Magistro darbas parengtas Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universitete, Veterinarijos akademijos, gyvūnų mitybos katedroje. Darbą sudaro šios dalys: turinys, įvadas, santrauka, literatūros apžvalga, tyrimo metodai, rezultatai ir jų aptarimas, išvados, rekomendacijos. Tyrimo uždaviniai buvo išanalizuoti melžiamų karvių racionus, atlikti pieno ir biocheminius kraujo tyrimus. Nustatyti mitybos įtaką melžiamų karvių sveikatingumui, ir pieno kokybei. Tyrimui buvo pasirinkti du ūkiai. Kiekviename ūkyje atrinkta po trisdešimt melžiamų karvių. Iš karvių paimtas kraujas ir atlikti biocheminiai kraujo tyrimai, nustatytos kraujo fermentų TP, GLU, AST, ALP, CREA, ALB ir mineralinių medžiagų Ca ir PHOS kiekiai. Atlikus pieno tyrimus buvo nustatyti pieno riebalų, baltymų, urėjos ir laktozės kiekiai tiriamajame piene. Analizuojant karvių racionus, įvertinta pašarinių žaliavų mitybinė ir energetinė vertė. Vertinant ūkių pašarines žaliavas akivaizdžiai matėsi, kad karvės šeriamos aukštos energetinės vertės baltymingais, pašarais. / This master work was prepared in Lithuanian University of health Science, of Veterinary Academy Department of Animal Nutrition. The master work consists of a content, introduction, summary, review of literature, research methods, results and itʹs consideration, conclusion, recomendations. The objectives of this study was to analize dairy cows rations, to perfom milk and blood biochemical tests. Results of the research to relate with cows feeding and to ascertain the impact of nutrition for dairy cows health and quality of the milk. Were selected two farms for the research. In each farm selected for thirty dairy cows. Were conducted biochemical studies of blood enzyme TP, GLU, AST, ALP, CREA, ALB and minerals concentrations of Ca and PHOS. After the milk testing was to determine milk fat, protein, lactose and urea levels in the investigated milk. After analysis of cow rations, was appreciated of feed materials and energy value. In assessment of farm feed material was seen obviously that cows fed high protein, high-energy food. In one of the investigated farms observed shortage of roughage.

[Truncated abstract] It is well known that cows produce more milk if they are comfortable at milking, because stress from milking may cause them milk ejection problems. Temperament is an intrinsic characteristic of the animals so may affect the level of comfort at milking, and stress from the milking process itself may have a greater impact on animals with nervous temperament than on those of nervous temperament. When the milking becomes a stressor, it may affect secretion of milk ejection hormones that, in turn, may affect milk yield and composition. There is little evidence for how animal temperament affects milk quality in different farm animals. In this thesis, I have examined the effects of temperament on quantity and quality of the milk from Merino ewes and Holstein cows. I also tested whether temperament affected the processing performance (clotting properties) of the milk from Merino ewes. The general hypotheses tested were: 1. Calm ewes would produce more milk of better quality than nervous ewes, and, consequently, the clotting properties would be better in the milk from calm ewes than from nervous ewes. 2. Calm cows would produce more milk of better quality than nervous cows.

Orientador: José Carlos de Figueiredo Pantoja / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar novas estratégias de identificação e tratamento de mastite subclínica causada por Streptococcus agalactiae. Dois estudos foram conduzidos para alcançar os objetivos propostos: 1) um ensaio clínico randomizado, para avaliar a eficácia do tratamento de S. agalactiae com cloxacilina intramamária (CLOXIMM), cefquinoma intramamária (CEFIMM) e cefquinoma intramuscular (CEFIM); e avaliar a não-inferioridade da CLOXIMM em relação a CEFIMM. E, 2) um estudo de acurácia diagnóstica, para estimar a acurácia do Somaticell, California Mastitis Test (CMT) e do exame microbiológico do leite composto (leite dos quatro quartos) na detecção de quartos e animais infectados com S. agalactiae. Os resultados indicaram que quartos tratados com CEFIM apresentaram menor taxa de cura bacteriológica (55%) do que aqueles tratados com CLOXIMM (86%) ou CEFIMM (98%). A diferença na proporção de cura bacteriológica entre CEFIMM e CLOXIMM foi de 0,121 (intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,056 - 0,184). A CLOXIMM foi considerada não inferior a CEFIMM quando margens de não inferioridade de 0,20 e 0,25 foram utilizadas. Contudo, a determinação da não inferioridade foi inconclusiva para margens de 0,10 e 0,15. A cultura do leite composto apresentou acurácia diagnóstica satisfatória (95,7%) quando comparada a cultura individual por quarto. Para identificação dos quartos infectados com S. agalactiae, o ponto de corte considerado mais adequado foi de 205.000 células/mL para o teste So... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of the present study was to assess new strategies to identify and treat Streptococcus agalactiae subclinical mastitis. Two studies were conducted to achieve the proposed objectives: 1) a randomized clinical trial, to assess the efficacy of intramammary cloxacillin (CLOXIMM), intramammary cefquinome (CEFIMM), and intramuscular cefquinome (CEFIM), to treat S. agalactiae intramammary infections (IMI); and assess whether CLOXIMM was non-inferior to CEFIMM to treat S. agalactiae IMI. And, 2) a diagnostic accuracy study, to estimate the accuracy of the Somaticell, California Mastitis Test (CMT), and the composite milk microbiological examination of milk to detect S. agalactiae IMI. Results indicated that the bacteriological cure rate was lower for quarters treated with CEFIM (55%), as compared with CLOXIMM (86%) or CEFIMM (98%). The bacteriological cure difference between CEFIMM and CLOXIMM was 0.121 (95% confidence interval: 0.056 - 0.184). The CLOXIMM was considered non-inferior to CEFIMM when the non-inferiority margins of 0.20 and 0.25 were considered. Nevertheless, determination of non-inferiority was inconclusive for margins of 0.10 and 0.15. Microbiological examination of composite milk was of high accuracy (95.7%), as compared with microbiological examination of quarter milk samples. The thresholds of 205,000 cells/mL for the Somaticell and of score 1 for the CMT can be considered the most appropriate for diagnosing S. agalactiae IMI. The higher sensitivity an... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The aim of thesis was to analyze results of raw bulk milk according to these quality indicators: fat content, protein content, urea content, casein content, solids-not-fat (SNF) content, lactose content and freezing point. Data were evaluated from November 2009 through October 2010 at two breedings. Limits given by European Union and czech legislation were keep in both breedings. In first breeding were mediumly means 4,127 g/100g fat, 3,427 g/100g protein, 2,601 mmol/l urea, 2,688 g/100g casein, 9,015 g/100g solids-not-fat, 4,887 g/100g lactose and freezing point -0,5265 °C.In second breeding were mediumly means 4,045 g/100g fat, 3,319 g/100g protein, 2,462 mmol/l urea, 2,603 g/100g casein, , 8,839 g/100g solids-not-fat, 4,828 g/100g lactose and freezing point -0,5246 °C. Results were compared and causes of difference and milk quality variation were explained.

The microbiological quality of raw milk from the perspective of the health of dairy products is one of the most important features. The amount of microorganisms is influenced by storage temperature and time of milk. In the thesis was observed dynamics of total bacteria count (TBC) in raw milk depending on the selected factors (months, seasons, point of collection, the length of storage). To life of microorganisms contributes warm weather. The largest increase in TBC was observed in the months of April and May to 108 thousand /1 Ml. It is necessary to place great emphasis on rapid cooling of milk (max 150 min.) to the desired temperature (8 °C). Increase TBC could be caused by long transportation time of sampling raw milk from a milk vending machine to evaluate the quality and microbiological indicators. In the second part of the thesis are compares the quality and microbiological characteristics of raw milk from selected milk vending machines. When evaluating the samples taken from the farm, average values of TBC were higher (43 thousand/ml) compared to samples collected from the milk vending machines (6 thousand/ml). Reason of higher values from farms could be caused by poor hygiene of the milk and his secondary contaminations. In contrast, the average results from samples taken from the milk vending machines were more than excellent. That´s shows tight control of cooling milk during transportation from the farm to the milk vending machine. Next reason better results is right cooling and to maintain a constant temperature in the grades (from 0.5 to 1 °C). That´s temperature, which prevents the growth of microorganisms.

Na caprinocultura leiteira existe hoje uma demanda de produtos maior que a produção no nosso país, isso torna a atividade promissora e com isso tornan-se importantes os estudos em torno desta cadeia em expansão. O presente trabalho trata da qualidade do leite caprino e sanidade do úbere, este, foi conduzido em cinco fases. Na primeira, observou-se o comportamento ingestivo em dois grupos de cabras Saanen, em sistema confinado de produção. O primeiro grupo recebeu alimentação com 2% de extrato etéreo e o segundo, ração comercial com 5% de extrato etéreo, a base de óleo de arroz. Os animais foram observados quanto à ingestão de concentrado, feno e água, descanso, ruminação, briga e curiosidades, pelo período de 4 horas a partir do momento da oferta de alimento. Verificou-se tendência à ingestão de concentrado nos primeiros 10 minutos de observação e, a partir desta, preferência pelo feno, o que resultou em maior tempo médio (>70%) despendido na ingestão de feno, nos dois grupos. Observou-se ausência de sobras de ração no cocho. Os animais apresentaram diferença significativa de comportamento somente quanto à ruminação. Na segunda fase do trabalho, avaliou-se o comportamento social de 15 cabras Saanen em sistema confinado de produção. As observações de aproximação, agressão ou indiferença foram realizadas em intervalos de 10 minutos, pelo período de 8 horas após reagrupamento, e a produção de leite foi pesada no dia do reagrupamento, no dia seguinte e uma semana após. Observou-se que, com o passar do tempo, as atividades de agressão diminuíram e as de aproximação aumentaram sendo que a produção de leite apresentou decréscimo contínuo ao longo do período de observação. Na terceira fase, observou-se o comportamento ingestivo e social de 31 cabras Saanen e Anglo-nubiana em sistema semi-extensivo de produção. Os animais foram observados nos períodos de não estabulamento em mata nativa e em pastagem cultivada. Determinou-se diferença significativa na estação de pastejo entre raças, sendo que as fêmeas Saanen demonstraram tendência à alimentar-se em detrimento da seleção de alimentos. Observou-se inexistência de agressões no comportamento social dos animais neste sistema de produção. Na quarta fase, avaliou-se a qualidade do leite individual de cabras Saanen e Anglo-nubiana através do California Mastits Test (CMT) e o exame bacteriológico de amostras do leite individualizadas por teta, em todos os animais em lactação no momento da coleta. Não se observou a ocorrência de mastite clínica no período; entretanto, verificou-se isolamento bacteriano em 47 (34,5%) das amostras de leite sendo que apenas 11 (8,1%) destas foram consideradas com mastite sub-clínica. Na quinta fase, foi avaliada a ação do resfriamento e congelamento sobre as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas do leite de mistura de cabras. Determinou-se tendência ao aumento na concentração de proteínas e à diminuição na concentração de sólidos totais e contagem de células somáticas no leite após congelamento. / In the dairy goat there is today a greater demand for products than the production in our country, this makes it a promising activity and thus there are important studies in this expanding chain. This work deals whit the quality of goat milk and udder healt and this was conducted in five phases. At first, it was observed the feeding behavior in two groups of Saanen goats, in a contained system of production. The first group received feed with 2% ether extract and the second, commercial diets with 5% ether extract with oil-based rice. The animals were observed in the ingestion of concentrate, hay and water, resting, ruminating, fight and curiosities, for a period of 4 hours from the time the supply of food. There was a tendency for the ingestion of concentrate in the first 10 minutes of observation, and then, a preference for hay, which resulted in longer average duration (> 70%) spent on hay ingestion in both groups. It was observed absence of leftover feed in the trough. The animals showed a significant difference in behavior only in terms of rumination. In the second phase of work, it was evaluated the social behavior of 15 Saanen goats in confined system of production. Observations approach, aggression and indifference were taken every 10 minutes during 8 hours after the reunification, and milk production was weighed on the day of reunification, the next day and one week later. It was observed that in the following daysi the activities of aggression decreased and increased the approach even if the milk production had slowed over the period of observation. In the third phase, it was observed the feeding behavior and social of 31 Saanen and Anglo-Nubian in semi-extensive system of production. The animals were observed in periods of not stable in the native forest and pasture. It was determined a significant difference in the grazing season between races, and the Saanen females showed a tendency to feed themselves over the selection of food. There was no aggression in the social behavior of animals in this production system. In the fourth step it was evalued the quality of milk from individual goats Saanen and Anglo-Nubian through California Mastits Test (CMT) and bacteriological examination of milk samples on individual theta in all animals in milk at collection. There was no occurrence of clinical mastitis in the period, however, there was bacterial isolation in 47 (34.5%) of the milk samples and only 11 (8.1%) of these samples have been considered sub-clinical mastitis. In the fifth stage, we evaluated the action of cooling and freezing on the physico-chemical and microbiological milk of mixture goats. It was determined the tendency to increase the concentration of proteins and the decrease of concentration in total solids and the somatic cell count in milk after freezing.

Submitted by ARTHUR POMBO ALMEIDA null (arthurpombo_mv@hotmail.com) on 2016-02-24T11:32:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida, A. P. - dissertação mestrado.pdf: 778761 bytes, checksum: f00e92022ebbb906ef31cb9f42ed714d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-02-26T17:12:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_ap_me_bot.pdf: 778761 bytes, checksum: f00e92022ebbb906ef31cb9f42ed714d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T17:12:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 almeida_ap_me_bot.pdf: 778761 bytes, checksum: f00e92022ebbb906ef31cb9f42ed714d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-15 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar fatores de risco para casos repetidos de mastite clínica (MC). Duas fazendas foram visitadas mensalmente durante 10 meses. Amostras de leite foram colhidas de todos os casos incidentes de MC. Vacas foram observadas prospectivamente e um caso foi definido quando uma vaca sofreu o segundo caso de MC na mesma lactação. Para cada caso, três controles pareados por dias em lactação foram selecionados aleatoriamente a partir do coorte de vacas que não tiveram MC. Em cada visita, uma série de características do úbere e tetas foram avaliadas durante a ordenha. O tempo mediano até a ocorrência do primeiro caso de MC foi de 84 dias e o intervalo entre o primeiro e segundo casos foi de 39 dias. Distância da teta ao solo, hiperqueratose da extremidade da teta e produção de leite foram associadas individualmente à ocorrência de um caso repetido de MC, mas não permaneceram no modelo multivariável final. Vacas avaliadas como "muito fácil de ordenhar" foram 3,7 vezes mais propensas a sofrerem um caso repetido de MC do que vacas avaliadas como "difícil de ordenhar". Vacas cujos úberes eram posicionados abaixo do jarrete, e de paridade >2, foram 3,6 e 2,5 vezes mais propensas a sofrerem um caso repetido de MC do que aquelas cujo úbere foi posicionado acima do jarrete e vacas de paridade 1, respectivamente. Resultados deste estudo destacam a importância das características das tetas e do úbere como fatores de risco para casos repetidos de CM. / The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for the occurrence of repeated cases of clinical mastitis (CM). Two farms were visited monthly during 10 months. Milk samples were collected from all cases of CM. Cows were observed prospectively and a case was defined when a cow experienced the second case of CM within the same lactation. For each repeated case, three controls matched by days in milk (DIM) were randomly selected from the cohort of cows who did not experience CM. On each visit day, a series of udder and teat characteristics were recorded during milking. The median time to occurrence of the first case of CM was 84 DIM and the median interval between the first and second cases was 39 days. Teat to ground distance, teat-end hyperkeratosis, and milk production were individually associated with the occurrence of a repeated case of CM but did not remain in the final multivariable model. The odds of a repeated case of CM were 3.7 times greater for cows who were “very easy to milk”, as compared to cows who were “difficult to milk”. Cows who had their udders below the hock, and those of parity > 2 were 3.6 and 2.5 times more likely to experience a repeated case of CM, as compared to cows whose udder was positioned above the hock, and cows of parity 1, respectively. Findings of this study highlight the importance of teat and udder characteristics as risk factors for repeated cases of CM. / FAPESP: 2014/12642-0

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:43:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 canaes_ts_dr_jabo.pdf: 1232021 bytes, checksum: b91a2c503101be8b9464eac0744c0a39 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / As características sensoriais peculiares do leite de cabra como odor e sabor acentuados, muitas vezes são consideradas desagradáveis ao consumo, tornando-se fator de recusa. Dessa forma, a alimentação tem sido um fator preponderante na manipulação dos componentes do leite, principalmente com relação ao perfil lipídico, o qual implica diretamente no seu sabor e odor. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as diferentes porcentagens de inclusão de capim-limão (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf) e sua influência sobre as respostas ao estresse fisiológico via administração endovenosa de ACTH. Foram avaliados o hemograma e os parâmetros: cortisol, glicose, ureia, creatinina, albumina, fosfatase alcalina, colesterol e HDL colesterol, as características sensoriais, físicas e químicas, além do perfil lipídico do leite. Foram utilizadas 44 cabras Saanen, não gestantes, em média aos 75 dias de lactação, homogêneas quanto à idade (3 anos ± 2 meses), peso total (59,17 ± 2,69 kg), escore da condição corporal (3,0 ± 0,5) e produção diária de leite (2,58 ± 0,27 kg). O estudo foi conduzido de setembro de 2009 a fevereiro de 2010. Durante 152 dias os animais foram mantidos em sistema de confinamento em quatro baias experimentais coletivas (11 cabras/baia) sob condições climáticas e estruturais semelhantes. As quatro dietas utilizadas com relação volumoso:concentrado de 53:47, foram fornecidas uma vez ao dia após a ordenha, cuja variação foi a substituição da silagem de milho pelo capim-limão: T1 controle (concentrado + 100% de silagem de milho), T2 (concentrado + 66,5% de silagem de milho + 33,5% de capim-limão), T3 (concentrado + 33,5% de silagem de milho + 66,5% de capim-limão) e T4 (concentrado + 100% de capim-limão). Observou-se efeito quadrático no consumo de matéria seca... / The typical sensory characteristics of goat’s milk as sharp odor and taste are often considered unpleasant to consumer, becoming factor of refusal. Thus, nutrition of goats has been a factor on manipulation of milk components, especially with regard to lipid profile, which directly affects the taste and odor of the milk. The aim of this study is to evaluate levels of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf) and physiological responses to stress via intravenous administration of ACTH. In this study were evaluated the blood count and the following parameters: cortisol, glucose, urea, creatinine, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol and HDL cholesterol, the sensory, physical and chemical properties, and lipid profile of milk. For this purpose, 44 Saanen goats were used, not pregnant at 75 days of lactation, similar for age (± 3 years 2 months), weight (59.17 ± 2.69 kg), body condition score (3.0 ± 0.5) and daily milk production (2.58 ± 0.27 kg). The study was conducted from September 2009 to February 2010. During 152 days the animals were kept in feedlot pens in four experimental collective (11 goats/pen) under similar climatic and structural conditions. Four diets with roughage: concentrate of 53:47, were fed once a day after milking, whose variation was the substitution of corn silage by lemongrass: T1 control (concentrate + 100% corn silage), T2 (66.5% concentrate + corn silage + 33.5% lemongrass), T3 (concentrate + 33.5% corn silage + 66.5% lemongrass) and T4 (concentrate + 100% lemongrass). Quadratic effect in dry matter intake as the addition of lemongrass was observed. Blood leukocytes were not affected by adding lemongrass on the diet. The weight gain and milk production were higher for treatments with 66.5 and 100% of lemongrass. Although changes have been observed in glucose... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Na caprinocultura leiteira existe hoje uma demanda de produtos maior que a produção no nosso país, isso torna a atividade promissora e com isso tornan-se importantes os estudos em torno desta cadeia em expansão. O presente trabalho trata da qualidade do leite caprino e sanidade do úbere, este, foi conduzido em cinco fases. Na primeira, observou-se o comportamento ingestivo em dois grupos de cabras Saanen, em sistema confinado de produção. O primeiro grupo recebeu alimentação com 2% de extrato etéreo e o segundo, ração comercial com 5% de extrato etéreo, a base de óleo de arroz. Os animais foram observados quanto à ingestão de concentrado, feno e água, descanso, ruminação, briga e curiosidades, pelo período de 4 horas a partir do momento da oferta de alimento. Verificou-se tendência à ingestão de concentrado nos primeiros 10 minutos de observação e, a partir desta, preferência pelo feno, o que resultou em maior tempo médio (>70%) despendido na ingestão de feno, nos dois grupos. Observou-se ausência de sobras de ração no cocho. Os animais apresentaram diferença significativa de comportamento somente quanto à ruminação. Na segunda fase do trabalho, avaliou-se o comportamento social de 15 cabras Saanen em sistema confinado de produção. As observações de aproximação, agressão ou indiferença foram realizadas em intervalos de 10 minutos, pelo período de 8 horas após reagrupamento, e a produção de leite foi pesada no dia do reagrupamento, no dia seguinte e uma semana após. Observou-se que, com o passar do tempo, as atividades de agressão diminuíram e as de aproximação aumentaram sendo que a produção de leite apresentou decréscimo contínuo ao longo do período de observação. Na terceira fase, observou-se o comportamento ingestivo e social de 31 cabras Saanen e Anglo-nubiana em sistema semi-extensivo de produção. Os animais foram observados nos períodos de não estabulamento em mata nativa e em pastagem cultivada. Determinou-se diferença significativa na estação de pastejo entre raças, sendo que as fêmeas Saanen demonstraram tendência à alimentar-se em detrimento da seleção de alimentos. Observou-se inexistência de agressões no comportamento social dos animais neste sistema de produção. Na quarta fase, avaliou-se a qualidade do leite individual de cabras Saanen e Anglo-nubiana através do California Mastits Test (CMT) e o exame bacteriológico de amostras do leite individualizadas por teta, em todos os animais em lactação no momento da coleta. Não se observou a ocorrência de mastite clínica no período; entretanto, verificou-se isolamento bacteriano em 47 (34,5%) das amostras de leite sendo que apenas 11 (8,1%) destas foram consideradas com mastite sub-clínica. Na quinta fase, foi avaliada a ação do resfriamento e congelamento sobre as características físico-químicas e microbiológicas do leite de mistura de cabras. Determinou-se tendência ao aumento na concentração de proteínas e à diminuição na concentração de sólidos totais e contagem de células somáticas no leite após congelamento. / In the dairy goat there is today a greater demand for products than the production in our country, this makes it a promising activity and thus there are important studies in this expanding chain. This work deals whit the quality of goat milk and udder healt and this was conducted in five phases. At first, it was observed the feeding behavior in two groups of Saanen goats, in a contained system of production. The first group received feed with 2% ether extract and the second, commercial diets with 5% ether extract with oil-based rice. The animals were observed in the ingestion of concentrate, hay and water, resting, ruminating, fight and curiosities, for a period of 4 hours from the time the supply of food. There was a tendency for the ingestion of concentrate in the first 10 minutes of observation, and then, a preference for hay, which resulted in longer average duration (> 70%) spent on hay ingestion in both groups. It was observed absence of leftover feed in the trough. The animals showed a significant difference in behavior only in terms of rumination. In the second phase of work, it was evaluated the social behavior of 15 Saanen goats in confined system of production. Observations approach, aggression and indifference were taken every 10 minutes during 8 hours after the reunification, and milk production was weighed on the day of reunification, the next day and one week later. It was observed that in the following daysi the activities of aggression decreased and increased the approach even if the milk production had slowed over the period of observation. In the third phase, it was observed the feeding behavior and social of 31 Saanen and Anglo-Nubian in semi-extensive system of production. The animals were observed in periods of not stable in the native forest and pasture. It was determined a significant difference in the grazing season between races, and the Saanen females showed a tendency to feed themselves over the selection of food. There was no aggression in the social behavior of animals in this production system. In the fourth step it was evalued the quality of milk from individual goats Saanen and Anglo-Nubian through California Mastits Test (CMT) and bacteriological examination of milk samples on individual theta in all animals in milk at collection. There was no occurrence of clinical mastitis in the period, however, there was bacterial isolation in 47 (34.5%) of the milk samples and only 11 (8.1%) of these samples have been considered sub-clinical mastitis. In the fifth stage, we evaluated the action of cooling and freezing on the physico-chemical and microbiological milk of mixture goats. It was determined the tendency to increase the concentration of proteins and the decrease of concentration in total solids and the somatic cell count in milk after freezing.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T14:02:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 227229 bytes, checksum: 65e154a1c6da305ebbed21141d1e5e32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-13 / The objective is to assess the quality of milk based on the requirements of the Normative Instruction 51 (IN51) to the results of total bacterial count (CBT), somatic cell count (SCC), crude protein (CP) and fat in the period 2004 to 2007, the Cooperative of Rural Producers Alvinópolis Ltda., in 151 properties, totaling 5.436 observations. To better assess the impact of IN51 on milk quality, the periods were subdivided into three: period 1: 01/07/2004 to 30/06/2005; period 2: 01/07/2005 to 30/06/2006; and period 3: 01/07/2006 to 30/06/2007, and was used hierarchical clustering with Euclidean distance average to establish three groups of milk producers based on the volume of monthly production: group A: 11 to 178 liters of milk/day; group B: 208 to 657 liters of milk per day; and group C: 942 to 1,251 liters of milk/day). There was no interaction between time and group of producers to CBT, but there was an influence (P < 0.05) of the group and the period for this variable. Group A was the only one to make difference (P < 0.05) in CBT between the months of the year. The CCS has not decreased between periods. However, the CCS was below the values required by IN51 from 2005 to 2008. There was influence (P < 0.05) for the CCS group, independent of the evaluation period. Assessing the CCS for each group of producers in terms of months, only group A showed significant differences (P < 0.05).There was interaction (P < 0.05) between groups of producers of milk and the periods for protein (CP). Within group A, samples of milk with lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of CP were those of the first period. For the group C, it was observed that in the 3rd period the concentrations of CP were higher (P < 0.05) to the 2nd period; however the observed values of period did not differ in the 1st period. Within the periods, samples of milk from group A had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of CP in the other groups. There was influence (P < 0.05) groups of milk producers on the concentration of milk fat samples analyzed, regardless of the evaluation period. The milk concentrations of CP and fat were affected (P < 0.05) by months of the year. / Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade do leite com base nas exigências da Instrução Normativa 51 (IN51) para os resultados de contagem bacteriana total (CBT), contagem de células somáticas (CCS), proteína bruta (PB) e gordura, no período de 2004 a 2007, da Cooperativa dos Produtores Rurais de Alvinópolis Ltda., em 151 propriedades, totalizando 5.436 observações. Para melhor avaliação do impacto da IN51 sobre a qualidade do leite, o período foi subdividido em três: período 1: 01/07/2004 a 30/06/2005; período 2: 01/07/2005 a 30/06/2006; e período 3: 01/07/2006 a 30/06/2007, e utilizou-se agrupamento hierárquico, com distância euclidiana média para estabelecer três grupos de produtores de leite, com base no volume de produção mensal: grupo A: 11 até 178 litros de leite/dia; grupo B: 208 até 657 litros de leite/dia; e grupo C: 942 a 1.251 litros de leite/dia. Não houve efeito da interação entre grupo de produtores e período para CBT, mas houve influência (P < 0,05) tanto dentro do grupo quanto dentro do período para esta variável. O grupo A foi o único a apresentar diferença (P < 0,05) da CBT entre os meses do ano. A CCS não diminuiu entre os períodos avaliados. No entanto, a CCS ficou abaixo dos valores exigidos pela IN51 de 2005 e 2008. Houve influência (P < 0,05) do grupo para CCS, independente do período avaliado. Avaliando a CCS de cada grupo de produtores em função dos meses do ano, apenas o grupo A apresentou diferenças significativas (P < 0,05). Existiu interação (P < 0,05) entre os grupos de produtores de leite e os períodos avaliados para proteína (PB). Dentro do grupo A, as amostras de leite com menor (P < 0,05) concentração de PB foram aquelas do primeiro período. Já para o grupo C, observou-se que no 3o período as concentrações de PB foram superiores (P < 0,05) ao 2o período; no entanto os valores observados deste período não diferiram do 1o período. Dentro dos períodos, as amostras de leite do grupo A, tiveram maiores (P < 0,05) concentrações de PB em relação aos demais grupos. Houve influência (P < 0,05) dos grupos de produtores de leite sobre a concentração de gordura das amostras de leite analisadas, independente do período avaliado. As concentrações de PB e gordura das amostras de leite foram afetadas (P < 0,05) pelo mês do ano.