This research aims to examine how migrant families living in England establish their family language policy and practice. It is set within a context of increased levels of transnational migration and globalisation (OECD, 2015). The number of migrant families in which parents have different language backgrounds is increasing on a European level (Lanzieri, 2012) and in London one in three families is thought to be multilingual (OECD, 2010). This has implications for research into the role of languages for education of children from migrant families. According to the Department for Education (DfE, 2017) in England, the percentage of pupils who are believed to be exposed to a language other than English at home has been steadily increasing since 2006, and in 2017, 20.6 per cent of primary school pupils and 16.2 per cent of secondary school pupils had English as an additional language. While some research has investigated how children from migrant families succeed at school by measuring their educational outcomes, there are a lack of studies which explore what is happening within migrant families themselves: how and why do some migrant families in the same context practise and maintain their heritage languages, while others do not? (Curdt-Christiansen, 2009, 2016). To examine the ways in which migrant families in England decide on their family language policy and practice, this study adopts a coherent model which integrates two theoretical frameworks, namely Pierre Bourdieu’s (1977b) theory of social practice with its concepts of habitus, field and capital, and Family Language Policy (FLP). The aim of bringing together the two theoretical frameworks is to examine how family language policy and practice is mediated by the families’ subjective experience and the conditions in the objective social context of which they are a part. This study employs ethnographic methods of inquiry including interviews, participant observations and family self-audio recordings to allow for an in-depth exploration of the ways in which five migrant families in England set up their family language policy and practice. The mothers in the families are all Macedonian and the fathers are either English, Italian, Chinese, Scottish or Serbian. Ethnographic interviews were conducted with the parents in five migrant families, their children, grandparents and relatives, the parents’ and the children’ close social network of friends, the children’s mainstream school teachers and members of the Macedonian community in London. The analysis of each family case focuses on the family language policy and practice and the parents’ language ideologies and aspirations that underpin them. The study also analyses the ways in which the national language education policy context in England structures the family language policy and practice. The findings suggest that the family language policy and practice in migrant families is established based on the ways in which the parents mediate their past experiences including their family upbringing, education and employment as migrants in England (habitus) and the cultural, linguistic, social and economic resources they are able or unable to draw on (capital) within the context of national and local language education policies and practices in England (field).

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The patterns of paid and unpaid work adopted by migrants families with dependent children are more or less similar to that of prevailing working pattern of men and women of Australian born couples. A case study with 28 couple families, 14 husbands and 14 wives who migrated from Nepal under "skill" or "professional" category and the literature review on paid and unpaid work of couple families with dependent children show that in both families the trend of change of working pattern in paid and unpaid work is similar. With the increased participation of married women in the paid labour force, men increased participation in household work. There is increased household work for both husbands and wives, but women tend to do more household "inside" and childcare work than men. In the mean time, men tend to do more work in the "masculine" sphere of "outside" work in house maintenance, repair and car care. The only factor that differentiates working pattern of migrant families with Australian born families is the experience of migration and the category that they migrated. The change of working practice of paid and unpaid work of migrant families are affected by the change of family type from extended family to two generational family and their education and previous work experience that they brought along with them. Professional migrants who migrated family as a "unit" migrated spouse and dependent children together and they made their own decision to migrate, unlike other categories of migrants who migrated from political or economic pressure. One of the important experiences of migrant families is that there are new opportunity, new lifestyle, new intimacy and companionship and new sharing of work between husbands and wives after migration. At the same time, there are losses of extended family relatives, close friends and cultural event which affects their day to day lives. There are Australian based friends who provided support in the initial period of migration but these families do not provide regular assistance or support which family relatives provided in Nepal.

The patterns of paid and unpaid work adopted by migrants families with dependent children are more or less similar to that of prevailing working pattern of men and women of Australian born couples. A case study with 28 couple families, 14 husbands and 14 wives who migrated from Nepal under "skill" or "professional" category and the literature review on paid and unpaid work of couple families with dependent children show that in both families the trend of change of working pattern in paid and unpaid work is similar. With the increased participation of married women in the paid labour force, men increased participation in household work. There is increased household work for both husbands and wives, but women tend to do more household "inside" and childcare work than men. In the mean time, men tend to do more work in the "masculine" sphere of "outside" work in house maintenance, repair and car care. The only factor that differentiates working pattern of migrant families with Australian born families is the experience of migration and the category that they migrated. The change of working practice of paid and unpaid work of migrant families are affected by the change of family type from extended family to two generational family and their education and previous work experience that they brought along with them. Professional migrants who migrated family as a "unit" migrated spouse and dependent children together and they made their own decision to migrate, unlike other categories of migrants who migrated from political or economic pressure. One of the important experiences of migrant families is that there are new opportunity, new lifestyle, new intimacy and companionship and new sharing of work between husbands and wives after migration. At the same time, there are losses of extended family relatives, close friends and cultural event which affects their day to day lives. There are Australian based friends who provided support in the initial period of migration but these families do not provide regular assistance or support which family relatives provided in Nepal.

La France connait une nouvelle vague d’immigration depuis la fin des années 1990, caractérisée par une diversification de profils de migrants en termes de pays d’origine, motifs de migration,situations familiales… Dans la mesure où l’impact de ces transformations dans le domaine familial a fait peu l’objet de recherches jusque-là, l’objectif de cette thèse a été de comprendre les expériences des enfants de ces migrants.Plusieurs étapes dans les parcours des enfants de migrants ont été identifiées : la migration initiale des parents, l’expérience de la vie au sein d’une famille transnationale, l’éventuelle migration de l’enfant en France et la reconnaissance légale dans le pays d’immigration. Chacune d’elles a fait l’objet d’une analyse quantitative en s’appuyant sur de multiples sources de données, dont les enquêtes auprès des populations migrantes (MGIS, TeO, ELIPA) et les données administratives issues de procédures ciblant les familles migrantes (versement des prestations aux familles résidant à l’étranger, bénéficiaires de la procédure de regroupement familial). Les profils de familles migrantes se sont diversifiés, en grande partie sous l’effet de la multiplication des pays d’origine en France aujourd’hui. Ces nouvelles familles migrantes où la seule mère ou les deux parents migrent simultanément se différencient en termes de projets migratoires de leurs prédécesseurs et sont plus souvent accompagnés ou rejoints par leurs enfants. L’étape de vie familiale à distance pouvant correspondre à une période assez longue parle passé est transitoire pour nombre d’entre elles, mais également associée à des configurations familiales plus complexes. Le contexte légal marqué par une régulation croissante du phénomène migratoire détermine les conditions légales de ces enfants à l’arrivée en France,caractérisée alors par davantage d’incertitude. / France has experienced a new immigration wave since the end of the 1990s, characterized by a diversification of migrants’ profiles in terms of their countries of origin, migration motives, family situations... As the impact of these transformations in the area of family migration has been relatively under-investigated, the aim of this thesis was to understand the experiences of these migrants' children.We identified several stages in the journey of the children of migrants: the parents’ initial migration, the experience of life in a transnational family, the possible migration of the child to France and his or her legal recognition at destination. Each of these stages has been the subject of a quantitative analysis based on multiple data sources, including surveys among the migrant population (MGIS, TeO, ELIPA) and administrative data derived from procedures targeting migrant families (payment of benefits to families residing abroad, beneficiaries of the family reunification procedure). Profiles of migrant families have diversified, largely as a result of the multiplication of the countries of origin in France today. These new migrant families, where only the mother or both parents migrate simultaneously, differ in terms of their migration projects from their predecessors and are more often accompanied or joined by their children. The transnational family stage that may have corresponded to a fairly long period in the past, is transitory for many of them, but also associated with more complex family configurations. The legal context,characterized by the increasing regulation of migration, determines the children’s legal conditions upon arrival in France, which are defined by more uncertainty.

Sammanfattning  Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka hur socialsekreterare inom ekonomiskt bistånd arbetar med nyanlända familjer, samt hur socialsekreterare upplever sina förutsättningar att kunna stödja klienterna inom den organisation som de verkar inom. Studien genomfördes med kvalitativ metod där fem socialsekreterare inom ekonomiskt bistånd intervjuades, där samtliga hade erfarenhet av att jobba med nyanlända familjer. Insamlad empiri bearbetades och analyserades utifrån kvalitativ innehållsanalys med stöd av teorierna handlingsutrymme och socialt stöd. Resultatet från studien visade att socialsekreterares arbete med nyanlända familjer bestod av att bevilja ekonomiskt bistånd samt tillhandahålla samhällsinformation till klienten. Samverkan upplevdes av socialsekreterarna fungera mellan de olika enheterna inom den egna organisationen såväl som med andra aktörer. Däremot upplevdes samverkan med Arbetsförmedlingen som bristfällig, särskilt avseende nyanlända klienter med mer omfattande stödbehov. Socialsekreterarna önskade att samhället i stort behöver arbeta med det sociala perspektivet genom att forma insatser där fokus inte enbart ligger på att arbeta mot självförsörjning, utan att arbeta mot att stödja och möta klientens behov. Uppsatsens slutsats var att socialsekreterare på ekonomiskt bistånd upplever att nyanlända familjer är en mångfacetterad klientgrupp med olika förutsättningar och behov. Socialsekreterare på ekonomiskt bistånd utgör en viktig funktion för att tillhandahålla nyanlända familjer försörjningsstöd och samhällsinformation. Trots omfattande lagstiftning och riktlinjer som måste följas, ger socialtjänstlagen socialsekreterare handlingsutrymme att fatta individuella beslut utifrån klientens situation. / Abstract  The purpose of this study was to investigate how social workers in financial assistance work with newly arrived families, as well as how social workers perceive their conditions to be able to support the clients within their organization. The study was carried out using a qualitative method by interviewing five social workers in financial assistance, all of whom had experience of working with newly arrived families. Empirical data was processed and analyzed applying qualitative content analysis coupled with the theories discretion and social support. The results showed that social workers provide financial assistance and social information to the clients. Cooperation was perceived by the social workers to function between the various units within their own organization as well as with other actors. Although, cooperation with the Swedish Public Employment Service was perceived as lacking, especially regarding newly arrived clients with more extensive support needs. The social workers wished that society at large need to consider the social perspective by shaping efforts where the focus is not solely on working towards self-sufficiency, but working towards supporting and meeting the client's needs. The conclusion of this study was that social workers perceive newly arrived families as a multifaceted clientele, with different capacities and needs. Social workers within financial assistance form an important function in providing newly arrived families with livelihood support and community information. Despite extensive legislation and guidelines that must be followed, the Social Service Act provides social workers discretion to make individual decisions based on the client's situation.

Cette recherche porte sur la migration antifasciste de la Ligurie à la France dans l’entre-deux-guerres et montre comment elle s’adressa en particulier vers le Sud-Est et Paris. Il ne s’agit pas d’une étude générale mais centrée sur l’expérience des gens ordinaires et des familles migrantes. Il faut contextualiser l’expression «gens ordinaires» soit du point de vue historique, soit sociale et culturelle: en examinant les caractéristiques des sujets ligures impliqués dans l’exil antifasciste, dans leur territoire d’origine, cette catégorie devient un instrument précieux au fin de sonder de l’intérieur les dynamiques de network de la société. L’étude régionale adoptée permette de suivre des réseaux transnationaux liés à une très remarquable identité de village et/ou de parti politique, ce qui représente une typique modalité migratoire transalpine qui ne s’organisait pas selon des «Little Italies», mais plutôt selon des «petits villages italiens». / This research focus on antifascist migration from Liguria to France, explaining how it has been mostly toward the South-East and Paris. It doesn't target general studies: its focal point, indeed, is on common people and migrant families’ experience. The “Common people” expression must be historically, socially and culturally contextualized. By examining the topics of Ligurian subjects involved in the Interwar period exile, identified in their own original territory, the common people category becomes a precious instrument to evaluate society network dynamics from inside.The regional study allows to follow transnational networks with a strong native town or party identity, a typical Italian migration modality in France, which organized itself in “petits villages italiens” rather than the American model of “Little Italies”.

This study investigates intergenerational language transmission amongst Hungarian immigrants, using in-depth interviews and participant observation as the main methods. The analysis examines the experiences of parents and their school-aged children in 61 families living in Sweden´s two main cities, Stockholm and Göteborg. The sample families were separated into four groups, based on two pre-contact factors, namely (1) the parents´ linguistic environment and (2) their social identity prior to migration. Three of the four groups turned out to be comparable in size and serve as the focus groups of the study. Group 1 comprises families in which one or both parents are former majority members from monolingual parts of Hungary. Group 2 comprises families in which one or both parents are former majority members from Hungary, but in contrast, these parents grew up in bilingual areas, being exposed to other languages in their childhood settings. Group 3 comprises families in which often both parents grew up as members of a vital ethnic minority in bilingual or multilingual settings in Transylvania (Romania). It was hypothesised that the parents´ childhood experiences would have an effect on their ways of raising children in a migrant situation, which, in turn, will affect children´s bilingualism as well as the group´s maintenance chances. The results of the statistical analysis confirm the hypothesis and show significant differences between the focus groups in a number of factors, e.g. marriage pattern, religious engagement, cultural orientation, children’s opportunities to meet other group members, and language awareness. Most importantly, the investigation revealed broad variation in language use norms among the sample families, especially for family and group internal communication. This, together with the poor demographic conditions of the group, seriously threatens group cohesion. The prospects for Hungarian language maintenance in Sweden are therefore seen as limited.