Στην εργασία αυτή περιγράφεται η ολοκληρωμένη ανάπτυξη και υλοποίηση συστήματος συλλογής και ελέγχου ποιότητας μετεωρολογικών δεδομένων που έχει τεθεί σε πλήρη λειτουργία από το καλοκαίρι του 2011 στο εργαστήριο Φυσικής της Ατμόσφαιρας του τμήματος Φυσικής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφονται οι βασικές έννοιες των μετρούμενων φυσικών παραμέτρων. Οι μετρούμενες φυσικές παράμετροι είναι η θερμοκρασία, η σχετική υγρασία, η ταχύτητα ανέμου, η διεύθυνση ανέμου, η ατμοσφαιρική πίεση, το ύψος υετού, η ολική και η διάχυτη ηλιακή ακτινοβολία. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο περιγράφονται τα γενικά στοιχεία του σταθμού (θέση) καθώς και οι βασικές αρχές λειτουργίας των οργάνων. Τα όργανα που χρησιμοποιούνται είναι το θερμοϋγρόμετρο, ο ανεμοδείκτης, το ανεμόμετρο, το βροχόμετρο, το βαρόμετρο και τα πυρανόμετρα. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφεται ολοκληρωμένο το σύστημα συλλογής και μετρήσεων καθώς και τα χαρακτηριστικά των οργάνων και των συσκευών που έχουν εγκατασταθεί. Στο σύστημα συμπεριλαμβάνονται εκτός των οργάνων τα συστήματα συλλογής και καταγραφής (data loggers) καθώς και το σύστημα μεταφοράς (modem και καλωδιώσεις). Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο αναφέρεται ο προγραμματισμός των δύο τμημάτων του σταθμού. Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφονται η διαχείριση μετεωρολογικών δεδομένων, ο έλεγχος ποιότητας και η ανάλυση των δεδομένων. / This paper describes the development and implementation of an integrated system of collection and quality control of meteorological data that has been fully operational since the summer of 2011 at the laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Physics Department, University of Patras. The first chapter describes the basic concepts of the measured meteorological parameters. These are temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, atmospheric pressure, amount of precipitation, total and diffuse radiation. The second chapter describes the general elements of the station (position) and the basic operating principles of the instruments used (humidity temperature probe, potentiometer windvane, anemometer, rain gauge, barometer and the pyranometer). The third chapter describes the integrated system for data collection and the characteristics of the instruments and devices that are installed. The system includes instruments for the data collection and recording (data loggers) and transfer (modem and wiring). The fourth chapter deals with the planning of the two parts of the station. The fifth chapter describes the meteorological data management, quality control and analysis.

In this study NO2 and O3 gases which are the secondary pollutants in ambient air were sampled with designed passive tubes. The collected samples were extracted for UV-VIS spectrometric analysis. NO2 gases were converted to NO2- ions by extracting with water and then this solution was colored with Saltzman reagent (5:1 sulfanilamide and N-(1 naphthly)-ethlyene-diamine dihydrochloride). Then the absorbance of the solution was measured at 537 nm. O3 was extracted with 3-metyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrozone hydrochloride solution which gives yellow color after extraction. The absorbance of the solution was measured at 430 nm. Before starting the experiment, the exposure time was optimized. For this purpose, 15 days in winter and 65 days in summer samplings were conducted. For both NO2 and O3 it was decided that 7 days of sampling period was required as an optimum sampling time in order to reach maximum collection efficiency values for both pollutants. To determine the uptake rates of the passive tubes, NO2 was sampled in fifteen weeks and O3 was sampled in thirteen weeks. During each sampling period passive tubes were placed nearby the active air sampling stations of Refik Saydam Hygiene Center, Air Quality Control and Research Laboratory in Ulus and Ke&ccedil / i&ouml / ren. Then uptake rates of NO2 and O3 passive tubes were determined by comparing passive and active sampler data. The uptake rate was calculated for NO2 and O3 as 0.91 x 103 cm3 h-1 and 1.71 x 103, respectively. Since sampling was done in ambient air the effect of meteorological parameters should be determined. Each meteorological parameters, wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity, temperature, pressure and solar ration were correlated with uptake rates. It was found out that none of these parameters had a significant effect on NO2 passive tube uptake rate. However, O3 passive tubes were affected from temperature, solar radiation and relative humidity. Temperature and solar radiation showed positive correlation with uptake rate, on the contrary, relative humidity was inversely correlated with uptake rate. Finally the pollution map of Ankara was created by taking samples from forty points in the city.

The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of meteorological factors on the phenological phases of the vegetation in broadleaved forests under varying climatic conditions. To attain the aim, the following objectives were set: 1. Characterize the changes of values of meteorological parameters (temperature, precipitation) in the studied period; 2. Determine solar radiation intensity under the canopies of trees, phenological phases of trees and bushes and their changes; 3. Determine the changes of projection coverage, height and phenological phases of herbaceous plants during the growing period; 4. Ascertain the relationship between meteorological factors and phenological phases of woody and herbaceous plants. Scientific novelty, theoretical and practical significance. Up till now in Lithuania phenological studies mostly of agricultural plants have been conducted. Phenological studies on woody and herbaceous plants in the forests of Lithuania are almost absent. Most of the studies were conducted with indicator species, such as hazel, coltsfoot, etc. During the study, for the first time in Lithuania a complex investigation of forest community was carried out and the influence of meteorological factors on the phenological phases of herbaceous and woody plants in Kamša botanical-zoological reserve was determined. The results of the study allow to better assess the influence of meteorological factors on seasonal development (phenology) of herbaceous plants, trees and... [to full text] / Darbo tikslas – ištirti meteorologinių veiksnių įtaką plačialapių lapuočių miškų augalijos fenologiniams tarpsniams skirtingų klimatinių sąlygų metais. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. charakterizuoti meteorologinių rodiklių (temperatūros, kritulių) reikšmių kaitą tiriamuoju laikotarpiu; 2. nustatyti apšvietimą po medžių lajomis, medžių ir krūmų lapojimo fenologinius tarpsnius ir jų pokyčius; 3. nustatyti žolinių augalų projekcinio padengimo, aukščio, fenologinių tarpsnių kaitą vegetacijos metu; 4. nustatyti ryšį tarp meteorologinių veiksnių ir sumedėjusių, žolinių augalų fenologinių tarpsnių. Darbo mokslinis naujumas, teorinė ir praktinė reikšmė. Lietuvoje iki šiol daugiausia atlikta fenologinių tyrimų su žemės ūkio augalais. Sumedėjusių augalų ir miško žolinių augalų detalių fenologinių tyrimų Lietuvoje beveik nėra. Daugiausia atlikta indikatorinių rūšių, kaip paprastasis lazdynas, paprastasis šalpusnis ir kt., tyrimų. Pirmą kartą Lietuvoje kompleksiškai tirta miško bendrija, nustatyta meteorologinių veiksnių įtaka sumedėjusių augalų lapojimo ir žolinių augalų fenologiniams tarpsniams Kamšos botaniniame-zoologiniame draustinyje. Darbo rezultatai leidžia geriau įvertinti meteorologinių veiksnių įtaką miško žolinės augalijos, medžių ir krūmų sezoniniam vystymuisi (fenologijai). Gautos žinios svarbios ne tik teoriniam išsamesniam atskirų rūšių biologijos pažinimui, bet ir praktiniams tikslams: dendrologijoje, fitopatologijoje ir t. t.

Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η διερεύνηση των Μετεωρολογικών Παραμέτρων και η προσέγγιση του Υδρολογικού Ισοζυγίου στην ευρύτερη περιοχή της λεκάνης του ποταμού Κόσυνθου, στον Νομό της Ξάνθης. Για να συμβεί αυτό πρέπει να γίνει γνωστή η γεωμετρία του υδρολογικού συστήματος που μελετάται και οι παράμετροι, οι οποίες λαμβάνουν μέρος στο υδρολογικό ισοζύγιο. Προσεγγίζοντας και διερευνώντας αυτές τις παραμέτρους προσπαθούμε να καταρτίσουμε αντιπροσωπευτικά ισοζύγια κατά λεκάνη. / -

<p>Degradacija kvaliteta vazduh kao najosetljivijeg dela životne<br />sredine, predstavlja jedan od glavnih problema sa kojim se<br />suočava savremeno društvo. Saobraćaj, naročito kada je reč o<br />velikim urabanim sredinama, je identifikovan kao glavni izvor<br />hazardnog ugljen-monoksida. Formiranje modela predstavlja<br />neophodan preduslov u procesu prognoze koncentracije ugljen-<br />monoksida u ambijentalnom vazdhu, a samim tim i osnovu za<br />provođenja mera i aktivnosti u procesu poboljšanja stanja i<br />kvaliteta vazduha u velikim urbanim sredinama.</p> / <p>Degradation of quality of air, as the most fragile part of<br />environment, is one of the main problems that humanity faces<br />today. Traffic, particularly when it comes to large urban areas, has<br />been identified as a main source of hazardous carbon monoxide.<br />This model development is identified as a necessary postulate in a<br />process of foreseeing the amount of carbon monoxide in<br />surrounding air, and with that, this is also a basis for conducting<br />measures and activities that aim to improve overall air quality in<br />large urban areas.</p>

Au Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, le développement de modèles opérationnels pour la prévision des rendements se heurte actuellement au problème de la non prise en compte de la diminution de la surface verte utile et de sa relation avec des processus biotiques et abiotiques incriminés en situation de production. Pourtant, il apparaît que lélaboration dun modèle reliant la perte de surface verte à la baisse de rayonnement absorbé est la façon la plus adéquate daméliorer les prévisions de perte de rendement aux champs. De nombreuses manières destimer les rendements existent et se basent sur différentes approches et méthodes. Lobjectif de ce travail est de proposer un modèle destimation des rendements basé sur létude de la dégradation de la surface verte foliaire du blé et du rayonnement intercepté par cette surface tout au long de sa dégradation. Lapproche envisagée consiste, dans un premier temps, à utiliser les deux principaux modèles existants qui décrivent linterception du rayonnement par les surfaces foliaires vertes avec des données issues dexpérimentations aux champs, au Grand-Duché de Luxembourg en 2006 et 2007. Différentes méthodes dobtention des principales données dentrée de ces modèles ont été comparées et leurs avantages ont été mis en évidence. Ces données sont le LAI (Leaf Area Index) et le pourcentage de surface foliaire verte. Un LAI de référence, obtenu à laide dune méthode danalyse dimages de feuilles a été validé et comparé à une méthode dobtention du LAI basée sur la mesure du rayonnement intercepté par le couvert ainsi quà une méthode fournissant la couverture verte du sol à partir dimages aériennes de courte distance. Il a été montré que le LAI issu de la mesure du rayonnement intercepté et la couverture verte du sol sont obtenus plus rapidement et pour de plus grandes surfaces, mais quils ne sont pas suffisamment corrélés au LAI de référence pour être utilisés afin dobtenir le LAI réel. Le pourcentage de la surface foliaire verte de référence a également été obtenu à laide de la méthode danalyse dimages de feuilles. La comparaison de celui-ci aux estimations visuelles du pourcentage de surface verte foliaire a montré que cette méthode est plus rapide, mais engendre une surestimation du pourcentage de surface foliaire verte. Une relation linéaire significative entre la couverture verte du sol par prise dimages aériennes et le pourcentage de surface foliaire verte a été obtenue. Une amélioration de la prise dimages aériennes de courte distance pourrait mener à une substitution du pourcentage de surface foliaire verte par la couverture verte du sol sur de grandes surfaces à lavenir. Les deux principaux modèles décrivant linterception du rayonnement par les surfaces foliaires vertes ont été utilisés avec le LAI et le pourcentage de surface foliaire verte de référence. Une simplification de ces modèles par lutilisation de la dernière ou des deux dernières strates foliaires à la place des trois dernières pour le pourcentage de surface verte a montré que la simplification ne menait pas à une amélioration des résultats dans la plupart des cas. Dautre part, une estimation des biais introduits en utilisant les pourcentages de surface verte issus de lestimation visuelle à la place des estimations par lanalyse dimages montre que lestimation visuelle introduit un biais allant jusquà 20%. La comparaison des deux modèles testés a mené à la sélection du modèle aux sorties fournissant la meilleure relation avec les rendements. Cest une relation linéaire simple entre les paramètres de la courbe décrivant lévolution des sorties du modèle dit du « calcul de la matière sèche » au cours de la saison de culture et le rendement qui a été retenue. Dans un deuxième temps, le modèle sélectionné a été utilisé avec des données issues dexpérimentations menées de lannée 2000 à 2005, afin dobtenir une relation linéaire plus stable entre les rendements et les sorties de ce modèle. La relation obtenue montre des résultats significatifs et expliquant plus de 66% des rendements si une variété au comportement atypique est exclue. Un effet significatif de lannée, du précédent et de la variété sur cette relation a été mis en évidence. Dans un troisième temps, laspect prédictif du modèle destimation des rendements basé sur la relation linéaire simple retenue a été étudié sur deux années de données extérieures aux années utilisées pour la construction de celui-ci. Les données dentrée nécessaires au fonctionnement du modèle ont dû être obtenues de manière prédictive, afin de réaliser des estimations du rendement à venir à partir de la floraison. Le modèle Proculture, basé sur la simulation de lévolution des symptômes de la septoriose, a permis dobtenir des estimations en prévision des pourcentages de surface verte, et le LAI a été considéré comme constant par variété dune année à lautre. Le modèle destimation utilisé a permis dobtenir des prévisions de rendement ~20% supérieures aux rendements réels./In the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the development of operational models for predicting yields currently runs against the failure to take into account the green leaf area decline and its relationship with biotic and non biotic processes involved in a situation of production. Yet it appears that the development of a model linking the loss of green leaf area to lower radiation absorbed is the most adequate to improve prediction of yield loss in the fields. Many ways to estimate yields exist and are based on different approaches and methods. The objective of this work is to propose a model for estimating yields based on the study of the green leaf area decline of wheat and radiation intercepted by this area throughout the season. The approach is, first, to use the two main existing models that describe the interception of radiation by green leaf area with data from experiments in the field, in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg in 2006 and 2007. Different methods for obtaining key data entry of these models were compared and their benefits have been identified. These data are LAI (Leaf Area Index) and the percentage of green leaf area. The reference method, obtained using image analysis of leaves has been validated and compared to a method for obtaining LAI based on the measurement of radiation intercepted by the canopy as well as a method based on the green cover soil obtained from short distance aerial images. It was shown that the LAI obtained from the measurement of radiation intercepted and the green land cover obtained from short distance aerial images are obtained faster and for larger surfaces, but they are not sufficiently correlated with the LAI from the reference method to be used in place of reference LAI. The percentage of green leaf area of reference has also been obtained using the image analysis of leaves. Comparing it to visual estimates of the percentage of green leaf area has shown that this method is faster and creates an overestimation of the percentage of green leaf area. A significant linear relationship between green land cover from short distance aerial images analysis and the percentage of green leaf area was obtained. An improved short distance aerial image could lead to the substitution of the percentage of green leaf area by the green land cover over large areas in the future. The two main models describing the interception of radiation by green leaf area were used with the LAI and the percentage of green leaf area of reference. A simplification of these models by using only the upper leaf or the two last leaves to emerge in place of the last three leaves to emerge for the percentage of green area has shown that simplification did not lead to improved results in most cases. On the other hand, an estimate of bias using the percentage of green leaf area from the visual estimate in place of estimates by image analysis shows that visual estimate introduce an approximate bias of 20%. A comparison of the two models tested led to the selection of the model outputs providing the best relationship with yields. It is a simple linear relationship between parameters of the curve describing the evolution of model outputs socalled calculation of dry matter during the growing season and yield that was chosen. In a second time, the selected model was used with data from experiments conducted from 2000 to 2005 to obtain a more stable linear relationship between yields and output of the model. The relationship obtained shows significant results and explains over 66% yields if datas from an atypical variety are excluded. A significant effect of years, precedent and variety on this relationship was highlighted. In a third time, the predictive aspect of the model to estimate yields based on the simple linear relationship has been studied on two years of external data used for years to build it. The input data needed to run the model had to be obtained on a predictive way to make estimates of future performance from flowering. The model Proculture, based on the simulation of the progression of septoriose disease, allowed obtaining estimates in anticipation of the percentage of green area, and LAI was considered constant variety from one year to another. The estimation model used resulted in expected future performance ~ 20% higher than actual yields.

Methane (CH4) is guaranteed to affect climate change and is essential in rising temperatures. Scientists have known for over two decades that wetlands emit CH4 to such an extent that it affects our climate. Tropical trees that grow in wetlands tend to emit or act as a conduit of CH4, to the extent that it has a negative environmental impact. However, until this study, no one has examined whether wetland species growing in another environment have the same effects. Hence, this thesis aimed to collect data from wetland-adapted tropical trees in a non-wetland environment, namely the Botanical Garden in Rio de Janeiro. The results showed a difference in the sampling height of the stem, namely that a decrease in emission is seen with an increased height. All the species except one (Pseudobombax munguba) showed both assimilation and emission from the day-to-day measurements of CH4, which speaks for the trees acting both as a sink and a source of CH4. This suggests that the species are more robust than the environmental stressors in a non-wetland environment. Previous studies have found that increased CH4 emissions can be seen with different meteorological parameters. The results presented in this thesis show the opposite, that some species tend to emit less or assimilate more CH4 during days with increased rainfall, humidity, and temperature.

Ce document présente la mise en place d’un système de mesure des éclairements énergétiques spectraux solaires pour tout type de temps, sur 4 plans. Les 4 spectromètres mesurent au total 900 spectres/min et produisent chacun un spectre/min moyen et son écart type. Entre 2014 et 2015, 700 000 spectres ont été enregistrés sur un domaine compris entre 400 et 1000 nm avec un pas ≤1 nm. Un échantillon de 145 000 spectres représentatifs du climat lyonnais a été sélectionné pour une analyse statistique. Pour ce faire, l’échantillon a été réduit par partitionnement à 1175 spectres. Son domaine spectral a été étendu de 280 à 1500 nm à l’aide du RTM SMARTS. Une ACP de cet échantillon extrapolé a permis d’en réduire la description à 3 composantes et ainsi de réviser le modèle des illuminants D de la CIE. Enfin, la relation entre composition spectrale et paramètres environnementaux ou colorimétriques ouvre une voie vers des modèles statistiques de génération de spectres du rayonnement solaire. / This manuscript presents the design and setup of an all-weather spectral irradiance measurement system on 4 planes. The 4 spectrometers measure a total of 900 spectra/min to produce every minute, a mean spectral irradiance and its standard deviation. Between 2014 and 2015, this system recorded 700,000 spectra, for wavelengths ranging between 400 and 1,000 nm with a step ≤1 nm. A sample of 145,000 spectra representative of the Lyon climate was selected for statistical analysis. For this purpose, the sample was reduced in size by partitioning it in 1,175 spectra. Its spectral domain was extended to 280-1,500 nm by extrapolating the spectra with curve fitting using the SMARTS2 RTM. A PCA of the extrapolated sample reduced its description to only 3 components; hence, allowing a revision of the CIE’s illuminant D series. Finally, the relation between spectral power distribution and environmental or colorimetric parameters opens a way towards statistical models for generating solar spectra.