High power thulium fiber lasers are interesting for a myriad of applications due to their potential for high average output power, excellent beam quality, compactness, portability, high operating efficiency and broad, eye-safe spectral range from 1.8-2.1 microns. Currently, the majority of thulium laser research effort is being invested into scaling average output powers; however, such output powers are being scaled with no degree of control on laser system output spectrum or temporal behavior. Thulium fiber laser technology is not useful for many of its most important applications without implementation of techniques enabling tunable, narrow spectral widths with appropriate pulse durations for particular applications. This work outlines several techniques for spectral control of thulium fiber lasers and investigates scaling of average laser powers while using these techniques to maintain a desired spectral output. In addition, an examination of operation in both nanosecond and picosecond pulsed regimes and scaling of average powers and pulse energies in these regimes to useful power levels is conducted. The demonstration of thulium fiber laser systems for applications in frequency conversion and spectral beam combination is also discussed. In addition to the experimental results, theoretical modeling of thulium fiber amplifier operation, simple thermal management analysis, as well as practical fiber and system design considerations for future power scaling are presented. Experimental and theoretical results of this work will enable the successful design of future extremely high power spectrally and temporally controlled thulium fiber laser systems.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:00:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CAPiTULO 1.pdf: 173170 bytes, checksum: 0870a0dee1d35604d39e39a3d4d077e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-16 / As transformações ocorridas nos últimos anos têm provocado inovações de ordem empresarial e organizacional, com novas formas de atuação das empresas. Nos dias de hoje, muito se discute a respeito da atuação das empresas de forma conjunta e associada, principalmente para as micro e pequenas empresas (MPEs) se tornou prática fundamental para o sucesso. Dessa forma, os conceitos de redes empresariais, como aglomerados produtivos, constituem-se em importante fonte de competitividade que demanda a mobilização de todos os segmentos da sociedade. Parte-se então do pressuposto de que a constituição de arranjos produtivos locais (APLs) fornece elementos que podem resultar na solução dos gargalos existentes. No Espírito Santo são verificadas algumas formações industriais que vêm sendo referência para a caracterização de possíveis APLs organizados. Estudar tais formações, fornecendo informações relevantes e identificando suas condições de competitividade sistêmica contribui para o maior conhecimento e no direcionamento de políticas de desenvolvimento. O Índice de Condições de Competitividade (ICC) buscou refletir características dos APLs selecionados, com o objetivo de diagnosticar as condições de competitividade de cada um deles utilizando, para isso, um conjunto de Fatores Críticos de Sucesso. / The occured transformations in recent years have provoked innovations in the orders enterprise and organizacional, with new forms of performance of the companies. Nowadays, much argues regarding the performance of the companies of joint form and associate, mainly for the micron and small companies if became practical basic for the success. Of this form, the concepts of enterprise ne ts, as productive accumulations, consist in important source of competitiveness that demand the mobilization of all the segments of the society. The hypothesis is that the constitution of local productive arrangements (LPAs) supplies elements that can result in the solution of the existing deficiencies. In the Espírito Santo some industrial formations are verified that come being reference for the characterization of possible LPAs organized. To study such formations, supplying excellent information and identifying its conditions of competitiveness contributes for the biggest knowledge and in the aiming of development politics. The Index of Conditions of Competitiveness (ICC) searched to reflect characteristics of the LPAs selected, with the objective to diagnosis the conditions of competitiveness of each one of them using, for this, a set of Critical Factors of Success.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:18:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ThiagoMC.pdf: 54368 bytes, checksum: 8e14c2b4d3fe392bf725d169831359dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / A contamina??o de reservat?rios de ?gua ? um dos principais problemas da atualidade. A Barragem Engenheiro Armando Ribeiro Gon?alves (EARG), (06?08 S; 37?07 W) localizada no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, ? a segunda maior barragem do nordeste brasileiro, respons?vel pelo abastecimento dom?stico de aproximadamente 415 mil habitantes do semi-?rido brasileiro. A ?gua da EARG ? captada por um sistema de adutoras, onde ? tratada e distribu?da para a popula??o. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o potencial genot?xico da ?gua da Barragem EARG. Para isso, foram realizados os testes cometa e micron?cleo com eritr?citos de til?pias (Oreochromis niloticus) capturadas nesse reservat?rio. Os testes Allium cepa e muta??o reversa com Salmonela typhimurium foram realizados com ?gua do reservat?rio antes e ap?s o tratamento. Al?m disso, an?lises quantitativa e qualitativa de cianobact?rias, assim como a quantifica??o das microcistinas produzidas pelas cianobact?rias presentes nesse reservat?rio foram realizados, apenas com amostras coletadas na barragem. Os resultados obtidos indicaram aumento significativo na freq??ncia de micron?cleos em eritr?citos de O. niloticus (p<0,05). A m?dia obtida foi de 2,38 ? 3,02 micron?cleos em mil c?lulas analisadas, enquanto que o controle negativo apresentou m?dia de 0,20 ? 0,41 micron?cleos. O ensaio cometa realizado com peixes da EARG foi analisado em uma escala crescente de danos (0 - 4), e mostrou resultados classificados nos n?veis 0, 1, 2 e 3, enquanto que o controle negativo apresentou resultados nos n?veis 0 e 1. Nos par?metros macrosc?picos avaliados no teste A. cepa n?o foi verificado altera??es estatisticamente significativas. Os par?metros microsc?picos indicaram diminui??o significativa no ?ndice mit?tico nos dois pontos estudados. Al?m disso, tamb?m foi detectado aumento na freq??ncia de met?fases e an?fases aberrantes em ambos os pontos, por?m estatisticamente significativo apenas na amostra sem tratamento para an?fases aberrantes. A freq??ncia de micron?cleos no teste A. cepa n?o foi significativo em rela??o ao controle negativo. Para o teste de muta??o reversa com S. typhimurium realizado com ?gua sem extra??o, os resultados n?o demonstraram mutagenicidade para ambos os pontos. Os resultados encontrados com os extratos das amostras coletadas em ambos os pontos apresentaram diferen?as estatisticamente significativa quando foi utilizada a fra??o S9 como ativador metab?lico. Para a ?gua n?o tratada, essas diferen?as foram encontradas apenas para a cepa TA98, enquanto que para a ?gua tratada, as duas linhagens apresentaram diferen?as significativas. A an?lise qualitativa de cianobact?rias demonstrou a exist?ncia de cianobact?rias potencialmente t?xicas tais como Planktothrix agardii, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii e Microcystis panniformes. O ensaio de HPLC indicou a presen?a de 38,1 &#956;g/L de microcistinas na ?gua da EARG. O teste de muta??o reversa realizado com o extrato contendo microcistinas, n?o apresentou aumento na raz?o de mutagenicidade para TA100. O conjunto dos resultados obtidos no presente trabalho sugere que as ?guas da Barragem EARG podem conter agentes genot?xicos, capazes de alterar a informa??o gen?tica dos indiv?duos. Esses resultados indicam a necessidade de um programa de monitoramento e controle desses poluentes

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:38:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FOLHA DE ROSTO A SUMaRIO.pdf: 156124 bytes, checksum: 1ee3ddd0953adc124a548589f4fbbecf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-16 / The occured transformations in recent years have provoked innovations in the orders enterprise and organizacional, with new forms of performance of the companies. Nowadays, much argues regarding the performance of the companies of joint form and associate, mainly for the micron and small companies if became practical basic for the success. Of this form, the concepts of enterprise nets, as productive accumulations, consist in important source of competitiveness that demand the mobilization of all the segments of the society. The hypothesis is that the constitution of local productive arrangements (LPAs) supplies elements that can result in the solution of the existing deficiencies. In the Espírito Santo some industrial formations are verified that come being reference for the characterization of possible LPAs organized. To study such formations, supplying excellent information and identifying its conditions of competitiveness contributes for the biggest knowledge and in the aiming of development politics. The Index of Conditions of Competitiveness (ICC) searched to reflect characteristics of the LPAs selected, with the objective to diagnosis the conditions of competitiveness of each one of them using, for this, a set of Critical Factors of Success. / As transformações ocorridas nos últimos anos têm provocado inovações de ordem empresarial e organizacional, com novas formas de atuação das empresas. Nos dias de hoje, muito se discute a respeito da atuação das empresas de forma conjunta e associada, principalmente para as micro e pequenas empresas (MPEs) se tornou prática fundamental para o sucesso. Dessa forma, os conceitos de redes empresariais, como aglomerados produtivos, constituem-se em importante fonte de competitividade que demanda a mobilização de todos os segmentos da sociedade. Parte-se então do pressuposto de que a constituição de arranjos produtivos locais (APLs) fornece elementos que podem resultar na solução dos gargalos existentes. No Espírito Santo são verificadas algumas formações industriais que vêm sendo referência para a caracterização de possíveis APLs organizados. Estudar tais formações, fornecendo informações relevantes e identificando suas condições de competitividade sistêmica contribui para o maior conhecimento e no direcionamento de políticas de desenvolvimento. O Índice de Condições de Competitividade (ICC) buscou refletir características dos APLs selecionados, com o objetivo de diagnosticar as condições de competitividade de cada um deles utilizando, para isso, um conjunto de Fatores Críticos de Sucesso.

Les nuages sont essentiels dans le cycle de l'eau et dans le budget climatique mais certains aspects de leur formation sont encore incompris. La théorie de Köhler prédit que les surfactants devraient favoriser l'activation des particules en goutte de nuage alors que les modèles actuels les considèrent comme négligeables. Au début de ce travail de thèse, quelques études commençaient à démontrer le contraire mais des preuves du rôle de ces composés dans l'atmosphère étaient encore manquantes, d'où l'objectif de ce travail de thèse. Le développement d'une méthode pour déterminer la concentration en surfactants dans les aérosols a conduit aux premières courbes de tension de surface de surfactants atmosphériques dans des aérosols PM2.5 côtiers (Suède), et à l'identification du ratio C/CMC comme paramètre clé contrôlant l'efficacité des aérosols à former des nuages. Une seconde étude a révélé des corrélations fortes entre la présence de nuages et les propriétés intrinsèques des surfactants dans des aérosols PM1 boréaux (Finlande), démontrant pour la première fois le rôle des surfactants dans la formation des gouttes de nuage à partir d'observations directes dans l'atmosphère. Les résultats prédisent un nombre de noyaux de condensation en moyenne quatre fois plus important que lorsque les effets des surfactants étaient négligés, montrant l‘importance d'inclure l'effet des surfactants dans les modèles prédictifs. Cette importance a été confirmée en laboratoire par des expériences sur des gouttes individuelles microniques par l'augmentation de leur taille en présence de surfactants. Enfin, les observations à partir des différentes études indiquent une origine biologique des surfactants dans les aérosols atmosphériques / Clouds are essential components of the Earth’s hydrological system and climate but some aspects of their formation are still not completely understood. In particular, although Köhler theory predicts that surfactants should enhance cloud droplet activation, current models consider this role negligible. At the time of this PhD work, a few studies had started to demonstrate the contrary but atmospheric evidence for the role of these compounds was still missing and very little was known about their atmospheric concentrations, sources, and mechanism of action. The objective of this PhD work was to investigate these aspects. A method was developed to quantify surfactant concentrations in aerosols. Its application led to the first absolute atmospheric surfactants’ surface tension curves, in coastal PM2.5 aerosols in Sweden, and to the identification of the ratio C/CMC as the key parameter controlling the cloud-forming efficiency of aerosols. A second study revealed strong correlations between cloud occurrence and intrinsic surfactant properties in boreal PM1 aerosols in Finland, demonstrating for the first time the role of surfactants in cloud formation from direct atmospheric observations. The results predicted Cloud Condensation Nuclei numbers four times larger on average than when neglecting surfactant effects, showing the importance of including surfactant effects in cloud predictions models. The role of surfactants inferred from macroscopic measurements was confirmed by laboratory experiments on individual micron-sized droplets showing an increase of droplet growth in the presence of surfactants. Finally, observations from the different field studies indicated a biological origin for the surfactants present in atmospheric aerosols

Fiber based ultrashort pulse laser sources are desirable for many applications; however generating high peak powers in fiber lasers is primarily limited by the onset of nonlinear effects such as self-phase modulation, stimulated Raman scattering, and self-focusing. Increasing the fiber core diameter mitigates the onset of these nonlinear effects, but also allows unwanted higher-order transverse spatial modes to propagate. Both large core diameters and single-mode propagation can be simultaneously attained using photonic crystal fibers. Thulium-doped fiber lasers are attractive for high peak power ultrashort pulse systems. They offer a broad gain bandwidth, capable of amplifying sub-100 femtosecond pulses. The longer center wavelength at 2 ?m theoretically enables higher peak powers relative to 1 [micro]m systems since nonlinear effects inversely scale with wavelength. Also, the 2 [micro]m emission is desirable to support applications reaching further into the mid-IR. This work evaluates the performance of a novel all-fiber pump combiner that incorporates a thulium-doped photonic crystal fiber. This fully integrated amplifier is characterized and possesses a large gain bandwidth, essentially single-mode propagation, and high degree of polarization. This innovative all-fiber, thulium-doped photonic crystal fiber amplifier has great potential for enabling high peak powers in 2 [micro]m fiber systems; however the current optical-to-optical efficiency is low relative to similar free-space amplifiers. Further development and device optimization will lead to higher efficiencies and improved performance.

Lasers find a wide range of applications in many areas including photo-biology, photo-chemistry, materials processing, imaging and telecommunications. However, the practical use of such sources is often limited by the bulky nature of existing systems. By fabricating channel waveguides in solid-state laser-gain materials more compact laser systems can be designed and fabricated, providing user-friendly sources. Other advantages inherent in the use of waveguide gain media include the maintenance of high intensities over extended interaction lengths, reducing laser thresholds. This thesis presents the development of Yb:tungstate lasers operating around 1μm in waveguide geometries. An Yb:KY(WO₄)₂ planar waveguide laser grown by liquid phase epitaxy is demonstrated with output powers up to 190 mW and 76 % slope efficiency. This is similar to the performance from bulk lasers but in a very compact design. Excellent thresholds of only 40 mW absorbed pump power are realised. The propagation loss is found to be less than 0.1 dBcm⁻¹ and Q-switched operation is also demonstrated. Channel waveguides are fabricated in Yb:KGd(WO₄)₂ and Yb:KY(WO₄)₂ using ultrafast laser inscription. Several of these waveguides lase in compact monolithic cavities. A maximum output power of 18.6 mW is observed, with a propagation loss of ~2 dBcm⁻¹. By using a variety of writing conditions the optimum writing pulse energy is identified. Micro-spectroscopy experiments are performed to enable a fuller understanding of the induced crystal modification. Observations include frequency shifts of Raman lines which are attributed to densification of WO₂W bonds in the crystal. Yb:tungstate lasers can generate ultrashort pulses and some preliminary work is done to investigate the use of quantum dot devices as saturable absorbers. These are shown to have reduced saturation fluence compared to quantum well devices, making them particularly suitable for future integration with Yb:tungstate waveguides for the creation of ultrafast, compact and high repetition rate lasers.

[pt] O estágio atual das comunicações móveis é caracterizado por um crescimento espetacular da demanda em todos os tipos de ambientes, tanto urbanos densos como suburbanos e rurais . Os planejadores destes sistemas necessitam ferramentas eficientes e economicamente viáveis para a caracterização e projeto deles. O grande objetivo de um bom planejamento é uma boa cobertura, e um dos parâmetros de qualidade é a perda média de propagação. A principal técnica determinística utilizada para o cálculo da perda média de propagação em micro-células em áreas fortemente edificadas é o traçado de raios, a través de um de dois métodos alternativos: o método das imagens e o método de lançamento de raios. Este trabalho apresenta uma formulação detalhada do método de lançamento de raios e dos métodos assintóticos que foram usados afim de calcular os campos eletromagnéticos (direto, refletido e difratado) que permitem calcular a Perda Média de Propagação. Além do mais apresenta-se o método de discriminação espacial usado para acelerar o processo de cálculo. A metodologia proposta foi implementada em programa de computador e são apresentados alguns estudos de caso para ambientes específicos. / [en] The current period of the mobile communications is characterized by a spectacular growth of the demand in all the types of environments, not only in density urbanized cities as suburban and rural. The planners of these systems need efficient and economically viable tools for the design of these systems. The main goal of good planning is a good coverage, and one of the most adopted quality indicators is the path loss of propagation. The mostly used deterministic technique for calculation it in strongly built micro-cells is the tracing of rays, whether the method of the images or the method of launching of rays. This work presents a detailed formularization of the method of launching of rays and of the asymptotic methods which have been used in order to calculate the electromagnetic fields (direct, reflected and diffracted) which allow to calculate the Path Loss of Propagation. Besides it this shown the used method of space discrimination, which was employed to speed up the calculation. The methodology proposal was implemented in computer program and is presented some studies of case for specific environments.

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