Alcohol is a commonly consumed beverage, a drug of abuse and an important molecule affecting nearly every organ-system in the body. This project seeks to investigate the interplay between alcohol’s effects on critical organ-systems making up gut-liver-brain axis. Alcohol initially interacts with the gastrointestinal tract. Our research describes the alterations seen in intestinal microbiota following alcohol consumption in an acute-on-chronic model of alcoholic hepatitis and indicates that reducing intestinal bacteria using antibiotics protects from alcohol-induced intestinal cytokine expression, alcoholic liver disease and from inflammation in the brain. Alcohol-induced liver injury can occur due to direct hepatocyte metabolic dysregulation and from leakage of bacterial products from the intestine that initiates an immune response. Here, we will highlight the importance of this immune response, focusing on the role of infiltrating immune cells in human patients with alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis. Using a small molecule inhibitor of CCR2/CCR5 chemokine receptor signaling in mice, we can protect the liver from damage and alcohol-induced inflammation. In the brain, we observe that chronic alcohol leads to the infiltration of macrophages in a region-specific manner. CCR2/CCR5 inhibition reduced macrophage infiltration, alcohol-induced inflammation and microglial changes. We also report that chronic alcohol shifts excitatory/inhibitory synapses in the hippocampus, possibly through complement-mediated remodeling. Finally, we show that anti-inflammasome inhibitors altered behavior by reducing alcohol consumption in female mice. Together, these data advance our understanding of the gut-liver-brain axis in alcoholism and suggest novel avenues of therapeutic intervention to inhibit organ pathology associated with alcohol consumption and reduce drinking.

Recent studies have shown elevated neuroinflammation in a large subset of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. A pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), has been directly linked to this neuroinflammation. This study examined the effects of two TNFα modulators (PD2024 and PD340) produced by our collaborators at P2D Bioscience, Inc., to alleviate auditory sensorimotor gating deficits and reduce microglial cell activation present in the polyinosinic:polycytidylic (Poly I:C) rodent model of schizophrenia. Auditory sensorimotor gating was assessed using prepulse inhibition and microglial activation was examined and quantified using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, respectively. Both PD2024 and PD340 alleviated auditory sensorimotor gating deficits and reduced microglia activation and thereby demonstrated the ability to treat both the behavioral and neuroinflammatory aspects of the disorder. These results are significant and suggest that neural TNFα is a potential pharmacological target for the treatment of schizophrenia.

La recherche sur la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est concentrée, en grande partie, sur l’étude de ses principales caractéristiques histologiques, les plaques β-amyloïdes (Aβ) et les enchevêtrements neurofibrillaires. Cependant, les thérapies ciblant directement ces caractéristiques n’empêchent pas la progression de la MA. En plus de ces caractéristiques, la génétique a mis en évidence l’implication du métabolisme des lipides et de la réponse immunitaire dans la MA. Les perturbations du métabolisme lipidique est le prédicteur génétique le plus puissant du développement de la MA, mais ses mécanismes restent un mystère. Des travaux récents dans notre laboratoire ont montré que les triglycérides s’accumulent dans le cerveau des patients atteints de MA et des souris 3xTg, un modèle murin de la MA. Chez les souris 3xTg, ces triglycérides sont enrichis en acide oléique (AO), un acide gras monoinsaturé, et l’inhibition de l’enzyme de synthèse de l’AO, le stéaryle-CoA désaturase (SCD), réduit leur accumulation et contrecarre la perte précoce de la neurogenèse hippocampique et les troubles de mémoire. Nous avons donc testé si l’inhibition de la SCD peut inverser les changements dans le transcriptome et rétablir la fonction de l’hippocampe chez les souris 3xTg symptomatiques. En comparant aux souris contrôles, l’hippocampe de souris 3xTg possède des altérations transcriptomiques impliquées dans les processus reconnus pour être perturbés dans la MA. Leur hippocampe a également montré une baisse significative des épines dendritiques. De manière remarquable, les données de séquençage de l’ARN montrent que le traitement des souris 3xTg pendant un mois avec un inhibiteur de la SCD a sauvé des gènes liés à l’immunité et aux synapses. Les analyses tissulaires ont révélé que ce traitement a conduit à des améliorations de la densité des épines dendritiques. Nous avons également établi un modèle de microglie en culture et nos données préliminaires suggèrent que les oligomères Aβ pourrait être responsable de perturbations du métabolisme des lipides chez les microglies. En somme, ces études soulignent le potentiel d’un nouveau médicament ciblant SCD pour le traitement de la MA. / Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research has mainly focused on studying its main histological hallmarks, β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles. However, therapies directly targeting these hallmarks do not prevent AD progression. In addition to these hallmarks, genetics have highlighted the implication of lipid metabolism and immunity in AD. Disturbances in lipid metabolism are the single strongest genetic predictor of developing AD, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Recent work in our laboratory showed that triglycerides accumulate in the brains of both AD patients and 3xTg mice, a mouse model of AD. In 3xTg mice, these triglycerides are enriched with monounsaturated fatty acid oleic acid (OA), and the inhibition of the OAsynthesizing enzyme stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) reduced their accumulation and counteracts the early loss of hippocampal neurogenesis and memory deficits. Here, we tested whether SCD inhibition can reverse changes in the transcriptome and rescue hippocampal function in symptomatic 3xTg mice. Compared to their strain controls, the hippocampus of middle-aged, preplaque 3xTg mice showed transcriptomic alterations involved in processes recognized to be disrupted in AD. Their hippocampus also displayed significant reduction in dendritic spines. Remarkably, RNA sequencing data show that treatment of middle-aged 3xTg mice for one month with an SCD inhibitor rescued genes related to immunity and synapses. Tissue analyses revealed that this treatment led to improvements in dendritic spine density. We also established a model of microglia in culture and our preliminary data suggest that Aβ oligomers may be responsible for disruptions in microglial lipid metabolism. Together, these studies shed light on the potential of a novel drug target SCD for the treatment of AD.

No description available.

No description available.

Macular neovascularization type 3, formerly known as retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP), is a hallmark of age-related macular degeneration and is associated with an accumulation of myeloid cells, such as microglia (MG) and infiltrating blood-derived macrophages (MAC). However, the contribution of MG and MAC to the myeloid cell pool at RAP sites and their exact functions remain unknown. In this study, we combined a microglia-specific reporter mouse line with a mouse model for RAP to identify the contribution of MG and MAC to myeloid cell accumulation at RAP and determined the transcriptional profile of MG using RNA sequencing. We found that MG are the most abundant myeloid cell population around RAP, whereas MAC are rarely, if ever, associated with late stages of RAP. RNA sequencing of RAP-associated MG showed that differentially expressed genes mainly contribute to immune-associated processes, including chemotaxis and migration in early RAP and proliferative capacity in late RAP, which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, MG upregulated only a few angiomodulatory factors, suggesting a rather low angiogenic potential. In summary, we showed that MG are the dominant myeloid cell population at RAP sites. Moreover, MG significantly altered their transcriptional profile during RAP formation, activating immune-associated processes and exhibiting enhanced proliferation, however, without showing substantial upregulation of angiomodulatory factors.

Ischemic retinopathies (IR) are vision-threatening diseases that affect a substantial amount of people across all age groups worldwide. The current treatment options of photocoagulation and anti-VEGF therapy have side effects and are occasionally unable to prevent disease progression. It is therefore worthwhile to consider other molecular targets for the development of novel treatment strategies that could be safer and more efficient. During the manifestation of IR, the retina, normally an immune privileged tissue, encounters enhanced levels of cellular stress and inflammation that attract mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) from the blood stream and activate resident MPs (microglia). Activated MPs have a multitude of effects within the retinal tissue and have the potential to both counter and exacerbate the harmful tissue microenvironment. The present review discusses the current knowledge about the role of inflammation and activated retinal MPs in the major IRs: retinopathy of prematurity and diabetic retinopathy. We focus particularly on MPs and their secreted factors and cell–cell-based interactions between MPs and endothelial cells. We conclude that activated MPs play a major role in the manifestation and progression of IRs and could therefore become a promising new target for novel pharmacological intervention strategies in these diseases.

Immunosenescence is considered a possible factor in the development of age-related macular degeneration and choroidal neovascularization (CNV). However, age-related changes of myeloid cells (MCs), such as microglia and macrophages, in the healthy retina or during CNV formation are illdefined. In this study, Cx3cr1-positive MCs were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting from six-week (young) and two-year-old (old) Cx3cr1GFP/+ mice, both during physiological aging and laser-induced CNV development. High-throughput RNA-sequencing was performed to define the age-dependent transcriptional differences in MCs during physiological aging and CNV development, complemented by immunohistochemical characterization and the quantification of MCs, as well as CNV size measurements. These analyses revealed that myeloid cells change their transcriptional profile during both aging and CNV development. In the steady state, senescent MCs demonstrated an upregulation of factors contributing to cell proliferation and chemotaxis, such as Cxcl13 and Cxcl14, as well as the downregulation of microglial signature genes. During CNV formation, aged myeloid cells revealed a significant upregulation of angiogenic factors such as Arg1 and Lrg1 concomitant with significantly enlarged CNV and an increased accumulation of MCs in aged mice in comparison to young mice. Future studies need to clarify whether this observation is an epiphenomenon or a causal relationship to determine the role of immunosenescence in CNV formation.

No description available.

No description available.