Les microalgues sont bien connues pour produire de nombreuses molécules bioactives qui sont de plus en plus utilisées dans les industries pharmaceutiques et agroalimentaires. Mon projet de thèse avait pour but de mettre en évidence des activités antimicrobiennes d’origine naturelle valorisables en cosmétique notamment en tant que conservateurs et antiacnéens. Des milieux de culture en phase stationnaire de croissance d’une collection de 113 microalgues cultivées au sein du laboratoire ont été prélevés. La présence d’activités antibactérienne et / ou antifongique a été évaluée sur différents microorganismes modèles. Ce criblage m’a permis d’isoler 5 microalgues sécrétant des molécules inhibant la croissance de bactéries appartenant aux genres Salmonella, Staphylococcus et Propionibacterium. La suite de mon travail a porté sur la microalgue référencée S555 qui montre une activité d’inhibiton totale de la croissance de 3 bactéries Gram + : S. aureus, S. epidermis et P. acnes, ces 2 dernières espèces étant impliquées dans l’acné. Cette microalgue a alors été mise en culture en pilote pré-industriel afin de confirmer ces inhibitions. Un élargissement du spectre d’action suggère que ces activités sont spécifiques des bactéries Gram positives. De plus, le(s) composé(s) actif(s) de S555 ne présente(nt) aucune cytotoxicité ou potentiel irritant sur des fibroblastes en culture, les rendant potentiellement utilisables en dermocosmétique. Enfin, un fractionnement du milieu de culture et de la biomasse de cette microalgue a été mis en oeuvre pour séparer le(s) composé(s) actif(s). Leur caractérisation est actuellement en cours. / Microalgae are well-known to produce many bioactive molecules which are used more and more in both pharmaceutical and agroalimentary companies. The aim of my PhD project was to discover antimicrobial activitiesof natural origin which may be used in cosmetic in particular as preservatives and antiacne. Culture media in stationary phase of growth of a 113 microalgae collection, cultivated in the laboratory, were harvested. The presence of antibacterial and / or antifungal activities was evaluated on different microorganisms. This screening allowed to isolate 5 microalgae secreting molecules inhibiting the growth of bacteria belonging to Salmonella, Staphylococcus and Propionibacterium genera. Then my work concerned the S555 microalgae which show a total inhibiton activity of the growth on 3 Gram + bacteria : S. aureus, S. epidermis and P. acnes, these 2 last species being involved in the acne disease. This microalgae was then cultivated in industrial condition in order to confirm these inhibitions. A widening of the action spectrum suggests that these activities are specific to Gram + bacteria. Moreover, the S555 active compound(s) present no cytotoxicity or irritability potential on fibroblasts in vitro,making them potentially usable in dermocosmetic. Lastly, a fractionation of the culture medium and biomass of S555 microalgae were performed to separate the active compound(s). Their characterization is currently in progress.

Les microalgues présentes à la fois dans les eaux douces et salées compteraient plus de 200 000 espèces. Cette diversité en fait une source potentielle de métabolites spécialisés originaux. Parmi les principales familles de substances naturelles valorisées actuellement, on peut citer les pigments, lipides, protéines, polysaccharides, caroténoïdes. Une vision plus globale du métabolome de chacune des espèces apparaît aujourd’hui nécessaire pour mieux mettre en valeur le potentiel commercial que représente cette « microbiodiversité ». Pour cela, nous avons tout d’abord choisi d’approcher le métabolome de différentes souches de microalgues cultivées au sein de la Société Greensea en s’appuyant sur les techniques d’HPTLC, de RMN et d’UHPLC-QTOF pour une visualisation large. Cette étude nous a permis de regrouper les espèces par analogie métabolique après traitement statistique des données. Une seconde partie a consisté en une étude phytochimique approfondie de certaines souches et a conduit à l’isolement et la caractérisation de plusieurs molécules. Ainsi, en plus de métabolites connus, un peptide original portant un motif isoprényl, le cumbriamide a été caractérisé au sein de Lyngbya sp. et une première évaluation de son potentiel thérapeutique a été entreprise. Une large diversité en glycolipides s’est montrée prépondérante dans de nombreuses souches et une méthode de caractérisation a pu être mise au point pour leur identification par UHPLC-QTOF. Enfin, différentes applications des approches métabolomiques ont été envisagées. Ainsi, des études chimiotaxonomiques ont été menées sur les différentes souches de microalgues et l’influence de changements de conditions de culture sur la production de métabolites chez Nannochloropsis oculata a été observée. / Microalgae are present both in Oceans and freshwaters and could include more than 200 000 species. This diversity is a source of original specialized metabolites that can find a large array of applications. Pigments, lipids, proteins, polysaccharides and carotenoids are usual compounds produced by microalgae that have found commercial applications. A global vision of the metabolome of each species has showed promises to highlight the commercial value of this “microdiversity”. We then decided to assess the metabolome of several microalgae species grown at the Greensea company by using HPTLC, NMR and UHPLC-QTOF techniques for a rapid and global overview. A classification of the species according to their metabolomics similarities was obtained after statistics treatment of the data. A second part was dedicated to a phytochemical study of the extracts of selected strains and led to the isolation and characterization of several metabolites. Thus, in addition to known molecules, an original peptide substituted by an isoprenyl moiety and named cumbriamide has been characterized in Lyngbya sp and a first assessment of its therapeutical potential has been undertaken. Glycolipids have been identified as the major metabolites in the extracts of numerous strains and a UHPLC-QTOF method was developed for their identification. Finally, several applications of the metabolomics approaches were considered. Chemotaxonomic studies were first carried out and the influence of growth conditions on the metabolome of Nannochloropsis oculata was observed.

Submitted by Geise Jesus (geise.crj@gmail.com) on 2018-04-17T00:23:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação-Geise Cristina de Jesus.pdf: 1627240 bytes, checksum: cd3bd55063ba96f48854e00923ac8b0e (MD5) Carta comprovante.pdf: 353788 bytes, checksum: 3b2d5be6eb455c3a33e7fb4ae9adcc11 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alini Demarchi (ri.bar@ufscar.br) on 2018-07-10T12:57:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação-Geise Cristina de Jesus.pdf: 1627240 bytes, checksum: cd3bd55063ba96f48854e00923ac8b0e (MD5) Carta comprovante.pdf: 353788 bytes, checksum: 3b2d5be6eb455c3a33e7fb4ae9adcc11 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alini Demarchi (ri.bar@ufscar.br) on 2018-07-10T12:58:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação-Geise Cristina de Jesus.pdf: 1627240 bytes, checksum: cd3bd55063ba96f48854e00923ac8b0e (MD5) Carta comprovante.pdf: 353788 bytes, checksum: 3b2d5be6eb455c3a33e7fb4ae9adcc11 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-17T18:54:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação-Geise Cristina de Jesus.pdf: 1627240 bytes, checksum: cd3bd55063ba96f48854e00923ac8b0e (MD5) Carta comprovante.pdf: 353788 bytes, checksum: 3b2d5be6eb455c3a33e7fb4ae9adcc11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Among the main industrial wastewaters, sugarcane vinasse figures as an actual environmental concern, due to its polluting potential and large volumes available, about 10 liters per liter of ethanol. Considering the alternatives to vinasse disposal, fertirrigation is the most commonly used. However, it is currently being questioned due to its effects on the soil and on groundwaters, caused by nutrient lixiviation such as potassium. The application of immobilized microalgae for wastewater treatment with emphasis on the removal of nutrients has increased over the last years. The aim of this study was to develop uniform alginate and pectin beads for immobilization of Desmodesmus subspicatus and evaluate its growth and ability to carbon, nitrogen and potassium removal in vinasse. The process parameters of bead production, type and concentration of biopolymer (alginate 1, 2, and 3% w/v and pectin 5, 7 and 10% w/v) and crosslinking agent concentration (calcium chloride 2, 5 and 10% w/v), were varied in order to evaluate their influence on bead characteristics. Results indicated that stable alginate and pectin beads were produced and according to the preliminary particle characterization, concentrations of 2% alginate and 7% pectin were chosen for immobilization of D. subspicatus and growth in vinasse. Immobilized D. subspicatus showed cellular growth in vinasse, with maximum specific rates of 0.009 h-1 and 0.002 h-1 in alginate and pectin beads, respectively. In the tests performed with 2% alginate, the immobilized microalgae reached 42, 49 and 48% carbon; 34, 35 and 34% nitrogen and 22, 23 and 32% potassium removal; and for pectin 7%, the removals were 32, 39 and 41% for carbon; 11, 24 and 34% for nitrogen and 39, 36 and 35% for potassium, for 2, 5 and 10% of calcium chloride, respectively. The microalgae were able to grow and remove appreciable amounts of nutrients from the vinasse. Compared with the free microalgae cultivation, immobilized microalgae indicate good prospects for the use of nutrient removal from vinasse. / A vinhaça é considerada a principal água residuária do setor sucroalcooleiro, sendo obtida pela destilação alcoólica do vinho para a obtenção do etanol. Considerando as alternativas para sua disposição, a fertirrigação na cultura da cana-de-açúcar é a mais utilizada. No entanto, o seu uso deve ser cauteloso, uma vez que em excesso pode culminar na contaminação dos lençóis freáticos, acarretando problemas ambientais. A aplicação de microalgas imobilizadas no tratamento de águas residuárias com ênfase principalmente na remoção de nutrientes tem aumentado nos últimos anos. Quanto aos métodos de imobilização celular, o sistema de encapsulamento em matrizes de macromoléculas como alginato e pectina vem despertando interesse devido às suas características de biodegradabilidade, biocompatibilidade e não toxicidade. Neste contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de esferas de alginato e de pectina para a imobilização da microalga Desmodesmus subspicatus, assim como a avaliação do seu crescimento e habilidade na remoção de carbono, nitrogênio e potássio da vinhaça. Os parâmetros do processo de produção das esferas, tais como tipo e concentração de biopolímero (alginato 1, 2, e 3% m/v e pectina 5, 7 e 10% m/v) e concentração de reticulante (cloreto de cálcio 2, 5 e 10% m/v) foram estudados quanto a sua influência nas características das esferas. Os resultados indicaram a obtenção de esferas estáveis de alginato e de pectina e, de acordo com os testes, optou-se por utilizar alginato 2% e pectina 7% para imobilização da D. subspicatus e seu cultivo na vinhaça. A microalga D. subspicatus imobilizada apresentou crescimento celular em vinhaça, com velocidades específicas máximas de 0,009 h-1, e 0,002 h-1 em esferas de alginato e de pectina, respectivamente. Nos ensaios realizados com alginato 2%, a microalga imobilizada atingiu remoções de 42, 49 e 48% de carbono; 34, 35 e 34% de nitrogênio e 22, 23,2 e 31,6% de potássio; e para a pectina 7%, as remoções foram de 32, 39 e 41% para carbono; 11, 24 e 34% para nitrogênio e 39,2, 35,8 e 35,2% para potássio para 2, 5 e 10% de cloreto de cálcio, respectivamente. Os resultados demonstraram a viabilidade do cultivo desta microalga, assim como a capacidade de remoção de compostos da vinhaça.

abstract: Microalgae represent a potential sustainable alternative for the enhancement and protection of agricultural crops. The dry biomass and cellular extracts of Scenedesmus dimorphus were applied as a biofertilizer, a foliar spray, and a seed primer to evaluate seed germination, plant growth, and crop yield of Roma tomato plants. The dry biomass was applied as a biofertilizer at 50 g and 100 g per plant, to evaluate its effects on plant development and crop yield. Biofertilizer treatments enhanced plant growth and led to greater crop (fruit) production. Timing of biofertilizer application proved to be of importance - earlier 50 g biofertilizer application resulted in greater plant growth. Scenedesmus dimorphus culture, growth medium, and different concentrations (1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) of aqueous cell extracts were used as seed primers to determine effects on germination. Seeds treated with Scenedesmus dimorphus culture and with extract concentrations higher than 50 % (0.75 g ml-1) triggered faster germination - 2 days earlier than the control group. Extract foliar sprays of 50 ml and 100 ml, were obtained and applied to tomato plants at various extract concentrations (10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). Plant height, flower development and number of branches were significantly enhanced with 50 % (7.5 g ml-1) extracts. Higher concentration sprays led to a decrease in growth. The extracts were further screened to assess potential antimicrobial activity against the bacterium Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, the fungi Candida albicans ATCC 90028 and Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404. No antimicrobial activity was observed from the microalga extracts on the selected microorganisms. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Applied Biological Sciences 2014

abstract: One solution to mitigating global climate change is using cyanobacteria or single-celled algae (collectively microalgae) to replace petroleum-based fuels and products, thereby reducing the net release of carbon dioxide. This work develops and evaluates a mechanistic kinetic model for light-dependent microalgal growth. Light interacts with microalgae in a variety of positive and negative ways that are captured by the model: light intensity (LI) attenuates through a microalgal culture, light absorption provides the energy and electron flows that drive photosynthesis, microalgae pool absorbed light energy, microalgae acclimate to different LI conditions, too-high LI causes damage to the cells’ photosystems, and sharp increases in light cause severe photoinhibition that inhibits growth. The model accounts for all these phenomena by using a set of state variables that represent the pooled light energy, photoacclimation, PSII photo-damage, PSII repair inhibition and PSI photodamage. Sets of experiments were conducted with the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 during step-changes in light intensity and flashing light. The model was able to represent and explain all phenomena observed in the experiments. This included the spike and depression in growth rate following an increasing light step, the temporary depression in growth rate following a decreasing light step, the shape of the steady-state growth-irradiance curve, and the “blending” of light and dark periods under rapid flashes of light. The LI model is a marked improvement over previous light-dependent growth models, and can be used to design and interpret future experiments and practical systems for generating renewable feedstock to replace petroleum. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil and Environmental Engineering 2017

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-05-17T18:17:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRVM.pdf: 3835144 bytes, checksum: b2d0ed5ccb40ffab36e4731ad8d6c688 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-22T17:46:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRVM.pdf: 3835144 bytes, checksum: b2d0ed5ccb40ffab36e4731ad8d6c688 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-22T17:47:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRVM.pdf: 3835144 bytes, checksum: b2d0ed5ccb40ffab36e4731ad8d6c688 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-22T17:51:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRVM.pdf: 3835144 bytes, checksum: b2d0ed5ccb40ffab36e4731ad8d6c688 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / The morphological variability in the Selenastraceae family has been a barrier to a good establishment of well-defined taxonomic groups. Several studies with molecular compounds have already demonstrated its importance in the elucidation of this relation. In this scenario, the present study used a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization timeof- flight mass-spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) technique as a tool to differentiation of the microalgae of this family at the species and strains levels. A group of 18 strains, belong to in 12 different species, of freshwater microalgae was selected. Cells and dissolved organic matter (DOM) were analyzed in the middle exponential growth phase. The analyzes were performed in two different mass ranges: 400 to 2,000 Da and 2,000 to 20,000 Da. Each strain that yielded unique spectra with a good resolution of peaks and reproducibility was selected for clusters analyzes. These spectra were used to make a dissimilarity analysis that showed the capability of differentiation of the strains and species. The strains of the genera Monoraphidium were not all grouped, possibly because it is a polyphyletic group. The praticity and quickness of this technique for data acquisition, allied with the low cost of the analysis, are factors that favor its application in taxonomic studies. / A baixa variedade morfológica presente na família Selenastraceae tem sido uma barreira para o estabelecimento de grupos taxonômicos bem definidos. Estudos realizados com diversos marcadores moleculares já demonstraram a importância dos compostos produzidos por esses organismos na elucidação dessas relações. Nesse cenário, o presente estudo buscou avaliar a aplicação da espectrometria de massa por MALDI-TOF como ferramenta para a discriminação de cepas e espécies dessa família. Foram selecionadas 18 cepas, classificadas em 12 espécies diferentes, de microalgas de água doce. As células e a matéria orgânica dissolvida (MOD) analisadas foram amostradas de cultivos no meio da fase exponencial de crescimento. As análises foram feitas em duas extensões de massa: massas baixas (400 – 2000 Da) e massas altas (2 – 20 kDa). Para cada tipo de análise foram selecionadas as cepas que renderam espectros com boa resolução de picos. Esses espectros foram então utilizados em análises de dissimilaridade para a elaboração de dendrogramas, evidenciando a capacidade da técnica para a distinção de cepas e espécies. Apesar das cepas do gênero Monoraphidium não ficarem todas agrupadas, o que possivelmente ocorre devido ao fato do grupo ser polifilético. A grande rapidez e praticidade desta técnica para a obtenção de dados, aliado ao baixo custo das análises, são fatores que favorecem a sua aplicação neste tipo de estudo.

Este estudo teve como finalidade levantar dados para uma avaliação das alternativas tecnológicas (cultivos de microalgas e reflorestamento) para a biofixação de CO2 da atmosfera próxima à usina termelétrica; tendo sido utilizada como referência a Usina Barbosa Lima Sobrinho. Já existe um projeto de avaliação do efeito do reflorestamento na fixação do CO2 nesta usina e, neste trabalho, foi avaliada a alternativa do cultivo de microalgas. Uma pesquisa inicial foi feita na literatura para verificar qual a espécie de microalga seria a mais adequada para ser utilizada no estudo, tendo sido a espécie Chlorella sp. a selecionada. Posteriormente os sistemas de cultivo de microalgas mais comumente empregados no mercado foram levantados e foi selecionado o cultivo em tanques abertos como referência para a modelagem do processo. Utilizando os dados da termelétrica e da literatura foi possível estimar a quantidade de CO2 que será retirada da atmosfera caso um sistema de cultivo seja efetivamente instalado na usina termelétrica. Uma análise econômica foi realizada para determinar a viabilidade do projeto. Os resultados indicam que a utilização deste tipo de tecnologia é promissora / This study aimed to collect data for an evaluation of alternative technologies (microalgae cultivations and reforestation) for biofixation of CO2 from the atmosphere near a power plant, named Barbosa Lima Sobrinho, which uses natural gas and diesel as fuels. There is a project to assess the effect of reforestation for CO2 fixation in this facility and, in this study, we evaluated the alternative of cultivating microalgae. An initial review was done in the literature to determine what species of microalgae would be most suitable to use and Chlorella sp was selected. Thereafter cultivation of microalgae media, commonly employed in the market, were evaluated and the culture selected was in open tanks as a reference for the modeling process. Using data from the thermoelectric and the literature it was possible to estimate the amount of CO2 that will be capture from the atmosphere if a microalgae farming will be installed in thermal power plant area. An economic analysis was performed to determine the feasibility of the project. The results indicate that the use of this technology is promising

Os efluentes líquidos de curtumes apresentam altas cargas orgânicas e de poluentes que devem ser tratados corretamente para atingir os padrões legais para seu descarte, evitando a eutrofização de corpos hídricos e poluição das águas. O acabamento do couro é o estágio final da produção, onde o couro recebe as características desejadas de acordo com os produtos e artigos que serão produzidos. Os efluentes das etapas de processamento para acabamento do couro são responsáveis por conterem poluentes químicos devido ao uso de corantes, surfactantes, metais tóxicos, agentes emulsificantes, recurtentes, óleos, pigmentos, resinas, entre outros produtos químicos adicionados. As microalgas têm sido alvo de vários estudos no âmbito de tratamento de efluentes, devido à sua capacidade de remover diversos nutrientes, matéria orgânica do meio e por serem formas mais limpas e econômicas de tratar os poluentes. Diante disto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o emprego de um consórcio de microalgas para tratamento de efluentes de um curtume e analisar a capacidade de remoção de poluentes que são nutrientes para estes microrganismos. Os efluentes foram caracterizados ao longo dos ensaios com o consórcio de microalgas por meio de Nitrogênio Total (NT), Amônia (NH3), Fósforo (P-PO4), Carbono total (CT), Carbono Orgânico Total (COT), Carbono inorgânico (CI), DQO e Demanda Biológica de Oxigênio (DBO) e foi acompanhado o crescimento das microalgas. Para os experimentos foram coletados efluentes em três estágios distintos em uma estação de tratamento: efluente bruto (B), efluente após tratamento primário de coagulação/floculação (P) e efluente após ao tratamento biológico secundário (S). Os resultados com concentração de efluente de 50%, diluídos em água destilada (A), após 16 dias de cultivo, mostraram que houve crescimento do consórcio nos três efluentes com um crescimento máximo de 1,77 g L-1 no efluente Bruto (50B50A). Na sequência, foi testado o cultivo em efluente bruto (100B) e em efluentes compostos nas seguintes proporções: 50% efluente bruto + 50% efluente após tratamento biológico (50B50S) e 25% efluente bruto + 75% efluente após tratamento biológico (25B75S). Foi possível cultivar o consórcio no efluente bruto sem diluição, entretanto os resultados foram ruins, pois o mesmo apresentou baixo crescimento e, consequentemente, baixos níveis de remoção de nutrientes. Com o efluente composto 25B75S percebeu-se morte rápida das microalgas, uma vez que o efluente apresentava baixas concentrações de nutrientes. Em contrapartida, no efluente 50B50S foram atingidos valores efetivos de crescimento e remoção de nutrientes. Em cultivos fotoautotrófico, mixotrófico e heterotrófico de efluente composto 50B50S e de 75% efluente bruto + 25% efluente após tratamento biológico (75B25S), os melhores resultados foram atingidos no efluente 75B25S no cultivo fotoautotrófico, crescendo até 1,42 g L-1 e atingindo valores de remoção de NNH3, Nitrogênio Total (NT), DQO, carbono orgânico total (TOC) e demanda biológica de oxigênio (DBO5), de 99,90%, 74,89%, 56,70%, 58,18% e 20,68%, respectivamente. Ao obter a microalga isolada Tetraselmis sp. predominante no consórcio foi analisado os parâmetros anteriores em cultivo fotoautotrófico, além disso foi verificada a quantidade de lipídio presente na biomassa. A microalga Tetraselmis sp. apresentou um crescimento notório no cultivo fotoautotrófico com remoções eficientes dos parâmetros e 5,0% de lipídio no peso seco. / Liquid effluents from tanneries present high organic and pollutant loads and must be treated correctly to meet the legal standards for effluent disposal and to avoid eutrophication of water bodies and water pollution. The leather finish is the final stage of production, where the leather receives the desired characteristics according to leather goods and articles. The effluents from the processing steps for leather finishing are responsible for containing chemical pollutants due to the use of dyes, surfactants, toxic metals, emulsifying agents, retanning agents, oils, pigments, resins, among other chemicals added. Microalgae have been the subject of several studies in the field of effluent treatment due to their ability to remove various nutrients, organic matter from the environment and to be cleaner and more economical ways to treat pollutants. In this work, the growth of a microalgae consortium for the treatment of effluents from a tannery was analyzed and the capacity of removal of Total Nitrogen (NT), Ammonia (NH3), Phosphorus (P-PO4), Total Carbon ), Total Organic Carbon (COD), COD and Biological Oxygen Demand (DBO), as well as the growth of microalgae biomass in these effluents. The effluents were characterized before and after the trials with the microalgae consortium. Effluents were collected in three distinct stages at a treatment plant: crude effluent (B), effluent after primary coagulation / flocculation (P) treatment and effluent after secondary biological treatment (S). The results with 50% effluent concentration, diluted in distilled water (A) after 16 days of cultivation, showed that there was a consortium growth in the three effluents with a maximum growth of 1.77 g L-1 in the crude effluent (50P50A). (50B50S) and 25% crude effluent + 75% effluent after biological treatment (25B75S) were tested in the following proportions: 50% crude effluent + 50% effluent after biological treatment (50B50S). It was not possible to cultivate the consortium in pure crude effluent, since it presented low growth and, consequently, low levels of nutrient removal. With the compound effluent 25B75S it was observed rapid death of the microalgae, since the effluent presented low concentrations of nutrients. On the other hand, in the effluent 50B50S, effective values of growth and nutrient removal were achieved. In photoautotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultures of 50B50S effluent and 75% crude effluent + 25% effluent after biological treatment (75B25S), the best results were reached in the effluent 75B25S in photoautotrophic cultivation, growing up to 1.42 g L-1 and reaching values of removal of N-NH3, total nitrogen (NT), (DQO), total organic carbon (COT) and biological oxygen demand (DBO), of 99.90%, 74.89%, 56.70%, 58.18% and 20.68%, respectively. By obtaining the isolated microalgae Tetraselmis sp., predominant in the consortium and analyzed and the previous parameters in photoautotrophic cultivation, in addition to being verified the amount of lipid present in the biomass. The microalgae Tetraselmis sp. showed a notable growth in photoautotrophic cultivation with efficient removal of the parameters and 5.0% of lipid in dry weight.

A vinhaça é o resíduo mais abundante gerado no processo de produção de etanol, sendo que a cada litro de etanol são gerados de 10 a 18 litros de vinhaça. Sua disposição é tema de grande preocupação, por sua elevada carga de matéria orgânica e o pH ácido. Embora seja um resíduo poluente, contém macronutrientes que podem ser usados para o cultivo de micro-organismos úteis aos seres humanos como é o caso apresentado neste trabalho, onde a vinhaça foi utilizada para cultivo da microalga Scenedesmus sp. As microalgas são apontadas como uma alternativa promissora para substituição dos combustíveis fósseis. Entretanto, seu custo ainda é elevado devido a vários fatores, dentre os quais os nutrientes que devem ser fornecidos para crescimento. Assim, o uso de rejeitos como fonte de nutrientes pode auxiliar a reduzir este balanço desfavorável. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a viabilidade técnica de produção da Scenedesmus sp. para tratar vinhaça de etanol de cana de açúcar. Inicialmente, testou-se a viabilidade de crescimento da microalga nesses meios. Uma vez corroborado que é possível seu crescimento, foram realizados planejamentos experimentais que avaliaram os fatores que influenciam no crescimento. O planejamento fatorial demonstrou que é possível cultivar microalgas em concentrações de até 40% de vinhaça. O planejamento composto central rotacional demonstrou o seguinte: a intensidade luminosa e a porcentagem de vinhaça influenciam na quantidade de biomassa a ser produzida, e a temperatura, entre 20 e 35°C, não tem um efeito significativo quando se trabalha com porcentagens menores que 40% de vinhaça. Foram analisados parâmetros como o DBO, conteúdo de nitrogênio e fósforo, que demonstraram que fotobiorreatores com até 32% geram vinhaça tratada com valores de DBO menores que 106 mg/L, conseguindo remover até 96% de nitrogênio e 99,9% de fósforo. Como dado adicional se avaliou os métodos de espectrofotometria e espectroscopia de fluorescência, que se mostraram métodos adequados para acompanhar o crescimento microalgal em fotobiorreatores. / Vinasse is one of the most polluting wastes generated in the process of ethanol production,with each liter of ethanol are generated between 10 to 18 liters os vinasse. Its suitable disposal is an issue of great concern due to its high load of organic matter and acidity. Although this is a polluting waste, contains nutrients which can be used for cultivation of micro-organisms that may be useful to humans as is the case presented in this work, where vinasse was used for cultivation of the microalgae Scenedesmus sp. Microalgae are currently reported in the literature as a promising alternative to replace fossil fuels. However, its cost is still high due to several factors, such as the nutrients that must be supplied for growth. Thus, the use of waste as a source of nutrients may assist in reducing this unfavorable balance. This study aimed to evaluate the technical feasibility of production of microalgae Scenedesmus sp. to treat ethanol stillage. First, cultivations with different percentages of vinasse were done aiming to verify wether they are able to grow in medium supplemented with vinasse. The factorial design has shown that it is possible to cultivate microalgae at concentrations up to 40% of vinasse in the culture medium. The central composite design showed that light intensity and percentage of vinasse influence the amount of biomass to be produced. Additionally, the temperature between 20 and 35°C has not a significant effect when working with percentages smaller than 40% of vinasse. The analyzed parameters were BOD, nitrogen and phosphorus content demonstrated that photobioreactors with up to 32% vinasse generate vinasse treated with BOD values lower than 106 mg/L achieving a remotion of 96% nitrogen and 99.9% phosphorus. Finally, it was also shown that spectrophotometry and 2D fluorescence spectroscopy are suitable methods for monitoring the microalgae growth.

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