The early modern age was a period of great discoveries, formulation of new ideas and new methods for scientific inquiry. It was also a time of increased travel within Europe among nobility and people of learning. In this essay a number of Swedish learned men are followed in their journeys, through their own diaries and autobiographies, to centers of learning in England, France, Italy and other countries. The essay investigates how the journeys reflect the formation of academic and scientific institutions in Europe, such as scientific societies and journals, and experimental practices. It also studies the nature of personal interactions and the mechanics of international social networks, and the role of travelers in this context. It also looks at how Sweden, as a country in the periphery of Europe, could take advantage of this kind of international travel and become part of the new developments on the continent.

Although the ideal of liberal neutrality remains common in political philosophy, some authors argue that moral judgments are indispensable in public decisions. In particular, Michael J. Sandel has proposed that the question of legalizing same-sex marriage cannot be settled without ideas about the value and purpose of marriage. In this study, the final debate in the Swedish parliament about gender-neutral marriage is analyzed in terms of members of parliament’s opinions on state neutrality. It is shown that the ideal of moral neutrality are either rejected or accepted, but in the latter case the value-neutral ideal is not sustained throughout the course of the debate. Instead, members of parliament invoke ideas about the moral value of marriage and same-sex relationships. This adds some credibility to Sandel’s opinion that important public decisions rely on conceptions on what constitutes a good life. However, the ultimate success of Sandel’s argument depends on whether state recognition of civil marriage in itself can be justified on value-neutral grounds.

L'objectif de ce travail était d'accéder au squelette des alcaloïdes de type Aspidosperma et Strychnos à partir d'arylcyclohexa-2,5-diènes. Ces derniers sont d'abord synthétisés par réaction de Birch alkylante, puis ont été désymétrisés dans un premier temps par des réactions de Michael. Cette réaction fournit la cétone de Büchi, le noyau tétracyclique des alcaloïdes Aspidosperma en seulement en 6 étapes et un rendement global de 17%. Dans un second temps, la réaction d'amination oxydante catalysée par des métaux (Pd, Cu) a été développée. Cette réaction a permis un accès rapide au squelette pentacyclique d’aza-aspidospermanes et au squelette tétracycliques des alcaloïdes de type Strychnos. En parallèle, nous avons décrit une approche vers le squelette pentacyclique de la mossambine et la strychnine. / The aim of this work was to access the skeleton of the Aspidosperma and the Strychnos alkaloids using arylcyclohexa-2,5-dienes as common synthetic precursors. Initially, these arylcyclohexadienes were synthesized through Birch reductive alkylation reactions. The desymmetrization of these cyclohexadienes was developed via the Michael addition reaction, providing the Büchi ketone, the tetracyclic core of Aspidosperma alkaloids, in only 6 steps and 17% overall yield. On the other hand, we described the oxidative amination reaction catalyzed by metals (Pd, Cu). The palladium oxidative amination reaction allowed a fast access to the pentacyclic framework of aza-aspidospermanes and the tetracyclic framework of the strychnos. In parallel, we have described an approach toward the pentacyclic skeleton of mossambine and strychnine.

Ce mémoire traite de la critique communautarienne du libéralisme et se donne deux projets. D’abord, il s’agit de formuler une position de synthèse à partir des travaux des philosophes Charles Taylor, Michael Sandel, Alasdair MacIntyre et Michael Walzer. Cette synthèse s’articule autour de trois axes, soit ontologique, sociale et méthodologique. Le deuxième projet est d’évaluer cette position pour statuer sur son rapport au libéralisme, et, plus précisément, pour déterminer si elle est seulement une critique, une alternative, ou encore une variante à l’intérieur du libéralisme. Il est conclu que le communautarisme est réconciliable avec une certaine forme de libéralisme et que sa critique permet même de l’améliorer. / In this essay about the communitarian critique of liberalism I seek to reach two goals. First, it is to form a synthesis from the works of philosophers Charles Taylor, Michael Sandel, Alasdair MacIntyre and Michael Walzer. This synthesis is articulated through three axes: ontologicial, social and methodological. Building on this, my second objective is to assess its relation to liberalism. More specifically, I seek to determine whether communitarianism is merely a critique, an alternative or a variant of liberalism. My conclusion is that communitarianism is reconciliable with a certain form of liberalism and that its critique allows to improve it.

Au cours de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à explorer le potentiel d’une réaction multicomposés initiée par une addition de Michael conduisant à des dérivés de 2,6-DABCO. Dans ce contexte, nous avons tout d’abord étudié l’étendue de la réaction en modifiant les différents partenaires et paramètres réactionnels. Dans le but de rendre ce procédé plus éco-compatible, l’utilisation de liquides ioniques recyclables a aussi été étudié. Dans certains cas, les liquides ioniques ont permis de s’affranchir du solvant organique toxique et du catalyseur hétérogène de la réaction. Enfin, afin de mettre en œuvre une synthèse multicomposés énantiosélective de 2,6-DABCO, nous avons été amenés à développer une nouvelle méthodologie d’addition de Michael énantiosélective organocatalysée de béta-cétoamides sur des dérivés carbonylés alpha,béta-insaturés. Ainsi, des adduits comportant un centre stéréogène quaternaire entièrement carboné ont pu être obtenus avec de bons rendements et des excès énantiomériques qui atteignent 99%. Une étude sur la réactivité de ces adduits nous a permis d’accéder à différentes familles de composés poly(hétéro)cycliques optiquement actifs d’un grand intérêt synthétique. / In this work, we explored the potential of a Michael addition-initiated multicomponent reaction leading to 2,6-DABCO derivatives. In this context, we first studied the scope of the reaction by changing the partners and the parameters of the reaction. In view of making the process more eco-friendly, the use of ionic liquids was also investigated and found that in some cases, the ionic liquids could replace the toxic organic solvent and the heterogeneous catalyst of the reaction. Finally, the implementation of an enantioselective multicomponent synthesis of 2,6-DABCO led us to develop a new methodology of an organocatalytic enantioselective Michael addition of beta-ketoamides to alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyls. In this way, adducts containing an all-carbon quaternary stereocenter were obtained in good yields and high to excellent enantiomeric excesses (up to 99%). The study of the reactivity of these adducts allowed the access to different families of optically active poly(hetero)cyclic compounds of high synthetic interest.

Au cours de ces travaux, nous nous sommes intéressés au développement de nouvelles transformations combinant des outils modernes de la synthèse organique que sont les MBFT's (Multiple Bond-Forming Transformations) et l'organocatalyse et impliquant la réactivité des nitroalcènes. Nous avons dans un premier temps élaboré une réaction consécutive hautement stéréosélective Michael – Hétérocyclisation [3+2] – Fragmentation. Au cours de ce processus, deux liaisons C–C, une liaison C–O et un cycle sont formés afin de former des cyclopentanoximes optiquement actifs portant jusqu'à trois centres stéréogènes pouvant être convertis en hydroxylamines ou en indoles. Nous avons ensuite exploité le potentiel pro-nucléophile des composés 1,2-dicarbonylés lors de l'élaboration des premières additions de Michael organocatalysées diastéréo- et énantiosélectives de 1,2-cétoesters et de 1,2-cétoamides sur des nitrooléfines. Les adduits obtenus constituent des plateformes synthétiques vers la construction de carbo- et d'hétérocycles à cinq et six chaînons possédant une large diversité fonctionnelle. Ces travaux ont conduit au développement d'une transformation domino impliquant divers composés 1,2-dicarbonylés et nitroalcènes halogénés afin d'accéder de manière rapide et efficace à des 2-carbonyl- et 2-phosphorylfuranes dont les voies de synthèse sont peu courantes dans la littérature. Les premiers résultats très encourageants quant à l'obtention de furanes atropoisomères ouvrent les portes à une version asymétrique de cette méthodologie. / This work focused on the development of novel transformations combining MBFT's and organocatalysis, the latest powerful tools of organic synthesis, and involving the reactivity of nitroalkenes. We first developed a highly stereoselective consecutive Michael – [3+2] Heterocyclisation – Fragmentation reaction where two C–C bonds, one C–O bond and a cycle are formed to make optically active cyclopentanoximes bearing up to three stereocenters. These products can be converted into hydroxylamines or indoles. We then exploited the nucleophilic potential of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds in the design of the first organocatalyzed diastereo- and enantioselective Michael additions of 1,2-ketoamides and 1,2-ketoesters onto nitroalkenes. The corresponding adducts are valuable synthetic platforms towards the synthesis of five- and six-membered carbo- and heterocycles with wide functional variety. This work led to the development of a domino transformation involving 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds and halogenated nitroolefines to efficiently access 2-carbonyl- and 2-phosphorylfuranes whose reported synthetic pathways remain rare. The first encouraging trials carried out to make atropisomers enable a potential asymmetric version of this methodology.

Au cours de ces travaux nous nous sommes intéressés au développement de nouvelles transformations énantiosélectives combinant les outils modernes de la synthèse organique que sont les « Multiples Bond-Forming Transformations » et l'organocatalyse afin de synthétiser des molécules d'intérêt structural et biologique. Dans ce contexte, nous avons d'abord mis au point deux nouvelles réactions domino initiées par une addition de Michael. La première, une cascade addition de Michael-acylation, permet la synthèse de spiroglutarimides optiquement actifs à partir de β-cétoamides et de nouveaux bis-électrophiles, les cyanures d'acyle α,β-insaturés. La deuxième, une réaction domino addition de Michaelhémiacétalisation- hémiaminalisation, permet la synthèse de d'hétérocycles azotés à sept chaînons à partir d'α-cétoamides comme nouveaux bis-nucléophiles. / This work focused on the development of novel enantioselective transformations combining Multiples Bond-Forming Transformations and organocatalysis which are modern tools of organic synthesis in order to synthetize molecules of structural and biological interests. In this context, we developed two new Michael addition initiated domino reactions. The first one, a domino Michael addition-acylation, allows the synthesis of optically active spiroglutarimides starting from β-ketoamides and α,β-unsaturated acyles cyanides as new biselectrophiles.The second one, a domino Michael addition-hemiaminalizationhemiacetalization, allows the synthesis of seven-membered aza-cycles using α-ketoamides as new bis-nucleophiles.

The diploma thesis called Labour Party during the Premiership of Margaret Thatcher (1979- 1990) focuses on the causes of the defeats of the Labour Party in 1979, 1983 and 1987. For this purpose it examines the relations of the individual party factions. Attention is also paid to opinion polls, especially party preferences. Last but not least, it is taken into account how the Labor Party turned towards centrism and rejected the more radical left-wing policy it had enforced in its first opposition period. Key words Labour Party, Militant, Social Democratic Party, Tony Benn, Neil Kinnock, David Owen, Michael Foot, National Executive Committee, Tony Benn, Trade unions

The diploma thesis called Labour Party during the Premiership of Margaret Thatcher (1979- 1990) focuses on the causes of the defeats of the Labour Party in 1979, 1983 and 1987. For this purpose it examines the relations of the individual party factions. Attention is also paid to opinion polls, especially party preferences. Last but not least, it is taken into account how the Labor Party turned towards centrism and rejected the more radical left-wing policy it had enforced in its first opposition period. Key words Labour Party, Militant, Social Democratic Party, Tony Benn, Neil Kinnock, David Owen, Michael Foot, National Executive Committee, Tony Benn, Trade unions

Framing Neverland is a content analysis that examines how the documentary Leaving Neverland is portrayed in Swedish daily press between January 25 to May 20, 2019. It is through the questions “How does the framing of Leaving Neverland being perceived in Swedish daily press?” and “Does morning and evening presses differ in the framing?” the essay was designed. Entman's framing theory forms the basis of the study's theoretical framework and is supplemented with media logic and tabloidization, which is operationalized into variables in the study of 100 articles within Swedish daily press. The Swedish morning and evening newspapers are represented by the four largest daily newspapers in Sweden today; Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Expressen and Svenska Dagbladet. A cluster selection were made in the process of choosing the articles, because of the choice of newspapers which is the largest Swedish ones today, also a total selection when all published articles within the population have become objects for the survey. Previous research consists of framing theory and tonality of different subjects than this study, since similar essays traditionally relate to political and war reporting. Inspiration has been given from previous research on analysis tools to apply to this contemporary work which is at the intersection of popular culture and news content. The newspaper framing  in general is relatively homogeneous, which explains some tabloidization among, what we call, the quality press. The commercialization of the media gives rise to this, but some differences remain. Aftonbladet is the newspaper with the most frequent reporting by Leaving Neverland and then comes Expressen. Which means that the evening press prioritize this topic as a higher news value than what the morning press does. However, it is possible to extract a result which shows that the content of the morning press is of a more critical nature towards Leaving Neverland. Together, the result is thus presented through framing theory, media logic and tabloidization, which together explain how the documentary is framed. / Framing Neverland är en kvantitativ innehållsanalys som undersöker hur dokumentären Leaving Neverland gestaltas i svensk press mellan 25 januari till 20 maj 2019. Det är genom frågeställningarna “Hur ser gestaltningen av Leaving Neverland ut i svensk press?”  samt  “Skiljer sig morgon- och kvällspress i gestaltningen?”  som uppsatsen utformats. Gestaltningsteori står till grund för studiens teoretiska ramverk och kompletteras med medielogik och tabloidisering, vilket operationaliseras till variabler i studien av 100 artiklar inom svensk press. Svenska morgon- och kvällstidningar representeras genom de fyra största dagstidningarna i Sverige idag; Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Expressen och Svenska Dagbladet. Det är således ett klusterurval som gjorts av de största tidningarna, men även ett totalurval då alla publicerade artiklar inom populationen har blivit objekt för undersökningen.  Tidigare forskning består av gestaltning och tonalitet av annan slags karaktär än denna studie, då liknande uppsatser traditionellt sett förhåller sig till politisk- och krigsrapportering. Inspiration har givits från tidigare forskning gällande analysverktyg för att applicera på detta nutida verk som befinner sig i skärningspunkten mellan populärkultur och nyhetsinnehåll. Resultatet i studien visar att tidningarnas sammanslagna gestaltning generellt är relativt homogen, vilket förklarar viss tabloidisering bland “kvalitetspressen”. Mediernas kommersialisering ger upphov till detta, men vissa innehållsmässiga skillnader kvarstår. Aftonbladet är den tidning som står för största delen av nyhetsrapporteringen av Leaving Neverland och därefter kommer Expressen. Detta innebär att kvällspressen anser att detta ämne har ett högre nyhetsvärde än vad morgonpressen gör. Således går det att utvinna ett resultat som påvisar att morgonpressens gestaltning är av mer kritisk karaktär gentemot Leaving Neverland. Tillsammans redovisas följaktligen resultatet genom gestaltningsteori, medielogik och tabloidisering, vilket tillsammans förklarar hur medierna gestaltning ser ut av dokumentären.