This study is a comparative study of the Turkish Islamist movement Milli Görüş (IGMG) in Germany and the Netherlands. It is a qualitative and a quantitative inquiry about the nature (whether it is moderate or radical) of the Milli Görüş movement in these two countries. The central research questions are: what is the reason for the rise of Islamism among Turks living in two different countries in Europe? What is the reason for the difference in the radicalization levels? Islamism refers to an ideology that turns traditional Islam into a sustained and systematic program that includes social, political, and economic affairs (Pipes 1998). The movements within the framework of Islamism range from moderate to radical. Based on the data collected during the field research conducted in Germany and the Netherlands between the years of 2004-2007, this study suggests that Islamism is a response to social marginalization which is defined as “an external social position, of isolation of the individual or groups, with a limited access to economical, political, educational and communicational resources of the community (Contained in the law adopted by the Romanian Parliament in 28 February 2002, www.hurriyetim.com, November 25, 2004). It is hypothesized that as the level of social marginalization increases, so does the level of radicalization.

Ce projet fait suite à une thèse effectuée en amont décrivant le portrait-robot du catalyseur idéal pour cette réaction. Une première partie de la thèse a donc porté sur la synthèse d’un nouveau catalyseur plus productif que le catalyseur commercial utilisé actuellement. Une nouvelle voie de synthèse a pour cela été explorée et a menée à la synthèse de deux nouveaux catalyseurs, ayant le design adéquat et collant avec le portrait-robot, qui sont respectivement deux et cinq fois plus productifs lorsqu’ils sont testés dans les mêmes conditions expérimentales. L’obtention de propriétés catalytiques élevées, nécessite dans le catalyseur la présence de plusieurs phases à base de molybdate de bismuth, et d’autres métaux Obtenir ces phases en équilibre et dans des proportions relatives adéquates a été un challenge difficile à relever. Les catalyseurs préparés et la voie de synthèse mise au point font l’objet d’un brevet en cours de dépôt. Des essais d’enduction de ce catalyseur produit sous forme de poudre est en cours dans un laboratoire de l’université de Limoges.Si l’enduction est la méthode la plus simple pour introduire un catalyseur si complexe dans un réacteur millimétrique, elle présente néanmoins beaucoup de difficultés qui ne sont pas toutes résolues. L’un des problèmes majeurs est l’ajout de produits divers permettant la dispersion de la poudre dans une solution visqueuse qui conduit à la contamination légère des catalyseurs. Nous avons donc travaillé en parallèle sur une nouvelle méthode de synthèse du catalyseur directement à la surface des tubes d’un milli-réacteur. Cette méthode est basée sur un dépôt des éléments les plus importants du catalyseur classique. Les paramètres de dépôt et les caractéristiques du catalyseur ont été optimisés pour former un mélange de phases actives et sélectives / A first part of the thesis focused on the synthesis of a new catalyst more productive than the commercial catalyst currently used. A new way of synthesis has been explored and led to the synthesis of two new catalysts, having the appropriate design and sticky with the portrait-robot, which are respectively two and five times more productive when they are tested in the same experimental conditions. Obtaining high catalytic properties, requires in the catalyst the presence of several phases based on bismuth molybdate, and other metalsObtaining these phases in equilibrium and in adequate relative proportions has been a difficult challenge. The catalysts prepared and the synthetic route developed are the subject of a patent being filed. Coating tests of this catalyst produced in powder form is underway in a laboratory at the University of Limoges.While coating is the simplest method of introducing such a complex catalyst into a millimeter reactor, it nevertheless presents many difficulties that are not all solved. One of the major problems is the addition of various products allowing the dispersion of the powder in a viscous solution which leads to the slight contamination of the catalysts. So we worked in parallel on a new method of catalyst synthesis directly on the surface of the tubes of a milli-reactor. This method is based on deposition of the most important elements of the conventional catalyst. Deposition parameters and catalyst characteristics were optimized to form a mixture of active and selective phases

L'intérêt croissant pour l'intensification des procédés a conduit à l'avènement d'un nombre conséquent de nouvelles technologies. Le projet ANR PROCIP qui a financé cette thèse a pour but de développer un logiciel d’aide à la décision pour aider l’utilisateur industriel dans son choix de technologie optimale pour une application donnée. La méthodologie globale de discrimination des technologies vis-à-vis d’un système réactif est basée sur l’utilisation d’une base de données technologique et sur le calcul de critères de choix. Elle nécessite une bonne connaissance du comportement hydrodynamique des appareils et de leurs performances en termes de transfert de chaleur et de matière. Dans cet objectif, les travaux présentés ici portent notamment sur l’étude du comportement hydrodynamique de milli-réacteurs échangeurs industriels. Des méthodologies expérimentales et numériques de caractérisation ont été mises au point. Elles ont permis d’obtenir des corrélations pour l’estimation des pertes de charge, des coefficients de dispersion axiale et des temps de mélange pour plusieurs milli-réacteurs en fonction des conditions opératoires et de la géométrie des appareils. En outre, une nouvelle méthode numérique est proposée pour la détermination des coefficients de dispersion axiale et des temps de mélange. Elle est appliquée pour prédire l’effet de l’extrapolation des caractéristiques géométriques des appareils sur ces propriétés. Dans une dernière partie, l’impact de la dispersion axiale sur le taux de conversion et la sélectivité de différents schémas de synthèses chimiques est discuté. / The interest for process intensification has leaded to the emergence of a wide panel of new technologies. The aim of the ANR PROCIP collaborative project which has funded this work is to develop a new software program including a methodology for process choice focused on intensified technologies. The global methodology of discrimination between the different technologies with respect to a given reactive system is based on the use of an equipment database and on the evaluation of criterion of choice. This methodology implies a good knowledge of the hydrodynamics of the different reactors and their mass and thermal transfer performances. The purpose of the present work is to develop experimental and numerical methodologies for the hydrodynamic characterization of different industrial milli-heat-exchangers reactors. Pressure drop, mixing time and axial dispersion coefficient correlations are given as function of the operating conditions and the geometrical parameters of the reactors. In particular, a new numerical method using CFD computation for the determination of axial dispersion coefficients and mixing times is presented. This method is used to predict the effect of the scale-up of the geometrical characteristics of an intensified reactor on its hydrodynamic performances. Finally, the impact of axial dispersion on the conversion rate and the selectivity for different chemical synthesis schemes is discussed

There are three parts in this thesis: In the first part (Chapter 2), we discuss the port excitation (Wave port vs Lumped port) suitable for sub-millimeter wave operations. We realized on printed circuit board a grounded coplanar waveguide (CPWG) and on gallium arsenic (GaAs) a microstrip line. We performed simulation on these structures using high frequency structure simulator (HFSS), and compared the results with measured ones. From the comparison, we found close match for CPWG insertion loss from 10 MHz to 67 GHz using the Wave port. However, for G-S-G lumped port, only matched up to 40 GHz. The wave port not only was more accurate, but also consumed less time in simulation. Consequently, we employed wave port as our simulation excitation for our sub-millimeter wave QFN design. In the second part (Chapter 3), we focused on design of low cost QFN for sub-millimeter wave applications. We fabricated test structures, which include IC pads and transmission lines, wire bonds, QFN leads, and G-S-G structures on printed circuit board. In HFSS simulation, our specially designed ribbon bonds and QFN configuration show return loss less than -20dB and insertion loss less than -0.4 dB up to 60 GHz. Using the same design principles, we strived to improve the performance of a commercially available QFN, which normally operates at 3 to 6 GHz. The extraction method to obtain the high frequency characteristics was introduced first, and the characteristics of a commercially available QFN (with our wire bond configuration) were then obtained. The insertion loss was less than -20 dB and insertion loss less than -0.5 dB up to 20 GHz. In Chapter 5, we discuss the performance discrepancies between the simulated ribbon bond results and that for fabricated wire bonds. In the third part (Chapter 4), we introduced a method to extract the characteristics of a single backside via and investigated the effects of die attachment on the performance of a single and multiple backside via(s). Using silver epoxy and Cu blank layer as die attach methods, we found it was important to provide a broad path (Cu blank layer), as opposed to a restrict path (like silver epoxy) to reduce the inductance of the backside vias. The conclusion and future work are provided in Chapter 5.

En réponse aux divers accords internationaux pour réduire l’émission de gaz à effet de serre et limiter leur impact sur le réchauffement climatique, une transition énergétique visant à augmenter la part des énergies renouvelables est en cours. Le concept du Power-to-Gas l’une des solutions permettant un stockage/déstockage adapté à cette énergie intermittente. Cependant, la réaction de méthanation, fortement exothermique, nécessite un procédé performant pour l’évacuation de la chaleur générée au cours de la réaction. Au cours de cette thèse, un milli-réacteur structuré, rempli avec une mousse cellulaire recouverte par un catalyseur (Ni/Cérine-Zircone), a été développé pour répondre à cette problématique. Le réacteur a été caractérisé par une étude hydrodynamique et une étude thermique, la seconde permis de visualiser la formation de points chauds. L’ajout de nanofibres de carbone a permis une meilleure gestion de la chaleur générée, limitant ainsi la désactivation du catalyseur (frittage). Des tests catalytiques réalisés à plus grande échelle ont montré l’intérêt des lits structurés vis-à-vis des lits fixes, classiquement utilisés dans les procédés, avec une élévation de température modérée d’environ 25°C. / In response to the different international agreements to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and limit their impact on global warming, an energy transition is in progress to increase the share of renewable energies. The Power-to-Gas concept is one of many solutions proposed to answer the need to charge and discharge this intermittent energy source. However, the methanation reaction, highly exothermal, needs a process able to efficiently evacuate the heat produced by the reaction. During this thesis, a structure milli-reactor, filled with an open cell foam coated with a catalyst (Ni/Ceria-Zirconia), was developed as an answer to this issue. The reactor was hydrodynamically and thermally characterized. The second one allowed us to evidence hot spots formation. The presence of nanofibres allowed better control of the heat generated, limiting the deactivation of the catalyst (sintering). Catalytic tests, performed on a small scale pilot, clearly showed the advantage of structured beds compared to fixed bed, classically used in processes, with a moderate heat elevation around 25°C.

Spin-vortices in vertically spaced pairs of thin elliptical Permalloy nanoparticles are investigated. The two vortex cores with parallel out-of-plane magnetization exhibit a strong monopole-like attraction through the spacer much thinner than the core length, thus forming a bound core-core pair. The material of the spacer is designed to suppress both direct and indirect exchange interactions, so the remaining inter-vortex coupling is purely dipolar. In the investigated vortex pairs, the in-plane magnetization in the vortex periphery, outside the vortex cores, curl in opposite directions (have opposite chirality). As a result, the two cores move in opposite directions in response to an in-plane magnetic field, the Zeeman effect of which acts to decouple the core-core pair. This leads to unique dynamics of the spin-vortex parallel-core/antiparallel-chirality pair, which strongly depend on whether the pair is coupled or decoupled. In the coupled state, the cores are held close together by the core-core attraction, which results in short-radius oscillations and a resonance frequency of about 2 GHz for the main rotational eigen-mode. In the decoupled state, the cores are separated by a distance much greater than the core length and gyrate independently with a resonance frequency of the order of 100 MHz. The dynamics of the vortex pair are investigated at 77 K, where there is a bistability between the coupled and decoupled core states. Resonant excitations are used to decouple the cores with pulses of ∼10 Oe in amplitude and ∼100 ps in duration. The ability to decouple a vortex pair using such fast low-power pulses can be useful for multifrequency oscillators and vortex based memory. A search for quantum effects is undertaken at sub-Kelvin temperatures using a dilution refrigerator. Square pulses of 100 ns duration and amplitudes of the order of 1 Oe are applied in-plane to bring the system closer to decoupling, giving the cores a chance to tunnel through the barrier between the coupled and decoupled states. The amplitude required for decoupling is measured as a function of temperature and a leveling off in the decoupling probability is seen below 400 mK, giving some indication of core tunneling. Macroscopic quantum tunneling of magnetization is interesting from the fundamental physics point of view, e.g., as a model system for studying the measurement paradox in quantum mechanics, as well as for current and future computer technology in terms of understanding the ultimate limitations of miniaturizing magnetic memory elements. / I detta arbete studeras spinnvirvlar i elliptiska skivor av Permalloy ordnade i vertikala par. Kärnor av parallell vertikal magnetisering attraherar varandra likt monopoler genom en film mycket tunnare än kärnorna och bildar därmed ett sammankopplat par. Materialet i filmen mellan virvlarna är designat för att förhindra både direkt och indirekt utbytesväxelverkan och lämnar endast kärnornas dipolväxelverkan. I de virvelpar som studeras går den plana magnetiseringen i virvlarnas periferi runt kärnorna åt olika håll (de har motsatt kiralitet). På grund av detta rör sig kärnorna åt olika håll vid applikation av magnetfält i planet (Zeeman effekten) vilket kan leda till att de kopplas isär. Detta ger virvelpar med parallella kärnor och antiparallell kiralitet unika dynamiska egenskaper som ändras med deras tillstånd, sammankopplade eller isärkopplade. I det sammankopplade tillståndet hålls kärnorna ihop av monopolattraktionen vilket gör att de bara kan röra sig i små banor kring sitt magnetiska masscentrum, med en resonansfrekvens på circa 2 GHz. I det isärkopplade tillståndet är kärnorna separerade med ett avstånd som är mycket större än kärnornas diameter, och de rör sig oberoende av varandra med en resonansfrekvens i storleksordningen 100 MHz. Virvelparets dynamik undersöks vid 77 K, där det finns en bistabilitet mellan det sammankopplade och det isärkopplade tillståndet. Pulser med längd ∼100 ps och styrka ∼10 Oe i resonans med det sammankopplade tillståndet används för att koppla isär kärnorna. Att kunna koppla isär dem med så korta lågeffektspulser kan vara användbart för virvelbaserade minnen och multifrekvensoscillatorer. Ett sökande efter kvanteffekter påbörjas vid temperaturer under 1 K med hjälp av en utspädningskyl. Fyrkantsvågor med en längd på 100 ns och en styrka i storleksordningen 1 Oe, orienterade i planet, används för att ge kärnorna en chans att tunnla genom barriären mellan det sammankopplade och det isärkopplade tillståndet. Den vågamplitud som krävs för att koppla isär kärnorna plottas mot temperaturen och kan ses plana ut under 400 mK, vilket ger viss indikation av tunnling. Dessa undersökningar av makroskopisk kvanttunnling av magnetisering kan vara användbar i grundforskning för att studera mätparadoxen i kvantmekanik, men också i modern datorteknologi för att förstå de absoluta begränsningarna i hur små magnetiska minneselement kan göras.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. / Open access. Includes bibliographical references (p. 265-277). Print copy also available.

Les réacteurs-échangeurs à plaques (HEX) sont une technologie clé en intensification des procédés. Cependant, la plupart des recherches existantes portant sur ce type d'équipement ont été réalisées dans le cas d’écoulements monophasiques. Pour les réactions gaz-liquide, peu d'études ont été conduites. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier localement le transfert de matière gaz-liquide autour de bulles de Taylor en écoulement dans des canaux millimétriques droits et ondulés par une méthode dite colorimétrique. Ceci constitue une étape préliminaire indispensable avant la mise en œuvre de systèmes réactifs diphasiques. Il a d’abord déterminé si une possible accélération du transfert de matière gaz-liquide pouvait avoir lieu en présence de la réaction chimique utilisée. La deuxième phase de ce travail s’est focalisée sur l'étape de formation des bulles de Taylor dans un microréacteur. Ensuite, l'hydrodynamique gaz-liquide a été caractérisée et les effets des coudes sur le mécanisme de transfert de masse ont été étudiés localement dans un canal carré millimétrique ondulé. Enfin, une comparaison rigoureuse a pu être effectuée entre les différentes géométries de canaux (ondulé et droit). Elle a permis de montrer comment et pourquoi une géométrie ondulé permet d’intensifier le transfert de masse gaz-liquide (notamment en terme d’efficacité de transfert). L’ensemble de ces résultats ont conduit à la formulation une loi d'échelle, exprimée en termes de nombres de Sherwood, de Graetz et de Péclet, capable de décrire l'évolution du transfert de matière gaz-liquide en fonction de la position axiale dans le canal et des conditions opératoires mises en œuvre. / Compact Heat-EXchanger reactors (HEX) are an important part of process intensification technology. However, most of the existed research dealing with such type of equipment has been focused on the application of one-phase reactive flows. For gas-liquid reactions, few investigations have been out carried. This thesis aims at locally studying gas-liquid mass transfer around Taylor bubbles flowing in straight and meandering millimetric channels using a colorimetric method; this is a preliminary step essential before implementing two-phase reactive systems. Firstly, the occurrence of a possible enhancement of the gas-liquid mass transfer by the chemical reaction involved was investigated. Secondly, the gas-liquid mass transfer occurring in Taylor flows right after the bubble formation stage in a microreactor was studied. Thirdly, the gas-liquid hydrodynamics were characterized and the effects of bends on the mass transfer mechanism were locally investigated in a millimetric meandering channel. At last, a rigorous comparison could be made between the meandering and straight channels. It showed how and why the meandering geometry leads to intensify gas-liquid mass transfer. All these findings enabled to formulate a scaling law, expressed in terms of Sherwood, Graetz and Péclet numbers, able to describe the evolution of gas-liquid mass transfer as a function of axial position and operating conditions.

In this thesis, we review the basics of phenomenology in particle physics at neutrino beam dump experiments and hadron colliders. We then consider the phenomenology of various new particles, with masses between 1 MeV and 1 TeV, at the intensity and energy frontiers. We perform sensitivity analyses for physics beyond the standard model at particle colliders (LEP and LHC) and a number of past and future neutrino beam dump experiments (SHiP, DUNE, LSND, MicroBooNE, MiniBooNE and SBND). In particular, we motivate searches for new heavy neutral leptons in single photon events at neutrino and collider experiments (and also via supernova cooling), millicharged particles in single electron events at neutrino experiments, lepton flavor violating scalars via standard model induced mixed flavor neutrino trident production at neutrino experiments, and colored scalar doublets at colliders in events with many jets, soft leptons and low missing energy. In the process, we set novel new bounds on the parameters of these theories and propose powerful new searches that can be performed. We also motivate the construction of a new detector at the LHC called milliQan, and perform a full Geant4 simulation to calculate its projected sensitivity for millicharged particles. The milliQan experiment has since been approved and is currently undergoing construction. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / In this thesis, we review the basics of particle physics at neutrino experiments and particle colliders. We then motivate and develop key searches that can be performed to look for new particles at a series of existing and future experiments. We focus on new particles with masses between the electron mass and 1000 times the proton mass. The many searches we consider involve looking for processes that produce a single ray of light, a single electron, a pair of oppositely charged "electron-like" events, new collider signatures, and/or modifications of star explosions. In the process, we set novel new bounds on many theories. We also motivate the construction of a new detector at the Large Hadron Collider called milliQan, and perform a full simulation to assess its future performance. The milliQan experiment has since been approved and is currently undergoing construction.

No description available.