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Thesis (MDF)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / In many developing countries, culture and tradition have contributed to the disempowerment of women. In these countries, a women's time is divided between the reproductive role of creating a family, the productive role of feeding the family, and balancing all the demands. This has resulted in 1) higher unemployment rate for women than men in virtually every developing country as reported by the World Bank gender statistics database, and 2) women having low self-confidence and self-esteem. Furthermore, when living outside their country with little or almost nothing, refugee women live in camps, temporary shelters, collective centres or rent a house in a host country where they compete with the local populations for property as well as natural and social resources, while being excluded from some of the basic rights through restrictive regulations imposed by the host country. Building upon the widely known facts that women more likely reinvest their earnings in a business and their families and spend more of their extra income on things that help develop human capital, better sanitation, better nutrition and also better health care and education, this study addresses the application of microfinance with the objective of empowering Congolese refugee women in the Western Cape in South Africa. The theoretical contributions of this study are twofold. Firstly, an analysis of the situation of the Congolese refugee women is presented in terms of their predicaments and opportunities in SA, using a survey. Secondly, building upon the conclusions of this survey, a support and empowerment microfinance approach adapted to the Congolese refugee women community is derived. As practical contribution, this study proposes the development of a business model that will cater for Congolese women refugees and its implementation through the creation of a non-governmental organisation in the Western Cape.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:49:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 61768.pdf.jpg: 19550 bytes, checksum: 233292d20a81e9555bb2c0b9a8cb4690 (MD5) 61768.pdf: 1609102 bytes, checksum: f0e714d34406b27283a917a3b10bca40 (MD5) 61768.pdf.txt: 369962 bytes, checksum: b22f94c886e8923431bc5e64e75e9166 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-11T00:00:00Z / This contribution presents an empirical investigation of the impact of micro-credit initiatives based on data collected from clients from three units (Brasilândia, Jardim Helena, and Heliópolis) of the Crédito Popular Solidário (São Paulo Confia). The Crédito Popular Solidário is a Public Private Partnership established with the participation of the city of São Paulo. The findings demonstrate the micro-credit plays a minor role in the Brazilian economy, especially in comparison to certain nations of southeast Asia or even other Latin American countries. Given the minor degree of penetration, as viewed in either absolute or relative terms, micro-credit initiatives have an enormous potential in the economic development of Brazil. Statistical analysis of the financial and economic data demonstrates the significant impact of micro-credit initiatives on income generation – they doubled the income of small scale entrepreneurs in two years time. In addition, the average rate of internal return generated by the credit granted is such that the actual interest rate (capital costs) levied by the São Paulo Confia, and the market is irrelevant. Results reveal that small scale entrepreneurs in low-income neighborhoods in São Paulo are in such dire need of capital that any injection of liquidity, especially to cover working capital needs, is a tremendous stimulus for future returns and income generation. In other words, labor is available, but there is a lack of capital to generate production. As a result of capital injection, the recipients of micro-loans are able to boost their income to a level accepted by the banking system. This analysis and the results of this contribution represent an opportunity for public administrators to consider the use of micro-credit initiatives as a policy tool for income generation, among other alternatives in Brazilian social policy. Also, for the financial institutions to realize that these initiatives could bring new clients with a good credit history to the banking system. / Este trabalho apresenta uma investigação empírica sobre impacto do microcrédito em renda a partir de dados coletados junto aos clientes de três unidades (Brasilândia, Jardim Helena e Heliópolis) do Crédito Popular Solidário (São Paulo Confia). O Crédito Popular Solidário (CPS) é uma iniciativa público-privada que conta com a participação protagonista da Prefeitura do município de São Paulo. O trabalho revela que o microcrédito é uma atividade marginal na economia brasileira, especialmente se comparada a alguns países do sudeste e sul da Ásia, ou mesmo com alguns países na América Latina, tanto do ponto de vista absoluto quanto relativo. Com uma taxa de penetração muito baixa, medida pela oferta sobre demanda potencial, o microcrédito tem grande potencial de crescimento no Brasil. A análise dos dados demonstrou que o impacto do microcrédito na geração de renda é significativo: em dois anos, a renda do microempreendedor quase que dobra. Além disso, a taxa interna de retorno sobre o crédito médio concedido é de tal ordem que torna irrelevante a discussão sobre o nível de taxas de juros (custo do capital) praticados pelo mercado. Os resultados revelam que os microempreendedores em bairros de baixa renda em São Paulo são tão carentes de capital que qualquer injeção, principalmente na forma de capital de giro, provoca alavancagens financeiras espetaculares. Em outras palavras, o fator trabalho está disponível, mas falta o fator capital para que haja produção. Como resultado desta injeção de capital, o recipiente do crédito e sua família são alçados para um novo patamar de renda. Um patamar que pode, inclusive, transformá-lo em mais um cliente do sistema bancário tradicional. Os resultados deste trabalho são uma oportunidade para que os gestores públicos possam refletir positivamente sobre a possibilidade de utilização do microcrédito como política de geração de renda, em escala, dentre as alternativas de política social no Brasil. E para que o setor financeiro compreenda que o micro crédito produtivo orientado pode resultar na incorporação de novos clientes com bom histórico de crédito ao sistema bancário.

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Notre étude qualitative s’est intéressée aux effets des microcrédits sur l’Empowerment économique et social des femmes. Nous avons procédé à l’étude de cas de l’Union des Mutuelles-Partenariat pour la Mobilisation de l’Épargne et le Crédit au Sénégal (UM-PAMECAS), un organisme de microcrédit dont les activités ont débuté au milieu des années 1990. Plusieurs sources de données ont pu être construites à partir d’entrevues, de l’observation participante et de sources documentaires. Nous avons ainsi interrogé 40 femmes bénéficiaires de microcrédits de l’UM-PAMECAS, 13 employés de l’organisme. La perspective de l’approche globale adoptée dans cette recherche, nous a permis, tout à la fois, d’analyser, de comprendre les caractéristiques, le fonctionnement, les effets économiques et sociaux de la diffusion du microcrédit comme mécanisme ou modalité de développement chez les femmes. Pour mesurer les effets de la microfinance sur les bénéficiaires, nous nous sommes reférés à l’Empowerment des femmes. Partant des différentes définitions de ce concept central d’Empowerment et de ses indicateurs, nous avons élaboré notre modèle d’analyse de l’Empowerment économique et social des femmes bénéficiaires de microcrédits de l’UM-PAMECAS. Les résultats révèlent que l’accès des femmes aux microcrédits a favorisé l’Empowerment économique des femmes, avec le renforcement de leurs activités professionnelles et l’autonomie financière. Toutefois, cet Empowerment économique est fragilisé, tant par des facteurs structurels qu’idéologiques. Quant aux effets des microcrédits sur l’Empowerment social et politique, ils sont plutôt faibles, en raison notamment de la permanence du mode traditionnel de régulation des rapports sociaux de sexes. Mots-clés : Microfinance, femme, développement, Empowerment, Sénégal, UM-PAMECAS. / This qualitative study deals with the effects of microcredits on the economical and social Empowerment of women. Therefore, we conducted the case study of l’Union des Mutuelles-Partenariat pour la Mobilisation de l’Épargne et le Crédit au Sénégal (UM-PAMECAS), a microcredit organization which started its operations in the mid 1990s. Several sources of data were constructed from interviews, participant observation and documentary sources. Thus, we interviewed 40 women and UM-PAMECAS microcredit beneficiaries, 13 of them being employees of the organization. The perspective of the global approach was adopted in this research. It has allowed us to analyze and understand the characteristics, operation, and economic and social impact of the spread of microcredit as a mechanism or mode of development in women. In order to measure the effects of microfinance on beneficiaries, we used a central concept, namely the emancipation of women. Based on the different definitions of the concept of Empowerment and its indicators, we developed our model for analyzing the economic and social Empowerment of women who are beneficiaries of UM-PAMECAS microcredit. The results indicate that women’s access to microcredit has fostered economic Empowerment of women with the strengthening of their professional activities and financial autonomy. However, this economic Empowerment is undermined by both ideological and structural factors. As far as the effects of microcredit on the social and political Empowerment are concerned, they are rather weak mainly due to the permanence of the traditional way of regulating social relations between the sexes. Keywords: Microfinance, women, development, Empowerment, Senegal, UM-PAMECAS.

Cette étude porte sur l’impact de la microfinance sur les transformations du statut économique, social et politique des femmes dans la région de Ziguinchor, située au sud-ouest du Sénégal. Elle examine les représentations qu’elles ont de la pauvreté et du renforcement de leur pouvoir d’agir (« empowerment »). Elle s’intéresse également aux stratégies développées par les femmes pour répondre aux exigences de la microfinance, améliorer les conditions de vie dans leur ménage et renforcer leur pouvoir économique et social. Afin de mieux saisir les logiques qui fondent les choix et actions des femmes, nous avons privilégié une méthodologie qualitative. Elle est basée sur des entretiens structurés. Notre échantillonnage est non-probabiliste par choix raisonné axé sur la base du volontariat. Nos critères d’inclusion sont l’âge, l’expérience et le lieu de résidence. Les entrevues sont menées auprès de trente femmes et de huit membres du personnel d’organisations de microfinance. Les données ont été aussi recueillies de nos observations et de sources secondaires. La combinaison des approches « genre et développement » et l’« acteur stratégique » a permis de mettre les femmes au centre de l’analyse des rapports de pouvoir et du changement social. Elle nous a permis à comprendre les logiques des femmes, leurs représentations, vécus et stratégies, notamment leur expérience subjective. Trois conclusions ressortent de l’analyse des données. La première porte sur la persistance d’une pauvreté à caractère multidimensionnel avec une intensité plus marquée la dimension monétaire et celle des conditions de vie. La deuxième révèle un impact limité et mêlé de la microfinance sur le renforcement du pouvoir économique et social des femmes. La troisième met en évidence le contexte économique et politique de la région qui n’est pas favorable au renforcement du pouvoir des femmes et à l’amélioration des conditions de vie dans leur ménage. / This present research examines the impact of microfinance on the transformations of the economic, social and political status of the women in the region of Ziguinchor, situated in the southwest of Senegal. The examination covers the social representations which they have of the poverty and the strengthening of their power to act (" empowerment "), at the individual, family and collective level. It is also interested in the strategies developed by the women to meet the requirements of the microfinance. To seize better the logics which base choices and actions of the women, we opted for a qualitative methodology. It is based on structured interviews. Our sampling is non-probability by reasoned choice centered on a voluntary basis. Our criteria of inclusion are the age, the experience and the place of residence. The study was conducted with thirty women and with eight members of staff of organizations of microfinance. The data were also collected by of our observations and secondary sources. The theoretical approaches of "gender and development" and "strategic actor" guided this study. These put the women in the center of the analysis of the relationships of power and the social change. They helped to understand the logics of the women, their représentations, life experiences and strategies, in particular their subjective experience. We can observe three different situations within the results. The first is related with the persistence of a multilevel poverty linked with the large monetary level and the lifestyle conditions level too. The second one shows a limited impact on the empowerment of the women and the living conditions in their families. The third one explains how the economic and political context of Ziguinchor limits the empowerment of women and the improvement of living conditions in their household.