The debates on whether or not to regulate micro lending have shifted to finding the appropriate regulatory models. This is because countries are in agreement that being part of the greater financial services sector, micro lending plays an important role in the economic and social development of the citizens as it enables the poor to have access to credit and better their lives. To this end, Botswana has not fallen short of this global trend. Micro lending regulation plays an important role in maintaining the financial safety and soundness of any country’s financial sector. If not properly regulated, the micro lending industry can lead to undesirable incidents like financial crisis and suicide cases as it was the case in the State of Andhra Pradesh of India where borrowers were over-indebted leading them to commit suicide. Since there is not a perfect regulatory model, countries have over the years formulated regulatory frameworks for micro lending. Some of the laws failed and created more problems than they were in fact intended to solve like the 2010 financial crisis in India. In 2008 Parliament of Botswana enacted the Non-Bank Financial Institutions Regulatory Authority Act in order to regulate (NBFIs), including micro lenders. The primary purpose of this study is to scrutinize the mechanisms in place for the regulation and supervision of micro lenders in Botswana in light of those set internationally and subsequently deducing their effectiveness or lack thereof. The comparative analysis will focus on South Africa and India’s State of Andhra Pradesh. / LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The debates on whether or not to regulate micro lending have shifted to finding the appropriate regulatory models. This is because countries are in agreement that being part of the greater financial services sector, micro lending plays an important role in the economic and social development of the citizens as it enables the poor to have access to credit and better their lives. To this end, Botswana has not fallen short of this global trend. Micro lending regulation plays an important role in maintaining the financial safety and soundness of any country’s financial sector. If not properly regulated, the micro lending industry can lead to undesirable incidents like financial crisis and suicide cases as it was the case in the State of Andhra Pradesh of India where borrowers were over-indebted leading them to commit suicide. Since there is not a perfect regulatory model, countries have over the years formulated regulatory frameworks for micro lending. Some of the laws failed and created more problems than they were in fact intended to solve like the 2010 financial crisis in India. In 2008 Parliament of Botswana enacted the Non-Bank Financial Institutions Regulatory Authority Act in order to regulate (NBFIs), including micro lenders. The primary purpose of this study is to scrutinize the mechanisms in place for the regulation and supervision of micro lenders in Botswana in light of those set internationally and subsequently deducing their effectiveness or lack thereof. The comparative analysis will focus on South Africa and India’s State of Andhra Pradesh. / LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This thesis investigates how students’ practical considerations for future choices in education and occupations correspond to policy objectives of socially productive educational choices. This is conveyed through the primary aim of analyzing the correspondence between on the one hand educational policy intentions and on the other hand students’ educational choices and the social and cultural conditions that structure them. These concerns are addressed with specific aims in four different articles. However, the following research questions have been of central guidance for framing the main issue: (1) How are economic, political and social processes brought together on a policy level for motivating and regulating individuals’ educational choices (Article I)? (2) How do students’ educational choices correspond with policy intentions and the assumptions of rational choice that the latter are founded on (Article I-II)? (3) How are students’ educational choices shaped by wants and identities (Article II-IV)? (4) What is the relationship between students’ want formation and relevant social and cultural conditions (Article II-IV)? The empirical material consisted of interviews and semi-structured questionnaires with young people in secondary education and higher education, and interviews with school staff in secondary education. Empirical inquiries were also conveyed via a semiotic content analysis on recent policy: specifically the Swedish Long-Term Surveys from 2008 and 2011. In comprehensive terms, the rationality of choices from both how choice is practiced and what is desired has been of primary interest. These concerns are addressed by the following emphases in the different investigations. In Article I the form of government that aims to shape actors’ wants and decisions in relation to productive educational choices in the Long-Term Surveys is investigated. The forms of rationality in general, and the suggested implementation of rational choices in particular, are here analyzed through a critical semiotic analysis. The result of the study lifts forward critical distinctions of ontological and epistemological assumptions in how to delineate social and economic claims for the righteousness, reasonableness and necessity of choices. Article II focuses on how students’ wants and choices are formed in a vocational (vehicle maintenance program) and a theoretical (social science program) upper secondary education. By examining students’ want-lists complemented by interviews with students and school staff the study argues that it is important to view wants in an organic totality based on individual and collective experiences. The results show a pragmatic rationality in students’ decision-making, which challenges instrumental rationality in educational choices. This is importantly about how structural support guides students’ decisions over the future under conditions of the radical uncertainty that marks decisions in open social systems. In article III the analysis of vocational and theoretical upper secondary students’ want formations are further developed in relation to their educational environment. Through analysis of interviews with students, teachers, principals and student counselors the article pays particular attention to institutional school effects and school habitus. The results showed that different forms of school habitus in the investigated programs could be empirically attributed to how students form their wants. Article IV investigates identity work via a semi-structured questionnaire and group interviews with students from a Swedish Human Resource program in higher education. What in particular was investigated was how symbolic signification of education and occupations occurred within education. The actual meaning students attributed to education rested importantly on collective sense-making. Indicated in the results is that the meaning of being a student incorporates an awareness of social status and an ability to form relatively autonomous personal projects related to social forces. The result of the thesis points to a lack of correspondence between, on the one hand, political notions of how rational and utility maximizing choices should be made based on effective matching of education and working life and, on the other hand, how young people form their paths into the future in practice through education choices. Students often make their educational choices due to a lack of better alternatives and are often uncertain about where their choices will take them in life. These results show that there is a need for concrete support in schools in order to turn students’ insecurity about the future into useful strategies for educational and occupational paths. / <p>Akademisk avhandling för filosofie doktorsexamen i sociologi vid institutionen för sociologi och arbetsvetenskap, Göteborgs universitet, som med tillstånd av samhällsvetenskapliga fakultetsnämnden läggs fram fredagen den 14 juni 2013 kl. 10.15 i sal 10, universitetsbyggnaden, Vasaparken.</p>

Published article at Central University of Technology Free State, Bloemfontein / In South Africa the educational system has seen many changes over the past few years. Transformation in education has been introduced to correct imbalances of the previous South African educational system and to improve learner achievement in some of the previously disadvantaged schools. Despite changes that have been implemented, learners in many South African schools are still underperforming. The primary aim of this investigation reported in this article was to establish the extent to which selected micro communication factors, namely, immediacy, verbal aggression and compliance gaining influence learner achievement. The researcher argues that micro communication factors in the classroom could influence learner performance either positively or negatively. According to Robinson, learner achievement refers to the ability of a learner to succeed in an assessment and to display a satisfactory level of competence.

Communication methods in the corporate environment must change. Organisations can no longer expect effective communication when using intranet sites or sending employees countless emails. This type of communication does not create the learning environment and most employees either do not read the intranet sites, or there is just too much email which could be seen as spam by the employee. These types of technologies also create a culture where organisations are lead from the top and there is not a culture or platform to create feedback loops. Most large corporate organisations have a tendency where many silos are created and cliques are formed, which is not in line with the culture of a learning organisation. Although there are a number of studies which look at how Internet based micro-blogging affect social connectedness, there is however limited information as to the effect that micro-blogging, if used internal to the organisation, would have on employee engagement, or how it can affect the competitive nature to the organisation. The research is exploratory in nature and set out to review what impact internal micro-blogging has on the organisation. The research uses Vodacom, one of the leading Information and communications technology (ICT) and telecommunications companies in South Africa, as the case study, as micro-blogging was recently introduced into this organisation.

This thesis focus on the epitaxial growth and optical characterization of diluted InAs/InP(001) quantum dots for the realisation of new nanophotonic devices emitting at 1.55 [micro]m. The structural and optical properties of the quantum islands are correlated to different growth parameters of a solid source molecular beam epitaxy system. Our results highlight the influence of InAs surface reconstructions on the island shape. Dots rather than elongated dashes usually observed can be directly formed by adequate growth conditions. Dash to dot shape transition is also demonstrated by post-growth treatments. Low dot densities are obtained for small InAs deposited thickness. Their emission wavelength is easily tuned to 1.55 [micro]m using the"double cap" procedure for the growth of the InP capping layer. Optical properties of such single InAs/InP quantum dots are then evaluated. Micro-photoluminescence studies reveal sharp and well separated emission lines near 1.55 [micro]m from single dots confirming their atom-like properties. Last, we propose for the first time a high spatial resolution method to study the carrier transport in the vicinity of a single quantum dot using a low-voltage cathodoluminescence technique. A direct measurement of the carrier diffusion length before capture into one dot has been obtained. These results open the way to the integration of these single dots into optical micro-cavities for the realisation of quantum light sources at 1.55 [micro]m.

Cette étude porte sur l'évaluation de la performance d'un procédé biologique visant â réduire la concentration en sulfure d'hydrogène (H[indice inférieur2]S) présent dans le biogaz. De l'air est injecté dans la phase gazeuse d'un bioréacteur de digestion anaérobie (ratio volumique air/biogaz=1/20) de telle sorte à assurer à la surface du liquide, une zone en micro-aérobie.Cette recherche s'intéresse spécifiquement aux boues anaérobies psychrophiles (25[degrés celsius]), acclimatées à du lisier bovin ou porcin. Une première expérience vise à évaluer le potentiel de biotransformation des boues non alimentées en lisier et soumises à une charge connue en H[indice inférieur 2]S (entre 0,68 et 2,19 mg H[indice inférieur 2]S L[indice supérieur -1] boues h[indice supérieur -1]) injectée dans la phase liquide à la base du bioréacteur. Un taux maximal de biotransformation de 1,27 mg H[indice inférieur 2]S L[indice supérieur -1] boues h[indice supérieur -1] a été obtenu pour un taux de réduction du H[indice inférieur 2]S de 96,9%, une capacité 6,7 fois supérieure au taux maximal obtenu pour un bioréacteur alimenté avec du lisier bovin (0,19 mg H[indice inférieur 2]S L[indice supérieur -1] boues h[indice supérieur -1]). Une deuxième expérience consiste à évaluer l'impact d'un tel procédé sur le rendement en méthane et la stabilité d'un bioréacteur en opération. Deux bioréacteurs psychrophiles sont opérés en mode semi-batch et alimentés de manière identique avec du lisier bovin. Un seul des deux bioréacteurs est opéré en micro-aérobie. Ce bioréacteur a présenté des concentrations en H[indice inférieur 2]S indétectables (<50 ppm), sauf les journées où le ratio volumique air/biogaz était entre 0 et 0,056. Des concentrations variant entre 0 et 3500 ppm étaient mesurées dans l'effluent gazeux du bioréacteur sans injection d'air. Le bioréacteur en micro-aérobie a présenté un rendement spécifique en méthane 6,5% plus faible que le bioréacteur témoin, mais cet écart a diminué jusqu'à 0,87% pour les 4 derniers cycles de l'expérience durant lesquels le débit d'air a été réduit et maintenu à 4 ml/min.

Les demandes du marché sont toujours plus exigeantes dans le domaine de la micro- électronique. Les besoins en termes de fréquence de fonctionnement (> 10GHz) des dispositifs ainsi qu'en termes de puissance délivrée (> 1W/mm) sont en constante augmentation. De ce fait, on commence à atteindre les limites du matériau silicium. Ceci présente une grande opportunité pour les matériaux III-V, en particulier ceux à base de nitrure de gallium (GaN) qui offrent un très grand gap (3.4 eV) et une très bonne mobilité grâce au 2DEG (1500-2000 cm[indice supérieur 2]/V.s) [Touati, 2007]. Bien que ce soient les composants actifs (transistors) qui définissent les performances d'un circuit, les composants passifs doivent être correctement étudiés afin de ne pas nuire au reste du circuit. Le matériau de base étant fixé : le GaN, il est ici question de développer le procédé de fabrication des dits composants passifs. L'objectif est donc ici de déterminer et d'adapter les procédés de fabrication permettant d'obtenir des composants passifs fonctionnant à hautes fréquences (30-300GHz) dans l'optique de réaliser des circuits MMIC (Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit). La durée d'une seule maîtrise ne permettant pas d'étudier une technologie de fabrication dans son ensemble, nous nous focaliserons sur une série restreinte d'étapes de fabrication. Les dites étapes seront la fabrication et la caractérisation de résistances à base de NiCr (Nickel-Chrome), l'étude de la gravure de diélectriques (SiO2, Si3N4) ainsi que la réalisation et la caractérisation de capacités et d'inductances. Pour ce qui est des résultats attendus, la littérature montre qu'on est déjà capables de fabriquer des composants passifs fonctionnant au moins jusqu'à 40GHz. On peut noter par exemple, des capacités MIM (Métal Isolant Métal) allant de 0,5 à 10 pF, des inductances spirales allant de 0,25 à 12 nH, des résistances de plusieurs centaines d'Ohms ou encore des lignes de transmissions de différentes longueurs (quelques micromètres jusqu'à quelques millimètres) [Martin, 2007; Richard, 2009].

In this thesis, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is used to characterize Micro Fibrillated Cellulose (MFC) produced by two different methods according to their size and shape. For one of these MFC-types, their interaction with the humidity in the atmosphere is investigated and their swelling is calculated. MFC is a relatively new material based on cellulose fibres extracted from wood. This study is performed in co-operation with Stora Enso research centre. Stora Enso is a renewable material company which uses mostly wood based raw materials in their production. The measured swelling is ~ 5 % and depends on the number of elementary fibrils included in the fibre. / Atomkraftsmikroskopi (AFM) har använts för att karakterisera Mikro Fibrillerad Cellulosa (MFC), som är producerad med två olika produktionsmetoder, med avseende på deras storlek och form. För en av dessa MFC-typer så är deras påverkan av en varierande fuktig atmosfär undersökt och deras svällning är uträknad. MFC är ett relativt nytt material baserat på cellulosafibrer från trä. Detta examensarbete är utfört i samarbete med Stora Enso forskningscentrum. Stora Enso är ett företag fokuserat på förnyelsebara material som använder mestadels träbaserade råmaterial i deras prodiktion. Den uppmätta svällningen är ~ 5 % och beror av antalet elementära fibriller som ingår i fibern.

The governance field is well studied. However, small family firms do not receive their fair amount of coverage, despite their importance. In this work the field of governance in small family firms is qualitatively explored, using a sample of eight Swedish firms with a total of ten interview partners. Using a Constructivist Grounded Theory, informed by previous literature, we find nine key themes characterizing governance in small family firms: (1) Ownership &amp; Board, (2) Holding Company, (3) Advisor &amp; External Help, (4) Responsibility, (5) Formality, (6) Informality, (7) Conflict, (8) Succession and (9) Discussion &amp; Conversation. Our findings suggest that all small family businesses employ some form of governance, however, this is not always recognized as such in previous literature, showing that corporate governance is too narrowly defined. We also investigate why governance structures are (not) implemented and how this is done. In connection to this, we visualize the factors influencing whether or not a small family firm implements formal governance structures. Additionally, we discuss what actually makes a family firm small. We contribute by investigating governance concepts in another context, namely the one of small family businesses, and seeing to what extent they hold up. The work allows us to conclude that some findings confirm existing theory, while others question it or cannot be found therein at all.