La presente investigación analiza los determinantes del margen financiero de las Cajas Municipales de Ahorro y Crédito (CMAC) en el Perú, margen definido como el ratio de la diferencia de ingresos y gastos financieros entre los activos totales de cada entidad. El estudio considera determinantes microeconómicas y macroeconómicas que podrían impactar en el margen financiero de las CMAC, y dentro de estos se analiza cómo la concentración de mercado que se mide a través de dos indicadores: el Índice de Herfindahl y Hirschman (IHH) y el Índice de Concentración (IC6) podría impactar en la variable de estudio. El análisis comprende el periodo 2002-2019, años en los que el sector de medianas y pequeñas empresas ha pasado a formar parte esencial de la cartera de créditos de las IMF, por lo que la eficiencia en las operaciones y servicios de financiamiento que ofrecen estas entidades son importantes en el desarrollo del sector empresarial. Los hallazgos encontrados demuestran que el IHH y el IC6 evidencian una relación que no va acorde a lo que plantea la teoría económica de la Organización industrial. Similar a estos resultados, se demuestra que otros indicadores determinarían el margen financiero de las CMAC, y su análisis permitirá plantear recomendaciones y medidas de política que permitan un mejor desempeño del sector microfinanciero contribuyendo al crecimiento económico. / This research seeks to evaluate the determinants of the financial margin of the Cajas Municipales de Ahorro y Crédito in Peru (CMACs), a margin that is defined as the ratio of the difference in income and financial expenses between the total assets of each entity. The study considers microeconomic and macroeconomic determinants that could impact on the financial margin of the CMAC and how the market concentration, measured through two indicators: the Herfindahl and Hirschman Index (IHH) and the Index of Concentration (IC6), could impact the variable under research. The analysis covers the period 2002-2019, in which medium and small companies have become an essential part of the credit portfolio of MFIs, so the efficiency in the operations and financing services offered by these entities are important in the development of the business sector. The results suggest that the IHH and IC6 show a relationship that is not in accordance with the Industrial Organization Theory. Similar to these results, it is shown that more indicators would determine the financial margin of the CMACs, which will help to propose recommendations and policy measures that allow a better performance of the microfinance sector, contributing finally to economic growth. / Tesis

Social enterprises are hybrid organizations that tackle societal challenges by using conventional business models. Being hybrid organizations means that social enterprises pursue dual objectives: social (developmental) and financial. By taking performance, subsidization and internationalization perspectives, this thesis contributes to understanding the hybridity of social enterprises and how this hybridity drives their general operations and key decisions such as foreign market selection and targeting strategy. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

High interest rates, many mortgage defaults, and availability of capital are challenges for microbusiness owners. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the strategies used by Ghana's microbusiness owners to manage microloans for sustainable businesses in Cape Coast, Ghana. Putnam's social capital theory was the conceptual framework for the study. A purposive and snowball sample of 10 participants completed semistructured interviews and described their perceptions and experiences of the phenomena. Data were analyzed using Moustakas' modified van Kaam method to catalog, group, and code information into themes. The study findings indicated there are high-interest rates and many mortgage defaults in the microfinance industry, and operating capital for microbusiness owners is insufficient. Results indicated savings must yield interest, microborrowers must have a business plan, microbusiness owners must seek professional advice where needed, and government must offer savers protection against a Microfinance Institution financial crunch. Engaging these issues could help microbusiness owners improve microloan management for sustainable enterprises. Participants said interest from savings could increase capital. They agreed that lower interest rates could prevent mortgage defaults. MFIs should organize entrepreneurial orientation workshops to help business owner's structure better financial plans and management strategies that could contribute to improving the socioeconomic lives of microborrowers. Implications for positive social change include the growth of microbusinesses, reduced mortgage defaults, and increased employment and tax revenues.

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Associé aux secteurs de la microfinance et de l' aide au développement, Développement international Desjardins (DID) est une composante du Mouvement Desjardins spécialisée, entre autres, en gestion de projets liés à la finance communautaire et offrant des services d'appui technique et d'investissement dans quelque vingt-sept pays en voie de développement et en émergence à travers le monde, en Afrique, en Amérique latine, aux Antilles, en Asie, en Europe centrale et de l'Est. À travers le choix de ce terrain d'observation, la présente thèse porte sur la gestion de la communication institutionnelle, l'un des champs de la communication publique, dans une organisation complexe, de type coopératif et oeuvrant à l' échelle internationale. Elle s'appuie, pour ce faire, sur les quatre courants d'études que sont la communication institutionnelle, la culture organisationnelle, la responsabilité sociale des entreprises et la gestion des enjeux sociaux ainsi que la communication de développement. Nous nous sommes donc attachée à la caractérisation de son approche de communication visant la promotion d'une formule coopérative québécoise au niveau international, ainsi qu'à l'appréciation de l'importance de certaines activités de comlTIunication à cara~tère stratégique de DID, entre 1970 et 2008, à travers l'analyse des moyens de communication utilisés, des publics visés, des messages destinés à être diffusés et des objectifs de communication recherchés par DID. Nous avons également présenté diverses propositions quant au projet de communication institutionnelle d'une organisation de type coopératif oeuvrant dans le domaine financier et participant à la gestion d'un enjeu social important au plan international, à savoir le développement, dans certains pays en émergence ou en transition économique à travers le monde.

In a traditional business environment, companies set up their organisation’s IT data infrastructure, install their applications and carry out the maintenance and management of their infrastructures. Whereas Cloud computing removes the need for companies to set up own data centers and run enterprise applications. Cloud computing technology provides businesses with the advantage of on-demand access, agility, scalability, flexibility and reduced cost of computing. An appreciable increase is being observed in the acceptance and migration to this new IT model in developing economies. In Nigeria, it has been observed that there is a somewhat unimpressive rate of adoption of Cloud computing by the microfinance operators. This research investigates the reason for the slow adoption of Cloud computing by SMEs in Nigeria with special consideration to the Microfinance subsector and to develop a model for improving the adoption of cloud computing by microfinance organisations. The research was conducted using a qualitative research design method. Interview was the main data collection instrument and data collected was analysed using thematic content analysis method. The analysis of the study revealed that SMEs in Nigeria, with particular reference to microfinance subsector in Akwa Ibom State are yet fully to embrace cloud technology. It was discovered that most of the SMEs studied, has some level of reservation about cloud computing arising from not having appropriate education and enlightenment about the cloud economic offerings and potentials. From the outcome of the research, the researcher identified that most people’s concerns are as a result of lack of knowledge about cloud computing and so the researcher concluded that appropriate enlightenment by industry stakeholders, cloud service providers, cloud enthusiasts and even the government on the risks and overwhelming economic incentives of cloud computing as well as the provision of a monitored free trial services will encourage the adoption of cloud computing by SMEs. / College of Engineering, Science and Technology / M.Tech. (Information Technology)

Cette thèse interroge les processus de communication qui autorisent la construction du microcrédit - pratique de prêts à des personnes pauvres - comme cause internationale. Un réseau d’acteurs nommé « Campagne du Sommet du Microcrédit » milite activement pour sa reconnaissance en tant qu’outil de lutte contre la pauvreté. L’étude de ses pratiques et des formes de son discours éclaire les conditions de possibilité logistique et symbolique de la conversion d’une technique financière en cause louable, endossable et universalisable.L’approche communicationnelle de cet objet se formule au croisement de deux axes théoriques qui forment les deux niveaux d’analyse d’un matériau composite - documentaire et ethnographique.Le premier axe concerne la démarche stratégique d’« entrepreneurs de cause » qui défendent une thématique et en accompagnent la trajectoire publique. Il questionne les conditions de la visibilité de la cause et met, ainsi, en évidence les contraintes d’une exigence de visibilité et les normes d’action et de justification qu’elle impose aux acteurs.Le second axe s’attache aux médiations symboliques - formes intercalaires, rémanentes et circulantes - qui incarnent la cause en-Deçà et au-Delà des déclarations d’intention. Il interroge, alors, sa lisibilité en élucidant les régimes de construction de deux figures nécessaires et complémentaires - le micro et le macroentrepreneur - et leurs effets de sens paradoxaux.La thèse confronte donc les « arrière-Pensées » des formes aux intentions stratégiques des acteurs qui les mobilisent et éclaire ainsi la mécanique d’inscription d’une perspective contemporaine du traitement de la pauvreté dans son « ordre de discours ». / Microcredit is a widespread financial tool, originally designed to lend small amounts of money to very poor people.This thesis questions the communication processes that enabled its construction as an international cause. Microcredit Summit Campaign is a network of organizations that strongly advocates for the acknowledgement of microcredit as a tool to fight poverty . The study of its practices and the forms of its discourse highlights the logistic and symbolic conditions required for the conversion of a financial theory into a praiseworthy, endorsable and universal cause.Drawing on a discourse and semiotic analysis of documented and ethnographical sources, the communicational approach of this topic links together two theoretical perspectives.On the one hand, it focuses on Microcredit Summit Campaign as a social movement organization and discusses the symbolic constraints imposed by a requirement for visibility in the public sphere. It influences their eligibility as spokeperson, their standards of action and their modes of justification.On the other hand, the thesis questions the legibility of microcredit as a cause. In this perspective, it analyzes the symbolic mediations that allow it to be embodied. To support the analysis, two compatible actors – “microentrepreneur” and “macroentrepreneur” - are strategically used in the discourse. The study of their characteristics reveals a paradoxical symbolic meaning and effect.Thus, the thesis confronts the "ulterior motives" of the semiotic forms used to support the discourse with the strategic intentions. In doing so, it sheds light on how a contemporary perspective on treating poverty is symbolically integrated in its " orders of discourse ".