De par leur importante compressibilité et leur fréquence de résonance extrêmement basse, les bulles sont des objets physiques singuliers du point de vue de l'acoustique et de la mécanique des fluides. En utilisant la technique de la microfluidique afin de créer des assemblées de bulles bi-dimensionnelles, que nous excitons acoustiquement, nous étudions à la fois leur influence sur une onde sonore et sur le fluide présent à leur voisinage.Les bulles étant des résonateurs sub-longueur d'onde, nous montrons qu'une assemblée de micro-bulles va interagir avec une onde sonore de longueur d'onde bien plus importante que la taille des bulles individuelles. En proposant une méthode pour extraire la contribution des bulles au signal acoustique, nous montrons que leur résonance suit une loi légèrement modifiée par rapport à celle proposée par Minnaert pour des bulles sphériques.Nous avons également exploré le potentiel de ce système expérimental comme méta-matériau pour l'acoustique. Nous observons en effet une baisse de la transmission d'une onde sonore à travers ce matériau et ce, dans une gamme de fréquence située au-delà de la fréquence de résonance.Cette baisse de la transmission peut être ajustée à la fois en fréquence et en amplitude ce qui fait de ce système un méta-matériau adaptable dont les caractéristiques peuvent être facilement ajustées. / Because of the important compressibility of gas bubbles in water, inducing a very low resonance frequency, one can find interest in studying bubbles from an acoustic and a fluid mechanics point of view. Using microfluidics techniques in order to produce assemblies of acoustically driven bi-dimensional bubbles, we are studying their influence on both acoustic waves and the surrounding fluid.Bubbles being sub-wavelength resonators, we show that a micro-bubbles assembly interacts with acoustical waves which wavelengths that are substantially bigger than the bubbles size. Developing a way to extract bubbles contribution to the acoustic signal, we show that their resonance frequency follows a law slightly different from the one Minnaert had found for spherical bubbles. The impact of this medium on the acoustical wave has been studied and we show that a decrease in the acoustical transmission happens in a range of frequencies above the resonance. This decrease can be adjusted in amplitude and in frequency making our system an easily tunable metameterial.Because of the strong response of bubbles induced by acoustical waves, the bubbles surface oscillates with a great amplitude in the surrounding fluid. This oscillation, working together with a coupling present between the bubbles, can drive a strong steady streaming in the fluid. Systems of several bubbles are studied, and a theory is proposed in order to predict the flow they induce. The interaction between the streaming phenomenon and an external flow is also presented, showing that exclusion zones can be present under certain circumstances in these systems. These exclusion zones can be useful in micro-fluidics in order to trap particles or chemicals.

The biochip industry is characterized by high entry barrier in technology. For those firms in this industry, owning law-protected patents to lower the entry of the potential competitors is a key strategy in competition and competitive advantage. The firm¡¦s patent analysis not only discloses the firm¡¦s knowledge-base in biochip industry, it also impact other firms¡¦ innovation activity and technology development strategy in this industry. Previous patent analysis literatures usually focus on the performance implications of firm¡¦s patent number or the patent citation on the focal firm. However, the possible performance implications of patent contents between the focal firm and other firms in the biochip industry are relatively under-examined. From the network theory and resource-based theory viewpoint, this study tries to examine the performance implications by developing two patent indexes in patent content analysis, i.e., the patent status and the patent similarity. The results indicate that when the firm¡¦s patent status difference with each other is smaller, or the firm¡¦s patent similarity with each other is larger, the performance difference between the dyad firms will be smaller. In other words, the patent status and the patent similarity are solid indexes to predict the firm¡¦s performance difference in highly competitive and highly innovative industry, such as the biochip industry in this sample. The results provide referable value in addressing the performance issues of patent content analysis from network theory viewpoint. Moreover, it also provides complementary values in discussing market commonality and resource similarity in competitive issues.

Dans cette thèse, nous adressons trois projets avec l’application de microfluidique Avec le Vélocimétrie de Réflexion Totale Interne, nous avons réalisés le nanoPTV des fluides à 800 nm près de parois du solide. Nous arrivons à une précision sans précédent, par la détermination précise de la position du parois, et par la simulation de Langevin, en tenant compte des nombreux sources de biais physique, comme le mouvement Brownien, effet du cisaillement, la répulsion électrostatique entres les particules et le parois, et la défocalisation de la lentille. Nous obtenons ±5 nm and ± 10 nm de précision sur la longueur de glissement pour la solution de sucrose et de l’eau. La condition de non-glissement sur la surface hydrophile est confirmée, et un glissement sur la surface hydrophobe est observé. Nous collaborons avec A. Leshansky pour étudier la formation des gouttes sur une intersection entre un canal confiné et un réservoir profond. Cette phénomène est appelé le «step emulsificaiton». La dynamique de la formation des gouttes est étudiée expérimentalement de façon approfondie. La théorie est basée sur la dynamique des fluides dans un canal Hele-Shaw, avec les effets de forces capillaires. Nous arrivons à expliquer le mécanique du fluides derrière la formation des gouttes, inclus les taille des gouttes. Nous collaborons avec un groupe des entreprises pétrolières (AEC), pour étudier le mouvement des nano particules dans un micro model de milieux poreux. Ces particules sont supposé de faire transition une fois en contact avec l’huile ou expériencer un changement de la température. L’injection des particules dans les réservoirs de l’huile et de gaz permet de collecter l’information sur la distribution et la quantité de l’huile et de gaz. Avant l’application en mass dans l’industrie, c’est favorable de les tester dans un micro model, qui possèdes une structures similaire aux pores des roches. Nous avons testé les nano particules synthétisés par les autres membres de l’AEC, et confirmé que l’idée du micro model est une méthode efficace de prédire la performance des particules sous sol. / In this work, we have addressed three projects with the application of Microfluidics: With the technology of Total Internal Reflection Velocimetry, we realised the nano-PTV of fluid flow within 800 nm close to solid surface. We achieved unprecedented accuracy of measurement compared with the state of art, by determining precisely the wall position, and by Langevin simulation, which takes into account of the sources of biases, such as Brownian motion, shear stress, electrostatic repulsion between particles and the wall, effect of out of focus, etc. We achieved ±5 nm and ± 10 nm accuracy on the slip length determination for sucrose solution and for water. The no-slip condition on hydrophilic surface is confirmed, and a positive slip length on hydrophobic surface is clearly illustrated. This result demonstrated that the nano-PTV by TIRF is a quantitative methodology for the study of fluid flow near solid surface. We collaborated with A. Leshansky to study quantitatively the mechanism of step emulsification. The dispersed fluid and continuous fluid are co-flowing in a confined Hele-Shaw channel, before going into an unconfined pool. Drops are formed at the intersection between shallow channel and the pool. Two phases - step emulsification and large drops - are distinguished based on a well defined capillary number. We found good agreement between experiments and theory, on the step emulsification droplet size, dispersed fluid pinching dynamics, and on the shape of free interface between dispersed fluid and continuous fluid prior to pinching. We collaborated with a group of petroleum companies (AEC), to develop a technology which has potential application to the Enhanced Oil Recovery. Nano particles synthesized by the AEC is supposed to perform phase transition or deliver signals once in touch with oil. The principal idea consists in sending these nano particles into the porous media underground along with the injection fluids, and recollect them on the production well side. According to the information they deliver, the distribution of oil may be mapped. We constructed a micro model based on microfluidic technology, which mimics the complex structure of porous media of rocks. The AEC synthesized nano particles are injected into the micro model, their motion and retention can be observed in real time. This work provides important information on the particle motion in porous media, which cannot be realised in conventional core experiments.

Label-free detection of DNA has been successfully demonstrated on field effect transistor (FET) based devices. Since conducting organic materials was discovered and have attracted more and more research efforts by their profound advantages, this work will focus on utilizing an organic field effect transistor (OFET) as DNA sensor. An OFET constructed with a transporting fluidic channel, WetOFET, forms a fluid-polymer (active layer) interface where the probe DNA can be introduced. DNA hybridization and non-hybridization after injecting target DNA and non-target DNA were monitored by transistor characteristics. The Hysteresis area of transfer curve increased after DNA hybridization which may be caused by the increasing electrostatic screening induced by the increasing negative charge from target DNA. The different morphology of coating surface could also influence the OFET response.

<p>Label-free detection of DNA has been successfully demonstrated on field effect transistor (FET) based devices. Since conducting organic materials was discovered and have attracted more and more research efforts by their profound advantages, this work will focus on utilizing an organic field effect transistor (OFET) as DNA sensor.</p><p>An OFET constructed with a transporting fluidic channel, WetOFET, forms a fluid-polymer (active layer) interface where the probe DNA can be introduced. DNA hybridization and non-hybridization after injecting target DNA and non-target DNA were monitored by transistor characteristics. The Hysteresis area of transfer curve increased after DNA hybridization which may be caused by the increasing electrostatic screening induced by the increasing negative charge from target DNA. The different morphology of coating surface could also influence the OFET response.</p>

Ce travail est une contribution à la conception d'un système portatif et intégré de type µTAS (micro-Total Analysis System) pour le traitement (préconcentration et simplification) de solution aqueuses contenant des métaux lourds et leur analyse en ligne. Pour la préconcentration amont, l'étude a porté sur la réalisation d'un micro-électrodialyseur manipulant des µL de solutions. L'optimisation des paramètres opératoires a permis d'augmenter d'un facteur 100 environ les concentrations d'analytes. Pour l'étage de détection aval, un système sur puce de type polarographique a été étudié. Le traditionnel mercure est remplacé par du diamant polycristallin dopé au bore (DDB) préparé par CVD micro-ondes. La quantification des métaux lourds par redissolution anodique sur ce matériau a été validée ainsi que les techniques de gravure compatibles avec la réalisation de microréseaux d'électrodes. / This work is a contribution to the conception of an integrated μTAS (micro-Total Analysis System) for treatment (preconcentration and simplification) of aqueous solutions containing heavy metals and their on-line analysis. For upstream preconcentration, a micro-electrodialyser handling µL of solutions was developped. The optimization of operating parameters permitted to reach an analyte pre-concentration factor of about 100. For the downstream detection step, an on-chip polarographic system, where mercury was replaced by boron doped diamond (BDD), was studied. BDD films were prepared by assited microwave plasma CVD. Quantification of heavy metals by anodic stripping on BDD was validated as well as the etching technique compatible with the realization of microarray electrodes.

A novel process for the fabrication of Long Range Surface Plasmon Polariton (LRSPP) waveguide based biosensors is presented herein. The structure of the biosensor is comprised of Au stripe waveguide devices embedded in thick CYTOP claddings with a SiO2 solvent diffusion barrier and etch-stop layer. The SiO2 layer is introduced to improve the end quality of Au waveguide structures, which previously deformed during the deposit of the upper cladding process and to limit the over-etching of CYTOP to create micro-fluidic channels. The E-beam evaporation method is adapted to deposit a thin SiO2 on the bottom cladding of CYTOP. A new micro-fluidic design pattern is introduced. Micro-fluidic channels were created on selective Au waveguides through O2 plasma etching. The presented data and figures are refractive index measurements of different materials, thickness measurements, microscope images, and AFM images. Optical power cutback measurements were performed on fully CYTOP-cladded symmetric LRSPP waveguides. The end-fire coupling method was used to excite LRSPP modes with cleaved polarization maintaining (PM) fibre. The measured mode power attenuation (MPA) was 6.7 dB/mm after using index-matched liquid at input and output fibre-waveguide interfaces. The results were compared with the theoretical calculations and simulations. Poor coupling efficiency and scattering due to the SiO2 are suspected for off-target measurements.

A novel process for the fabrication of Long Range Surface Plasmon Polariton (LRSPP) waveguide based biosensors is presented herein. The structure of the biosensor is comprised of Au stripe waveguide devices embedded in thick CYTOP claddings with a SiO2 solvent diffusion barrier and etch-stop layer. The SiO2 layer is introduced to improve the end quality of Au waveguide structures, which previously deformed during the deposit of the upper cladding process and to limit the over-etching of CYTOP to create micro-fluidic channels. The E-beam evaporation method is adapted to deposit a thin SiO2 on the bottom cladding of CYTOP. A new micro-fluidic design pattern is introduced. Micro-fluidic channels were created on selective Au waveguides through O2 plasma etching. The presented data and figures are refractive index measurements of different materials, thickness measurements, microscope images, and AFM images. Optical power cutback measurements were performed on fully CYTOP-cladded symmetric LRSPP waveguides. The end-fire coupling method was used to excite LRSPP modes with cleaved polarization maintaining (PM) fibre. The measured mode power attenuation (MPA) was 6.7 dB/mm after using index-matched liquid at input and output fibre-waveguide interfaces. The results were compared with the theoretical calculations and simulations. Poor coupling efficiency and scattering due to the SiO2 are suspected for off-target measurements.

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A novel process for the fabrication of Long Range Surface Plasmon Polariton (LRSPP) waveguide based biosensors is presented herein. The structure of the biosensor is comprised of Au stripe waveguide devices embedded in thick CYTOP claddings with a SiO2 solvent diffusion barrier and etch-stop layer. The SiO2 layer is introduced to improve the end quality of Au waveguide structures, which previously deformed during the deposit of the upper cladding process and to limit the over-etching of CYTOP to create micro-fluidic channels. The E-beam evaporation method is adapted to deposit a thin SiO2 on the bottom cladding of CYTOP. A new micro-fluidic design pattern is introduced. Micro-fluidic channels were created on selective Au waveguides through O2 plasma etching. The presented data and figures are refractive index measurements of different materials, thickness measurements, microscope images, and AFM images. Optical power cutback measurements were performed on fully CYTOP-cladded symmetric LRSPP waveguides. The end-fire coupling method was used to excite LRSPP modes with cleaved polarization maintaining (PM) fibre. The measured mode power attenuation (MPA) was 6.7 dB/mm after using index-matched liquid at input and output fibre-waveguide interfaces. The results were compared with the theoretical calculations and simulations. Poor coupling efficiency and scattering due to the SiO2 are suspected for off-target measurements.