Cette thèse est composée de trois essais portant sur la performance des Institutions de Microfinance (IMFs) évaluée a I'aide de la méthode d'enveloppement des données (Data Envelopment Analysis ou DEA). L'objectif general est de voir si ces institutions qui doivent faire un compromis entre leur rôle social et leur rentabilité financière opèrent de facon efficace. Le premier essai est centré sur les IMFs de I'Union Éconornique et Monétaire Ouest Africain (UEMOA). Dans un premier temps, nous évaluons suivant les aspects opérationnel, coût, revenu et profit l'efficacité relative des IMFs dans chacun des sept pays de I'UEMOA. Dans un deuxièrne temps, nous déterrninons les sources d'inefficacité dans Ie temps et d'un pays par rapport à un autre en utilisant l'indice de productivité de Malmquist. Ces sources peuvent être dues soit au progrès technologique (innovations dans Ie secteur qui entrainent un déplacernent de la frontière efficace), soit au changement d'efficacité technique (déplacement par rapport à la frontière). Les résultats montrent que Ie niveau d'efficacité est homogène à l'interieur d'un mêrne pays, mais qu'il diffère d'un pays à l'autre. En tenant compte du prix de leurs ressources, nous observons également que les IMFs ont la possibilité de minimiser leurs coûts. Ce manque d'efficacité maximum au niveau des coûts entraine une moindre efficacité au niveau des revenus et des profits. Nous observons aussi, avec l'indice de productivité de Malmquist, que Ie niveau de productivité dans Ie secteur résulte plus du progrès technologique que de I'amélioration de I'efficacité opérationnelle (technique). Dans Ie deuxièrne essai, nous comparons la performance des IMFs dans trois régions géographiques (Afrique, Asie du Sud et de l'Est et Amérique Latine). L'objectif est d'analyser l'impact des structures environnementales ou régionales sur l'efficacité opérationnelle, coût, revenu et profit des IMFs. Les résultats montrent des niveaux d'efficacité comparables en Asie et en Amérique Latine. L'Afrique est quelque peu en marge de ces deux régions. De façon générale, nous constatons une faible efficacité coût et, en conséquence, des efficacités économique, revenu et profit relativement faibles. L'indice de Malmquist montre également que la productivité dans le secteur est principalement attribuable au progrès technologique. Le troisième essai analyse I'impact du statut de I'IMF sur son niveau d'efficacité. Les IMFs ont généralement Ie statut de coopératives (COOP), d'institutions financières non bancaires (IFNB) ou d'organisations non gouvernementales (ONG). Depuis quelques années, certaines institutions adoptent Ie statut de banque. La question est de savoir sl la structure organisationnelle de I'IMF a un impact sur son niveau d'efficacité relative. Lorsqu'on évalue les IMFs sur Ie plan opérationnel selon un rendement d'échelle variable, les résultats montrent que celles ayant Ie statut de banque sont plus efficaces que les autres formes juridiques . Les COOP présentent généralement un faible niveau d'efficacité technique. Les ONG et les IFNB se situent entre ces deux types de structures. Tout comme dans le cas précédent, nous trouvons une faible efficacité coût, ce qui se répercute négativernent sur les efficacités éconornique, revenu et profit. Quant aux sources d'inefficacité, nous observons qu'elles sont principalement dues aux inefficacités techniques plutot qu'aux innovations technologiques. En conclusion, tout d'abord au niveau des pays de l'UEMOA, cette thèse montre que les IMFs sont plus performantes dans un environnement politique stable. On constate aussi que les IMFs de certains pays auraient intérêt a copier les pratiques d'autres pays en vue d'améliorer leur performance. Ensuite, I'analyse portant sur différentes zones géographiques révèle,à tout Ie moins sur la base de nos critères,que les IMFs sont comparativement moins performantes en Afrique. Peut-être pour des raisons de stabilité politique ou d'environnements éconornique, juridique et social différents, ou encore d'un attrait plus faible de capitaux etrangers, Peut-être aussi à cause d'une structure d'opération (par exernple : coopératives, organismes non gouvernementaux, institutions non bancaires) différente des IMFs d'une zone géographique à I'autre. Sur ce dernier point, les résultats montrent que les IMFs qui opèrent sous Ie statut de banque sont relativement plus efficaces que les autres.

This thesis investigates the way in which microcredit programs that form parts of mainstream international development strategies contribute to the transformation of female subjects in rural China. By undertaking a case study in Inner Mongolia, China, this thesis elucidates the nature of the social standards that govern everyday practice of local microcredit programs that targeted primarily at poor rural women. Qualitative research methods, including participant observation, in-depth interviews and textual analysis, were employed in order to uncover the specific social standards that are embedded in the programs and the way they function in the particular local settings. The results of this research indicate that microcredit borrowers are not selected according to neutral, inclusive economic criteria, but according to “capacity to repay”. The measurement of the capacity to repay relies heavily on social criteria that are intimately connected with the borrowers’ personal attributes and the way these are perceived by the lending institution and the borrower peers. Both the local microfinance institution and the women borrowers actively participate in the creation and enforcement of these social standards. The social standards function as social norms that shape and control the lives of rural women and by doing so transform the poor rural women into self-disciplined rural subjects and proper and reliable microcredit clients.

This thesis examines the trajectory and role of development within the context of transition from a command to market economy, in a northern region of the Lao PDR. It looks at how the long-term effects of development interventions have contributed to a context of regional integration where the role of foreign investment and the private sector are increasing. In particular, it examines the role of development interventions in the processes of diversification and differentiation that accompany market integration. The village of Ban Jai illustrates this process as a site where despite the failures of development projects a diversification of livelihoods have developed. The implementation of UNDP projects in Ban Jai raises questions regarding the role of international projects and suggests that rather than alleviating poverty they produce a chain of effects that contribute to the tensions that result from structural changes to the village household economy. My analysis examines the tensions produced by such shifts and how villagers negotiate their engagement with the market economy. The experience of women traders illustrates how relations of solidarity are reworked in an attempt to negotiate tensions produced through processes of market integration. As structural shifts take place with increasing economic integration, international agencies also respond in particular ways by shifting strategies. I also ask what changes shifts in strategy introduce at the local level and how this intersects with the way policies are rationalized by local officials and the UNDP. An examination of this trajectory over a period of two decades, suggests that changing strategies in development have involved a shifting role between international development organizations and the private sector. I ask what kind of context this intersection of structural shifts, policy shifts and institutional shifts produces on the ground and how such shifts are negotiated locally.

The microfinance revolution of the 1980s acclaimed micro-credit as a tool that would improve the lives of economically active people trapped in poverty. The 2006 Nobel prize awarded to Mohammed Yunus and Grameen Bank confirmed for the industry’s advocates that microfinance was a panacea, and billions of dollars have been channeled to financial services for the poor. However, a series of high-profile scandals in 2010 shook development agencies’ faith in micro lending, and support has waned in light of evidence that microfinance alone cannot change structural inequalities and end poverty. I show that politics operate throughout the industry, reproducing inequalities within the process of micro lending. In my political ethnographic study of 460 people in three countries, I find that race and class politics is entrenched in all three countries, yet there are different outcomes related to attitudes of microfinance managers. In Jamaica and Guyana, micro lenders demonstrate that historically rooted racial and class biases go beyond gender to determine the allocation of micro loan resources. Ingrained biases interfere with the allocation of loans to the urban poor because discriminatory practices reinforce pre-existing social divisions. The Haiti case is hopeful: lenders, particularly the caisses populaires (credit unions), are made up of socially conscious people who recognize the country’s exclusionary politics. Managers and staff have class origins similar to the clients they serve and view micro loans as a tool to contest class and race-based oppressions. Haiti’s case suggests that collective systems such as those found in the caisses populaires and informal banks are effective because they relate to people’s history; and managers influenced by the masses, organize financial programs that are responsive to their clients and remain free from elite capture. This bottom-up approach in microfinance determines a greater level of social transformation for the urban poor.

[Abstract]: Over the last few decades microfinance has become an integral part of the economic development of the less developed countries with regional governments, themultilateral donor agencies such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank and other donor organisations investing in the industry to build its capacity andwiden the outreach. Further, the World Bank has highlighted the need to help the poor achieve self-sustainability as much more than just a social issue. In fact, in their view, the long-term financial growth of the Developed countries will be largely determined by the expansion of the Third World as their future client base. Those who are interested in economic development in the less developed countries strongly believe that microfinance will be an effective tool of alleviation of poverty and developing prosperity for the poor. For this reason microfinance is considered as one of the effective way of achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).Central to the success of microfinance is the distribution of capital from the wealthy to the poor in a manner which encourages accountability and responsibility from therecipient, while at the same time allowing donors to see appropriate stewardship of their funds. This is measured through the achievement of financial independence ofthe group being studied. The role of implementing agencies in facilitating this efficient and accountable transfer of capital is seen to be crucial to the ongoing development of microfinance. The interrelation between donors and these agencies requires a high degree of trust and mutual accountability, in many cases built up through years of hard work and experimentation.The policy framework and legislative environment for microfinance is still evolving. For instance some countries are still developing the regulatory environment to monitor the transparency of the industry. Furthermore, there are some growing concerns on the level of efficiency of the delivery of microfinance in making an impact on projects or at least making an impact on alleviation of poverty. In order to contribute to the latter, this study investigates a major microfinance operation in thePhilippines to examine whether it is consistent with the wider international practices, particularly in achieving the MDGs.The study uses a survey tool developed by the donor agency to monitor the quantitative and qualitative aspect of the microfinance operation and benchmark them against similar operations within the Asian region. The results show that, in the majority of cases, the Philippines operation has outperformed their counterparts. However, there is considerable room for improvement to maintain the sustainability of the operation.These experiences of successes and failures need to be recorded and delineated to build on existing achievements and support an environment geared towards substantial growth in the funding of microfinance in the future. It is the intention of this study to highlight these experiences and draw attention to the very real achievements currently being experienced through some effective microfinanceprojects.

After a series of transitional phases, the microfinance industry has recognised that microfinance should comprise a variety of financial services, not only credit. In their endeavour to provide services to low-income populations, microfinance practitioners have therefore delivered services through a variety of institutional forms and delivery methods. While the outreach has been promising, the provision of services on a cost covering basis has lagged. Practitioners have attributed the difference in performance to differing country contexts (in particular urban, highly populated versus rural, less populated areas) and institutional capacity. / The goal of this thesis is, therefore, to identify factors which potentially affect the performance of microfinance institutions but have so far not found due consideration. With the increasing trend towards commercialization the microfinance industry, like commercial banking, relies more on economic, capitalist principles in cash based economies. These principles and the use and need for cash based services are assumed to be universally accepted and existing. I attempt to identify issues, in particular characteristics of societies, which contradict this notion and thus might impact on the performance of microfinance institutions. I examine these in Bogia District of Madang Province, a rural area of Papua New Guinea (PNG). In addition, I study a potential role model for a microfinance institution that might be able to integrate these local specificities beneficially into its service delivery. / This thesis makes this argument in theoretical terms in Chapters Two and Three, which comprise a review of factors affecting the performance of microfinance institutions, in particular focusing on factors so far not deeply researched. The review establishes that some issues are more considered as influencing performance than others. In particular the potential clients' understanding of economic principles and their familiarity with the functions and use of money in partly established cash economies find little consideration in the microfinance research literature. / Chapter Four provides background details to PNG and Chapter Five details the research methods as well as the field site. Chapters Six and Seven analyse the key findings of the field research, in particular: i) the local socio-economic and socio-cultural characteristics and their potential impact on the performance of microfinance institutions and ii) an application of these findings to examine whether a co-operative could serve as a role model for the successful service delivery in rural areas of PNG. / Through the field research it could be documented that these issues are crucial to identify for any microfinance institution since familiarity with financial services and functions of money and understandings of contractual obligations of villagers in rural areas, in particular for credit services, may vastly differ from the institutions’ perception. Through their remoteness villagers are also used to interact informally within their clan and kinship groups. Therefore, a co-operative set-up will be a suitable option for delivering microfinance services in rural areas of PNG since it is a familiar and accepted form and can incorporate local specificities into its service delivery and thereby contribute to the economic development of its members.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--University of Toronto, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 274-312).

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- Flinders University, Faculty of Social Sciences. / Typescript (bound). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 257 - 275). Also available online.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-125).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-148).