O reconhecimento de pessoas e coisas é um meio de prova bastante utilizado para a estrita finalidade de identificar uma pessoa ou coisa envolvida ou utilizada em um fato delituoso. O resultado deste meio de prova depende da capacidade de memorização do reconhecedor e de diversos aspectos externos que podem influenciá-lo. Em busca do equilíbrio entre a eficiência e o garantismo na produção deste meio de prova, este trabalho visa a esclarecer alguns conceitos envolvendo o reconhecimento de pessoas e coisas, busca estudar as questões mais polêmicas acerca do tema e, por fim, defender a necessidade de reformulação do tratamento dado pelo direito brasileiro a este meio de prova, com a apresentação de propostas. Os dispositivos legais existentes permitem interpretações errôneas por parte dos nossos Tribunais, gerando resultados bastante negativos para o processo, muitas vezes servindo de base para a condenação de pessoas inocentes / La ricognizioni delle persone e delle cose è una forma diffusa di elementi di prova ai fini rigoroso di identificare una persona o cosa coinvolti o utilizzato in un fatto criminale. Il risultato di questa prova dipende dalla capacità di memorizzazione del riconoscitore e vari aspetti esterni che possono influenzarlo. Alla ricerca di equilibrio tra efficienza e garantimento della produzione di questevidenza, il presente studio si propone di chiarire alcuni concetti che comportano il riconoscimento delle persone e delle cose, cerca di studiare le questioni più controverse in materia e presenti anche alcune proposte per la revisione del trattamento da parte della legge brasiliana a tale prova. Le disposizioni giuridiche esistenti consistono di fraintendimenti dai nostri tribunali, con risultati molto negativi per il processo, che spesso servono come base per la condanna di persone innocenti.

Vocal Health and Repertoire for the Dramatic Mezzo-Soprano: A Suggested Course of Study brings together the fields of vocal pedagogy and performance. This curriculum guide focuses on repertoire for the Dramatic Mezzo-Soprano, ages 18-30. The guide includes selections from the genres of art song (beginning, intermediate, and advanced levels), opera and oratorio arias, concert works, and song cycles. Selected art songs and arias are presented from a vocal health perspective, using McKinney’s eight principles of Good Vocal Sound. In addition, the Comprehensive Musicianship through Performance model is integrated via the identification of a focus skill for each song or aria. This suggested course of study emphasizes proper vocal technique and offers suggestions when studying and singing the larger works of the Dramatic Mezzo-Soprano repertoire. These suggestions include recommendations gleaned from interviews with well-known mezzo-sopranos Mignon Dunn and Dolora Zajick concerning their opinions regarding repertoire, vocal health, and appropriate song and aria assignments for the Dramatic Mezzo-Soprano. The guide also includes insights into training methods for today’s young dramatic voices based on observations of The Institute for Young Dramatic Voices. Key outcomes and implications are that Dramatic Mezzo-Sopranos must take the time to develop their voices before singing the more advanced arias of the standard repertoire, such as those by Verdi and Wagner, and this can be done through the study of art song. Further, Dramatic Mezzo-Sopranos must be strong technically in their approach to singing to help ensure vocal health and to avoid excessive strain on the vocal folds at all times. Dramatic Mezzo-Sopranos must also have strong skills in musicianship and performance in order to meet the demands of the repertoire for this voice type. The information presented in this curriculum guide will assist both voice teachers and performers in the teaching and singing of repertoire for the Dramatic Mezzo-Soprano. / Review of literature -- Design and method -- Mignon Dunn, Dolora Zajick and the Institute for Young Dramatic Voices -- Curriculum guide -- Summary and recommendations. / School of Music

In this study, background information, International Phonetic Alphabet pronunciations, poetic translations, and musical analyses of the ten songs that comprise Gabriel Fauré’s La Chanson d’Ève, Op. 95 are provided. Included is the relationship between his original poetry and Fauré’s resultant song cycle. Additionally, a portion is dedicated to an overview of the registers of the mezzo-soprano voice, and it specifically addresses who is best suited to perform La Chanson d’Ève. This document looks at the vocal challenges presented for the mezzo-soprano voice within each song, particularly the subject of vowel modification as it relates to the IPA pronunciation guide. Finally, by gathering all the pertinent information on Fauré’s La Chanson d’Ève into one document, this performance guide creates a succinct tool for singers and teachers in the vocal studio.

abstract: In My Dreams is a song cycle for mezzo-soprano, narrator, and piano, based on the poetry of survivors of childhood sex trafficking. It was created to raise awareness of trafficking through music and poetry through the expression of individual dreams and voices. In My Dreams recounts the devastating loss of childhood and celebrates empowering words of survival. The poetry was collected in poetry workshops held in Calcutta and Delhi India in January 2009. After the poems were selected, translated, and edited, composer Dr. Gerard Yun set them to music. This document outlines the process of creating and performing this unique humanitarian cycle. It also includes the full score, poetry, and composer's notes. Topics discussed include: experiences in finding and collecting poetry; collaboration with the composer, Dr. Gerard Yun; form and structure of the cycle; how each piece was molded to give voice to its inspired poem. Every song is analyzed from both a musical and performance perspective to give an account of the challenges and triumphs of the work and the process of undertaking it, as well as a better understanding of the background leading to its composition. / Dissertation/Thesis / Prologue / My Special Place / In My Dreams / Sometimes in the Night / I Thought I Wore the Watch Last Night / It's 2pm / I Can Hear Them / Create Another Earth for Me / In My Dreams II / Postlude / D.M.A. Music 2010

This document assesses the introduction of pants roles in opera and includes a historical overview to understand the background of these roles. This dramatic conceit concentrates on the development of the operatic art form from the seventeenth to twentieth centuries. In Italy during the seventeenth century, the castrato voice, which had been a crucial aspect of church music, was now developing a position in opera. Within this document, the castrati’s transition from sacred music to the opera, where lies the bulk of their success, will be studied. As opera expands rapidly throughout the music scene, the demand of singers, specifically castratis, grew. The document will also deal with the introduction of castrati operatic roles. Gluck’s “Orfeo ed Euridice" is analyzed. Gluck’s opera exhausted several editions and demonstrates how the role Orfeo, as well as other castrati roles, evolved once castrato slowly went extinct. The terms referring to cross-dressing roles, and their specific repertoire, as well as the process in which women came to assume these roles will also be discussed. The shift from male to female in operatic repertoire is examined, as well as the traditional pants role for women in opera. The document will also discuss the pants role Cherubino as an example. This is the embodiment of a young boy in love, experiencing the admiration of a woman for the first time, as well as the vulnerability of his feelings for a woman. Cherubino’s arias are analyzed as well as a description and explanation of his possible intentions while singing his arias will communicate the subtext of the character. This document also discusses similar characters in Italian and French repertoire. The German repertoire for pants roles is separately presented and is based on the role of Octavian in Strauss’ Der Rosenkavalier. It is interesting that although the roles of Octavian and Cherubino were developed centuries apart, it is possible to compare similarities between the characters, from their creation, librettists’ perception and the composers’ execution in their compositions. This analysis was intended to exhibit the evolution of the pants role in opera and how writing current pieces for women in pants is an entirely different challenge as it was in previous centuries. In an attempt to expose different viewpoints on the subject, these questions will be addressed. The characters addressed so far are the pants; when a woman represents a male character. Meanwhile, there is a discussion about how a pants roles should be classified, although the pants role is the representation of a man played by a woman, she is not attempting to convince the audience that she is a man. The alteration of sex of a character when it is visible to the audience, and the conversation of categorizing a pants role; for example, the role of Leonore in Beethoven’s Fidelio, is debatable.

The urban climate of the city of Trento, adopted as a representative case study of urban weather and climate phenomena in a mid-sized city lying in a mountain valley, is investigated using different methods and on different spatial scales. First the intensity of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) is analyzed evaluating the differences between air temperatures measured at an urban automated weather station on a tower, over mean rooftop level, and at five suburban/rural weather stations, located few kilometers around the city boundaries. It is found that the extra-urban weather stations, being affected by different local-scale climatic conditions, display different temperature contrasts compared to the urban site. However the diurnal cycle of the UHI is characterized by similar behaviors at all the extra-urban weather stations: the UHI intensity is stronger at night, while during the central hours of the day an “urban cool island†is likely to occur. The diurnal maximum UHI intensity turns out to be typically of order 3°C, but under particularly favorable conditions it may be higher than 6°C. Wind speed and cloud cover are the weather factors which most affect UHI intensity, making it weaker with stronger winds and cloudier skies. The investigation of the urban climate of Trento focuses then on a smaller spatial scale, analyzing in detail the thermal field inside an urban canyon located in the city center, by means of two experimental campaigns and the use of a simple model. This simple model simulates the energy balance of the different surfaces composing the urban canyon, calculating both surface and air temperatures inside the canopy. During the two field measurements, carried out in the summer 2007 and in the winter 2008- 2009, temperature sensors were placed at various levels near the walls flanking the canyon and on a traffic light in the center of the street. It is found that the air temperature near the walls, both in summer and in winter, is strongly influenced by direct solar radiation, thus inducing a quite strong imbalance within the canyon: during sunny days an overheating of the east-facing sensors is found in the morning, while in the afternoon west-facing sensors are the warmest. On the other hand, when solar radiation is weak or absent, the temperature field inside the canyon is homogeneous. Moreover air temperature inside the canyon is generally higher than above roof level, the differences being larger during summertime, when solar radiation is stronger and can penetrate for longer inside the street. The measurements performed during the field campaigns, along with observations of wall surface temperatures taken from the literature, allow to validate the results of the urban canyon model. A good agreement between experimental measurements and numerical results is found for both surface and air temperatures, in different seasons and under different weather conditions. The urban area of Trento, being located in the Alpine Adige Valley, interacts with the atmospheric phenomena typical of these contexts, in particular thermally driven local circulation systems. Moreover the city is located at a point where various narrow tributary valleys or gullies join the Adige Valley, and, as a consequence, complex interactions of local circulation systems are present in the area of Trento. In order to study these phenomena, first the main features of local circulation systems developing in the Adige, Sarca and Lakes valleys, which directly influence the climate of the city, are investigated by means of the analysis of a dataset from surface weather stations covering the period 2004-2011. After that, high-resolution (500 m) numerical simulations with the mesoscale meteorological WRF model, coupled with the multilayer Building Environment Parameterization (BEP) scheme, are utilized to study the urban climate of Trento in the Adige Valley context. Suitable datasets of land use, urban morphology and anthropogenic heat flux have been specifically prepared for these numerical simulations. Both methods highlight the substantial differences occurring between the local circulation system developing in the Adige Valley, and that blowing in the Sarca and Lakes valleys. The former is a typical valley wind, while the latter is a combination of a lake breeze and a valley wind. The along-valley wind developing in the Adige Valley is mainly determined by the local geometry of the valley, which controls the penetration of solar radiation and the heating of the valley slopes. The lake breeze, the so-called Ora del Garda, starts to blow from the shores of Lake Garda in the morning and then propagates with its cooler air towards north in the Sarca and Lakes valleys, outbreaking into the Adige Valley north of Trento in the first part of the afternoon. In some days the lake breeze is even able to reach the central part of the urban area of Trento, thus lowering the temperature in the city in hot summer afternoons. Focusing on the urban effects, the model is able to simulate correctly the daily cycle of the UHI, with high intensities during the night and negligible values in the central part of the day. Numerical results suggest that at night the temperature sharply increases at the city boundaries, while the thermal field is quite homogeneous inside the urban area, with only slightly higher temperatures where the urban morphology is more compact. Finally it is found that the presence of the city influences considerably also the wind field, due to the high roughness of the urban area.

Thermally-driven slope winds are mesoscale atmospheric circulations, known as breezes, that take place because of the heating (cooling) of the air layer close to the ground during daytime (nighttime). Mostly known to occur on days with weak synoptic forcing and under clear sky conditions, the wind blows up valleys and slopes during the daytime, and in the opposite direction during nighttime. A better comprehension of slope winds can improve the understanding of the soil-atmosphere turbulent exchange processes and of the energy budget over complex terrain, in addition to the evaluation of the along-slope transport of dangerous species (pollutants, pesticides), as well as water vapor (relevant for the development of convection). This research project aims to improve the knowledge of thermally-driven slope winds, with particular attention to the differences between the diurnal and nocturnal regimes. This is done through a multiple-way approach. Field data analysis, analytical solutions with realistic forcing, and numerical models are all employed to fulfill the objective. At first, data from two stations located on slopes were analyzed. Measurements were taken in the surroundings of the Alpine city of Innsbruck, as part of the i-Box field campaign, covering a period of 7 years (2013 to 2020). Observation indicates a marked seasonality of the phenomena, with warm season months being more prone to the occurrence of slope winds. Moreover, the results highlighted the key role played by the local topographical characteristics in the development of pure slope wind days, with both slope angle and orientation playing a major role in the interplay between valley and slope winds. Previous results suggested the development of an improved analytical model which uses the available net radiation at the surface as the forcing for slope circulations, in the form of a truncated Fourier series expansion. The net radiation model accounts for both the seasonality (day of the year) and the local topographic characteristics (latitude, slope angle, orientation, elevation). Therefore, differences in the properties of slope winds occurring in different seasons and on slopes with different slope angles and orientations are highlighted and studied. The last chapter of the thesis investigates the structure of the eddy viscosity and diffusivity employing numerical models. These parameters govern the mass, momentum, and heat turbulent exchanges from slope winds. A simple one-dimensional model was developed to test different turbulence closures. In particular, the attention focused on the so-called K-l closure, meaning that the eddy viscosity and diffusivity parameters are bounded to the turbulence length scale l, representing the distance a turbulent eddy can travel “carrying” heat, momentum, and mass. In the current work, different parameterizations of the turbulence length scale l are tested and compared. Results show how simple K-l closures are compared with other non-constant K profiles proposed in the literature for the case of katabatic winds. Nevertheless, such simple parameterizations for the turbulence length scale l still fail to properly discriminate between the daytime and nighttime regimes of slope winds.

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The results of research activities performed in two Italian Alpine valleys (Chiese Valley, Trentino; Camonica Valley, Lombardy) are presented. The four intensive field campaigns held during summer 2019 and winter 2020 covered different topics: wintertime black carbon (BC) concentrations, techniques for measuring PM10 and temperature vertical profiles, surface size-resolved aerosol fluxes, aerosol concentrations, and chemical composition. Firstly, the contribution of two significant PM sources (traffic and biomass burning) to wintertime total black carbon concentrations was estimated, and the effect of meteorological factors on BC levels was assessed. In both pilot areas, traffic resulted as the predominant BC source during the daytime, while biomass burning weighed more than 50% at night. Atmospheric mixing and strong winds contributed to the removal of BC from the atmosphere, while wet scavenging was not effective if accompanied by low wind and friction velocities along with a significant increase in emission sources. Other aerosol sources, such as secondary particulate matter formation in the atmosphere, manure, fertilizers, or lithospheric erosion, were instead appointed in both seasons through the chemical speciation of the inorganic aerosol fraction, which had deposited on the filters of a multi-stage Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor (Elpi+, Dekati, FI) during an entire campaign. Results showed that SIA (secondary inorganic aerosol) components were the most abundant inorganic water-soluble ions in the collected samples. Secondly, three techniques for measuring PM10 and temperature vertical distributions were applied and compared. The first method enabled continuous monitoring by positioning 5 battery-powered stations, equipped with low-cost sensors, on the mountain slope overlooking the valleys. These measurements extended up to about 1000 m above the valley floor and were accompanied by drone profiles in summer and tethered balloon soundings in winter, both of them equipped with the same sensors installed in the slope stations. The research aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the temperature and PM10 slope pseudo-vertical profiles in reproducing soundings measured in the valley centre. Slope stations successfully replicated the vertical profiles, especially in the morning/evening hours, thus representing a good and inexpensive alternative for long-lasting campaigns or even excellent support to traditional methods. Finally, the role of a typical alpine agro-economic ecosystem (pasture/grass field) in the atmosphere-Earth surface aerosol exchange was evaluated, studying aerosol size-segregated fluxes (9 classes, 10 nm ≤ GMD ≤ 0.76 m) with the eddy covariance technique, employing the aforementioned Dekati (FI) Elpi+ multi-stage impactor. Surprisingly, the pasture did not behave as an aerosol sink, favouring aerosol removal from the atmosphere, but rather contributed to the formation of secondary particulate matter through ammonia, NOX, and organic sulphides emissions from soil and vegetation. Deposition phenomena were registered under atmospheric stability or low turbulence conditions, but emission phenomena were very frequent, especially during winter. Thanks to the ion chromatography analysis of the inorganic particulate soluble fraction deposited on the impactor filters, aerosol fluxes were also linked to aerosol chemical composition and sources, thus hypothesizing nucleation, growth, and coagulation processes as responsible for the formation of concentration gradients in the atmosphere and the observation of deposition fluxes in the ultrafine range. The data collected and described in the present thesis had an interesting follow-up within the EU Alpine Space project BB-CLEAN, within which the activities developed. In particular, the experimental data were used by modellists to calibrate a meteorological and dispersion modelling chain that provided 48-hour PM concentration forecasts to a smartphone app, indicating when the activation of biomass burning heating systems might be sustainable. The researchers of the BB-CLEAN project also employed the model to evaluate some scenarios that envisaged the reduction of PM emissions from biomass burning appliances (e.g., through system upgrades, app use, and realization of a district heating network). Simulations showed that some of these scenarios could lead to a significant decrease in PM concentrations. However, no scenario can be elected as an absolute best, as policymakers should consider the characteristics of their respective municipalities when faced with the need to decide which scenario to implement.

I have researched how one can improve ones learning eventough you might not know what your voice type is yet. It is a personal account on my process where I have develloped tools that I and hopfully others can use in the future.