretical apparatus that draws heavily on the work of Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guattari, and Wilhelm Worringer, the 42 GFFs undergo two separate analyses. In the first, the material traits expressed in the sequence of GFF production and deposition is studied in terms of a chaîne opératoire. In the second, I attend to the non-significatory expressive qualities of form and expression, or Figural traits, belonging to these 42 GFFs within the wider artistic milieu of Animal Style Ornamentation. I conclude that GFFs were as a rule artefacts made for purposes of immediate disposal, not display, as a mode of dispersing gold. Västra Vång’s GFFs offer several indications that handling between the cutting operation and deposition was minimal, such as the fresh, unworn edges. The thin, brittle foils are ill suited to display. Approaching the designs on these artefacts as various sets of Figural traits being expressed allows me to contextualise the GFFs within the wider artistic milieu of Animal Style Ornamentation. New territorial rhythms can be established only as certain elements are freed from a settled state, and made to act together with new elements, in new terrains. GFFs bring about new territorial rhythms of form and expression to gold matter, gold made to circulate as it becomes deterritorialised from a monetary function within the Roman economy. A flow of gold is extended as gold is brought to Scandinavia from continental economies. The influx of this flow of gold is not contained to an élite social stratum. Individuals in possession of minute amounts of gold returned to Scandinavia, having acquired gold as payment for involvement in military operations on the continent. This ownership of gold may have hindered their harmonious reintegration into a society based on other economic principles. The GFFs emerge as a vector of dispersing gold. The artistic expression of Figural traits is equally energised by movements of de- and reterritorialisation. Understanding that the Figural traits expressed on the GFFs from Västra Vång are part of a wider artistic milieu of Animal Style Ornamentation, alongside other systematised expressions making up parts of a collective assemblage of enunciation, makes their appearance on artefacts that were deposited immediately upon their manufacture easier to grasp. The particular procedures of miniaturisation allowed for an acceleration of the expression of variation in the conjunction of a flow of artistic expression onto a flow of gold matter. The dispersive handling of gold must be traced to both the material premises and the expressive artistic ones. Gold is not chosen because it is precious, or because of what it connotes, but because it is available, because the artisan smith is attendant to its traits as a metal matter.

En Perú, uno de los eslabones más importantes en la cadena de producción es el sector metalmecánico, debido a la contribución al PBI nacional en un 16.5% y la generación de millones de puestos de trabajo. Sin embargo, estudios estadísticos recientes han demostrado que las empresas metalmecánicas peruanas poseen una capacidad de producción de 40.6%, debido principalmente a deficiencias operativas como la baja disponibilidad de las máquinas, altos tiempos de configuración y desperdicios de producción. Este problema impide satisfacer la demanda proyectada que posee el sector y la generación de ingresos al país. Por ello, la presente investigación ofrece una solución aplicando un modelo de eficiencia operativa, la cual combina herramientas propias de la filosofía Lean Manufacturing, tales como SMED, Mantenimiento Productivo Total (TPM) y 5s bajo la metodología Kaizen. Como variables de entrada y salida del modelo se ubican los datos de producción, indicadores, técnicas de apoyo y nuevos procedimientos generados. El modelo fue validado en una empresa metalmecánica, en donde se obtuvo una mejora del 8% del OEE, reducción de los tiempos de configuración en 21% y reducción de la tasa de productos defectuosos en proceso del 20%. Esta nueva solución industrial permitirá a las empresas de la industria ser más competitivas en el mercado y adaptarlas a sus diferentes necesidades. / In Peru, one of the most important links in the production chain is the metalworking sector, due to the contribution to national GDP of 16.5% and the generation of millions of jobs. However, recent statistical studies have shown that Peruvian metalworking companies have a production capacity of 40.6%, mainly due to operational deficiencies such as low availability of machines, high setup times and production waste. The projected demand cannot be satisfied and the income to the country cannot be generated because of this problem. Therefore, this research offers a solution by applying an operational efficiency model, which combines Lean Manufacturing tools, such as SMED, Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) and 5s on the Kaizen methodology. There are inputs and output in the model like production data, indicators, support techniques and new procedures. The model was validated in a metalworking company, where the OEE was improved by 8%, set up time was reduced by 21% and the rate of defective products in process was decreased by 20%. This new industrial solution will allow companies in the metalworking sector to be more competitive in the market and change to their different needs. / Trabajo de investigación

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