A presente pesquisa dedica-se ao estudo da forma de tragédia moderna utilizada pelo dramaturgo americano, Arthur Miller, em The Crucible [As Feiticeiras de Salém] (1953) e A View From the Bridge [Panorama Visto da Ponte] (versão de dois atos, de 1956), apoiando-se na obra Tragédia Moderna do crítico inglês, Raymond Williams, e concentrando-se no texto teatral, ou seja, na dramaturgia, o que não inclui análise de montagens. O pressuposto teórico do presente trabalho é a crítica histórica e dialética que considera o conteúdo histórico determinante dos aspectos formais. No primeiro capítulo, discute-se o que é tragédia moderna, quais as fontes da tragédia moderna e da tragédia milleriana, qual o conceito de tragédia para Arthur Miller, por que ele escolheu a tragédia para tratar das questões figuradas nas duas peças e quais os recursos formais que ele utiliza. A partir daí, demonstra-se que ambas as peças possuem características que mesclam peculiaridades da tragédia grega com a tragédia moderna, as quais dão forma a um tipo de dramaturgia que Raymond Williams denomina tragédia liberal, cuja principal marca é mostrar e discutir a luta do homem contra sua sociedade. Com essas peças Arthur Miller \"atualiza\" a forma da tragédia para assim restaurar a idéia que está por trás dela, isto é, a idéia de causação, de conectividade. No segundo capítulo, parte-se dessa base central de conectividade para analisar como a forma escolhida por Miller reflete esse conceito; assim, ele constrói suas peças demonstrando como, em suas estruturas, as causas se conectam com seus efeitos, como as ações individuais afetam o todo, como a vida particular influi na vida pública, e vice-versa, e demonstrando, além disso, uma preocupação não-maniqueísta na construção das personagens e dos fatos. Avistamos esses traços nas duas peças de Miller principalmente devido à inserção de um narrador, que chamamos de \"explícito\" em The Crucible e \"implícito\" em A View from the Bridge, cujas funções são também analisadas. No terceiro capítulo, o que se destaca das tragédias de Miller é o fato de que os conteúdos de suas obras são determinados historicamente; sendo assim, as duas peças são exploradas à luz do macartismo para que se verifique como os paralelos podem ser compreendidos e o que eles dizem sobre o senso de coletividade. / Based on the assumption that the formal choice of the artist reveals the content of his work, and vice-versa, the present research studies the form of modern tragedy as it is applied to the text of The Crucible (1953) and A View from the Bridge (the two-act version of 1956) by Arthur Miller. For this purpose, this work draws on Raymond Williams\' conception of modern tragedy. Thus, the first chapter demonstrates that both plays combine certain characteristics which can be found in Greek tragedy, and some others that are present in the modern tragedy to form a specific kind of tragedy that Raymond Williams calls liberal tragedy; the main purpose of a liberal tragedy, according to Williams, is to show and discuss that the man is constantly struggling against his society. We have noticed that Arthur Miller relies on this assumption of the modern tragedy to rescue the idea of causation and connectedness. Having the idea of connectedness in mind, in the second chapter, we analyze the way Miller develops these plays with the preoccupation of showing the relatedness of causes and effects, which means to show how the individual acts are related to the whole society, and how the private life influences in the public one, and vice-versa. We have also observed a certain concern in depicting characters and facts taking into consideration that the truth is relative, which can be noted by the presence of what we call an \"implicit narrator\" (in The Crucible) and an \"explicit narrator\" (in A View from the Bridge). The presence of these narrators, besides having the function of establishing a complicity between characters and audience, also ensures a distancing voice, epic par excellence, which challenges the commonly held notions about the topics discussed in the plays. In the third chapter, relying on the notion that Miller\'s tragedies are historically determined, we analyze the parallels between the two plays and the historical moment in the United States which is commonly called McCarthyism, and what it represents for the sense of community explored by the author in both plays.

As décadas de 1980-1990 marcam um ponto importante da história das revistas de quadrinhos de super-heróis. Mudanças no mercado, no público, na política, nos debates morais e culturais do momento ofereceram um cenário propício para novos desenvolvimentos no gênero super-herói. Esse quadro é cercado pelo pós-modernismo, a urbanização, a contracultura, mudanças nas artes e condições políticas que se desenvolvem da Guerra Fria, geograficamente centrada entre a Europa e os Estados Unidos, para a Guerra do Iraque, o que desloca atenções geopolíticas e conflitos para o Oriente Médio. Os quadrinhos de super-herói passam a oferecer maior liberdade temática para seus autores, e discussões sobre direitos autorais ganham força. Este cenário dispõe das condições para que alguns autores pudessem levar os super-heróis para discussões diferentes das décadas precedentes, permitindo o surgimento de trabalhos significativos, de autores que marcam suas obras abordando os super-heróis de forma pessoal. A presente pesquisa procura entender como o autor de histórias em quadrinhos Frank Miller se posicionou diante de uma determinada área de produção artística, utilizando-se das revistas de super-herói para discutir posicionamentos ideológicos, e reforçar seu caráter mítico e simbólico. Utilizando princípios da história cultural desenvolvidos por autores como Ginzburg, Burke, Gombrich, Schorske e Barzun, contextualiza-se a trajetória das histórias em quadrinhos até os anos 1980 e 1990, estabelecendo as condições da mídia quando do trabalho do artista. Para posicionar Miller em relação a seu mercado e suas relações de produção, são utilizadas as ferramentas analíticas de Michael Baxandall, que oferecem um modelo interpretativo das relações que se dão na produção artística. Finalmente, observam-se as abordagens temáticas e morais de sua obra, com seu contexto dentro de uma trajetória na história cultural. Para isso, traça-se um panorama que discute como a obra de Miller atualiza a jornada do herói de Joseph Campbell, utilizando-se da cultura popular para fazer um diálogo entre discussões morais, históricas e políticas, por meio de uma construção de narrativas heroicas que operam como mitos populares modernos e parâmetros civilizacionais, carregando em si princípios, valores e ideias de uma cultura. / The decades of 1980-1990 establish an important point in the history of comic books. Changes in the market, the audience, in politics and in the cultural and moral debates of the time offered a scenario which was welcoming to new developments on the super-hero genre. This moment is marked by post-modernism, urbanization, the counter-culture, changes in arts and the political conditions which develop from the Cold War, geographically centred between the United States and Europe, to the Iraq war, which moves the geopolitical attentions and conflicts to the Middle- East. Super-hero comics start offering wider thematic freedom to their authors, and discussions about creator\'s rights gain momentum. This scenario contains the conditions for some of these authors to take super-heroes to discussions which are different from the ones happening in the preceding decades, allowing the emergence of important works, made by authors which marked their work in a very personal manner. This research seeks to understand how comic-book author Frank Miller has positioned himself before an area of artistic production, using super-hero comics, and comics in general, to discuss moral positions, and to underline their mythical and symbolic character. Exercising principles of cultural history developed by authors like Ginzburg, Burke, Gombrich, Schorske and Barzun, we situate the trajectory of comics from their inception as magazines until the 1980s and 1990s, establishing which were the conditions of this medium when Miller produced the works we look at. To understand Miller in relation to his market and his production, we use the analytic tools of Michael Baxandall, which offer an interpretative model of the relationships which happen in artistic production. Finally, we observe the thematic and moral approaches of his work, with their context within a trajectory in cultural history. In order to perform this, we establish a context which discusses how Miller work updates Joseph Cambell\'s hero\'s journey, using popular culture to make connections between moral, political and historical debates, creating heroic narratives which operate as modern popular myths and as civilizational benchmarks, carrying with them the principles, values and ideas of a culture.

A presente pesquisa busca analisar e comparar as peças All My Sons [Todos Eram Meus Filhos] (1947) e An Enemy of the People [Um Inimigo do Povo] (1951), do dramaturgo norte-americano Arthur Miller (19152005). Em dois momentos cruciais da história norte-americana (o pósguerra e o macarthismo, respectivamente) Miller recorre ao dramaturgo norueguês Henrik Ibsen (1828 1906) para responder artistica e politicamente a essas situações. Tal resposta teve um forte impacto na estrutura formal dessas peças em um período no qual Arthur Miller pensava em desistir de ser dramaturgo. Em All My Sons, a Técnica Analítica, teorizada por Peter Szondi em Teoria do Drama Moderno, coloca no palco o passado e sua análise como elementos essenciais de ação, contradizendo fundamentalmente os princípios rigorosos do drama. A estrutura Greco-Ibseniana presente na peça é também um dos recursos pelos quais a peça alcança um efeito singular no qual forma e conteúdo interagem dialeticamente e contribuem para que Arthur Miller ocupe uma posição de destaque entre os dramaturgos norte-americanos. Em An Enemy of the People, Miller recorre novamente a Ibsen de maneira mais direta, sendo esta peça originalmente escrita pelo próprio norueguês e reescrita/adaptada por Arthur Miller no contexto do macarthismo. Sua forma, segundo teoriza Raymond Williams em Tragédia Moderna, é a da Tragédia Liberal cuja marca mais essencial é a de discutir a luta do homem contra sua sociedade. As aproximações e distanciamentos entre ambas as versões (a de Ibsen e a de Miller) levarão a uma reflexão sobre o tipo de adaptação que Arthur Miller buscou fazer e como isso representou um avanço formal. O estudo e a elucidação do processo formal em que ambas as peças estão ancoradas, apontam para uma fusão dos ideais de Miller enquanto escritor e cidadão e que ajudaram a revolucionar o teatro norte-americano. Ao escrever tais peças, Miller atesta a necessidade de se pensar e refletir trazendo a fúria, a lucidez e a coerência de Henrik Ibsen para o olho do furacão nos Estados Unidos. / The research focuses on the analysis and comparison of the plays All My Sons (1947) and An Enemy of the People (1951), by American playwright Arthur Miller (19152005). In two crucially important moments of American History (PostWar period and McCarthyism, respectively) Miller turns to Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen (18281906) to respond both artistically and politically to these situations. Such a response had a strong impact on the formal structure of the plays at a time in which Arthur Miller was almost giving up on being a dramatist. In All My Sons, the Analytical Technique, theorized by Peter Szondi in Theory of Modern Drama, places the past and its analysis on stage as essential elements of action, fundamentally contradicting the strict principles of drama. The Greco-Ibsen structure present in the play is also one of the elements that helps the play reach a remarkable effect in which form and content interact dialectically and contribute to exalt Arthur Millers position as a singular figure among other American dramatists. In An Enemy of the People, Miller turns to Ibsen once again in a direct way by choosing this play which had been originally written by the Norwegian playwright himself and now adapted by Arthur Miller in the context of McCarthyism. Its form, according to what Raymond Williams says in Modern Tragedy, is that of the Liberal Tragedy whose most essential mark is to discuss the struggle of man against his own society. The proximities and detachments between both versions (Ibsens and Millers) will lead to some reflection about which kind of adaptation Arthur Miller tried to have and how it endorsed a formal advance. The study and elucidation of the formal process in which both plays are rooted, point out to a merging of Millers ideals as a writer and citizen which helped revolutionize the American theater. By writing such plays, Miller attests the need to think and reflect, bringing the fury, the lucidity and the coherence of Henrik Ibsen to the eye of the storm within the United States

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar e comparar as peças Death of a Salesman [Morte dum caixeiro viajante] (1949), do dramaturgo americano Arthur Miller (1915-2005), e Rasga Coração (1974), do dramaturgo brasileiro Oduvaldo Vianna Filho (Vianinha) (1936-1974), especialmente em relação aos elementos épicos presentes nelas. Ambas as obras possuem uma estrutura formal que apresenta passado e presente simultaneamente no palco. Uma vez que uma peça dramática pressupõe sempre o tempo presente exposto cenicamente, o fato de o passado ser parte estrutural de Death of a Salesman e Rasga Coração já o transforma num primeiro importante traço épico das duas obras. A partir daí, vários outros elementos épicos serão apontados e examinados durante o trabalho sendo que estes elementos são importantes na representação dos conflitos sócio-históricos presentes nos Estados Unidos dos anos 40 e no Brasil nas primeiras sete dé-cadas do século XX. Outro aspecto que as duas peças apresentam em comum é o fato de analisarem um conflito geracional entre pai e filho(s), que representa, ao mesmo tempo, o conflito entre forças sociais e históricas maiores. Estudar quais são estas forças sociais representadas é também objetivo da pesquisa. Isto fará com que semelhanças e diferen-ças entre as obras e seus contextos apareçam e sejam discutidas. / The objective of this research is to analyze and compare the plays Death of a Salesman (1949), by the American playwright Arthur Miller (1915-2005), and Rasga Coração, by the Brazilian playwright Oduvaldo Vianna Filho (Vianinha) (1936-1974), especially concerning their use of epic elements. Both plays have a formal structure that presents past and present simultaneously on stage. Since a dramatic work always presupposes the scenic exposure of the present as a central characteristic, the fact that the past is part of the structure of Death of a Salesman and Rasga Coração transforms it into the most important epic element in both plays. Other epic elements of importance for the repre-sentation of social and historical conflicts of the United States in the forties and of Bra-zil in the first seven decades of the XX century will be examined as well. Another char-acteristic shared by these two plays is the fact that they discuss the generation conflict between father and son(s) in a way that combines the representation of private family affairs to the one of bigger social and historical forces. To study the nature of these so-cial forces represented in the two plays is another objective of this research, which will discuss and point out similarities and differences between them and their respective so-cial contexts.

<p><strong><p>Background:</p><p>what affects company value becomes apparent. The capital structure is the relation between</p><p>borrowed capital and equity in a company´s financing mix. What impact changes in capital structure</p><p>have on company value is a widely debated subject within the theory of finance. If a relationship</p><p>between capital structure and company value exists the implication is that an optimal capital</p><p>structure where company value is maximized also exists.</p>During extreme market conditions like the period during fall 2008 the discussion of<strong><p>Aim:</p><p>company value exists among selected stocks and companies listed on Stockholmsbörsens OMXS30.</p>The aim of the thesis is to study whether a certain relationship between capital structure and<strong><p>Implementation:</p><p>performed among chosen stocks and companies. The empirical results eventuating from this have</p><p>been analyzed from the view of elected relevant theory.</p>With aim to fulfill the purpose of the thesis regression analysis has been<strong><p>Completion and results:</p><p>between debt ratio and enterprise value (EV) can be established. During more turbulent periods the</p><p>results is more scattered. The results of this thesis is more evidence that the debt´s gear on equity is</p><p>what mainly impacts price movements on the stock market and affects value, where high debt will</p><p>pay off during favorable conditions and be costly during bad conditions, rather than a specific capital</p><p>structure. A certain relationship between capital structure and company value cannot be established.</p><p>The results of this thesis is also evidence pointing out the difficulties in measuring the relationship</p><p>between two variables where one is the daily quoted market price of equity, which is greatly affected</p><p>by market psychology et cetera, and the other, capital structure, is only to be measured during</p><p>interim- and annual reports.</p>We find that during normal market conditions a positive relationship<strong><p> </p></strong></strong></strong></strong></strong></p>

Background: During extreme market conditions like the period during fall 2008 the discussion of what affects company value becomes apparent. The capital structure is the relation between borrowed capital and equity in a company´s financing mix. What impact changes in capital structure have on company value is a widely debated subject within the theory of finance. If a relationship between capital structure and company value exists the implication is that an optimal capital structure where company value is maximized also exists. Aim: The aim of the thesis is to study whether a certain relationship between capital structure and company value exists among selected stocks and companies listed on Stockholmsbörsens OMXS30. Implementation: With aim to fulfill the purpose of the thesis regression analysis has been performed among chosen stocks and companies. The empirical results eventuating from this have been analyzed from the view of elected relevant theory. Completion and results: We find that during normal market conditions a positive relationship between debt ratio and enterprise value (EV) can be established. During more turbulent periods the results is more scattered. The results of this thesis is more evidence that the debt´s gear on equity is what mainly impacts price movements on the stock market and affects value, where high debt will pay off during favorable conditions and be costly during bad conditions, rather than a specific capital structure. A certain relationship between capital structure and company value cannot be established. The results of this thesis is also evidence pointing out the difficulties in measuring the relationship between two variables where one is the daily quoted market price of equity, which is greatly affected by market psychology et cetera, and the other, capital structure, is only to be measured during interim- and annual reports.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

This Master of Arts thesis presents the results of research undertaken on two collections of Egyptian antiquities held at the University of Melbourne. The first collection belongs to Queen’s College and is known as the Dodgson Collection. The second collection, known as the Petrie Collection, forms a small part of the larger Classics and Archaeology Collection, belonging to the Centre for Classics and Archaeology and is housed at the Ian Potter Museum of Art. / Prior to undertaking the research for this thesis little was known of these collections and their origins. Through consultation and analysis of archival sources and published material it was possible reconstruct the genesis and history of these two collections of Egyptian antiquities. / The Dodgson Collection was bequeathed to Queen’s College in 1892 by the Reverend James Dodgson. This much was known, however it was unclear as to how James came to posses the material. My research has uncovered that the collection was created by Aquila Dodgson, brother of James, who lived in England. Aquila was greatly interested in ancient Egypt and became a friend of the English Egyptologist, Flinders Petrie. It was through this friendship that Aquila was able to acquire ancient Egyptian artefacts, some of which now reside in the Dodgson Collection at Queen’s College. / Equally under recognised, very little was known about the second collection, comprising thirty two Egyptian artefacts, commonly referred to as the Petrie Collection. It was assumed the collection had been acquired from Flinders Petrie as a result of a list and a number of handwritten notes found in the Classics and Archaeology Collection archive. My research into the collection and the archive material has discovered that the collection had been created by two brothers, Edward Eustace Miller and Everard Studley Miller. Some items had been acquired whilst on a trip to Egypt during the Australian summer of 1910–1911, although the bulk of the collection was given to Everard (living in Melbourne) by his brother Edward (living in London), who had acquired the material while working for Flinders Petrie in Egypt in 1920. The collection made its way to the University of Melbourne in 1957 after the death of Everard, who had bequeathed the material to the Classical Association of Victoria in 1956. The Association gave the collection to the then Classics Department in early 1957.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:39:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 792253 bytes, checksum: e7e7740d123d5bccff8f733ade9bb8e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research paper aims at investigating the relationship between history and fiction in the construction of Arthur Miller s play The Crucible, 1953. After situating the reader in the context of the modern American Theater, as in the period of the author's life, in an attempt to situate the text in the context of Miller s time, seeking an interpretation that incorporates dialectically the exteriority to the interiority of the work, we trace the real facts which happened in Salem in 1692, in a chronological and sequential order, as befits a historical investigation. Searching for a better comprehension of The Crucible, we examined the relationship between history and fiction, as understood by important philosophers and theorists throughout the centuries. Based on essential parameters to the understanding of this complex relationship and in possession of relevant concepts about the theory of drama, we analysed the play in the light of the proposed theories. The main results show that, The Crucible is a play based on the story of the tragic episode of the Salem Witch Hunts, but it is not history in the sense the word is used by an academic historian. The work concludes that Arthur Miller was careful enough to adjust the historical material he raised about Salem to his fictional purposes and, through dramatic strategies, he not only showed the historical events from a critical perspective, but he was also able to create an excess of meaning that transforms his historical play into an allegory of oppression and persecution. / A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar as relações entre história e ficção na construção da peça The Crucible (As Bruxas de Salém, 1953), de Arthur Miller. Após situar o leitor no teatro moderno norte-americano e na vida do autor, buscando assim enquadrar os estudos do texto no contexto da época de Miller, visando uma interpretação que dialeticamente integre a exterioridade à interioridade da obra, rastreamos os fatos reais ocorridos em Salém em 1692, numa ordem cronológica e sequencial, como nos orienta uma investigação histórica. Numa tentativa de melhor compreender As Bruxas de Salém, examinamos com mais profundidade a relação entre história e ficção, tal como compreendida por importantes filósofos e teóricos ao longo dos séculos. Com base em parâmetros essenciais à apreensão dessa complexa relação e de posse de uma série relevante de conceitos sobre a teoria do drama, analisa-se a peça à luz das teorias propostas. Os principais resultados mostram que, As Bruxas de Salém é uma peça baseada em relatos e documentos históricos relativos ao trágico episódio da caça às bruxas de Salém, mas não é história no sentido em que a palavra é usada pelo historiador acadêmico. O trabalho conclui que Arthur Miller teve o cuidado de ajustar o material histórico por ele levantado em Salém ao seu propósito dramático e que, através de estratégias dramáticas, não apenas mostrou os eventos históricos sob uma perspectiva crítica, como também foi capaz de criar um excesso de significado que transforma sua peça histórica numa alegoria da opressão e da perseguição.

A presente pesquisa dedica-se ao estudo da forma de tragédia moderna utilizada pelo dramaturgo americano, Arthur Miller, em The Crucible [As Feiticeiras de Salém] (1953) e A View From the Bridge [Panorama Visto da Ponte] (versão de dois atos, de 1956), apoiando-se na obra Tragédia Moderna do crítico inglês, Raymond Williams, e concentrando-se no texto teatral, ou seja, na dramaturgia, o que não inclui análise de montagens. O pressuposto teórico do presente trabalho é a crítica histórica e dialética que considera o conteúdo histórico determinante dos aspectos formais. No primeiro capítulo, discute-se o que é tragédia moderna, quais as fontes da tragédia moderna e da tragédia milleriana, qual o conceito de tragédia para Arthur Miller, por que ele escolheu a tragédia para tratar das questões figuradas nas duas peças e quais os recursos formais que ele utiliza. A partir daí, demonstra-se que ambas as peças possuem características que mesclam peculiaridades da tragédia grega com a tragédia moderna, as quais dão forma a um tipo de dramaturgia que Raymond Williams denomina tragédia liberal, cuja principal marca é mostrar e discutir a luta do homem contra sua sociedade. Com essas peças Arthur Miller \"atualiza\" a forma da tragédia para assim restaurar a idéia que está por trás dela, isto é, a idéia de causação, de conectividade. No segundo capítulo, parte-se dessa base central de conectividade para analisar como a forma escolhida por Miller reflete esse conceito; assim, ele constrói suas peças demonstrando como, em suas estruturas, as causas se conectam com seus efeitos, como as ações individuais afetam o todo, como a vida particular influi na vida pública, e vice-versa, e demonstrando, além disso, uma preocupação não-maniqueísta na construção das personagens e dos fatos. Avistamos esses traços nas duas peças de Miller principalmente devido à inserção de um narrador, que chamamos de \"explícito\" em The Crucible e \"implícito\" em A View from the Bridge, cujas funções são também analisadas. No terceiro capítulo, o que se destaca das tragédias de Miller é o fato de que os conteúdos de suas obras são determinados historicamente; sendo assim, as duas peças são exploradas à luz do macartismo para que se verifique como os paralelos podem ser compreendidos e o que eles dizem sobre o senso de coletividade. / Based on the assumption that the formal choice of the artist reveals the content of his work, and vice-versa, the present research studies the form of modern tragedy as it is applied to the text of The Crucible (1953) and A View from the Bridge (the two-act version of 1956) by Arthur Miller. For this purpose, this work draws on Raymond Williams\' conception of modern tragedy. Thus, the first chapter demonstrates that both plays combine certain characteristics which can be found in Greek tragedy, and some others that are present in the modern tragedy to form a specific kind of tragedy that Raymond Williams calls liberal tragedy; the main purpose of a liberal tragedy, according to Williams, is to show and discuss that the man is constantly struggling against his society. We have noticed that Arthur Miller relies on this assumption of the modern tragedy to rescue the idea of causation and connectedness. Having the idea of connectedness in mind, in the second chapter, we analyze the way Miller develops these plays with the preoccupation of showing the relatedness of causes and effects, which means to show how the individual acts are related to the whole society, and how the private life influences in the public one, and vice-versa. We have also observed a certain concern in depicting characters and facts taking into consideration that the truth is relative, which can be noted by the presence of what we call an \"implicit narrator\" (in The Crucible) and an \"explicit narrator\" (in A View from the Bridge). The presence of these narrators, besides having the function of establishing a complicity between characters and audience, also ensures a distancing voice, epic par excellence, which challenges the commonly held notions about the topics discussed in the plays. In the third chapter, relying on the notion that Miller\'s tragedies are historically determined, we analyze the parallels between the two plays and the historical moment in the United States which is commonly called McCarthyism, and what it represents for the sense of community explored by the author in both plays.