Localization and characterization of putative mitochondrial methzltransferase acc. No.: Tb10.6k15.0440 in Trypanosoma brucei was performed. Employed molecular methods included immunofluorescence, sub-cellular fractionation and tandem affinity purification. Protein was overexpressed in an E. coli expression system, using an in-fusion expression vector pOPINM with maltose binding protei (MBP) tag.

This thesis is composed of two topics, for which trypanosomatids and evolution are common denominators. First part deals with phylogenetic relationships among monoxenous trypanosomatids, with emphasis on flagellates parasitizing dipteran hosts, analyzed mainly from biogeographical and evolutionary perspectives. Second part focuses on the trypanosomatid Trypanosoma brucei, causative agent of severe diseases, which serves as a model organism for functional studies of evolutionary conserved mitochondrial proteins, in particular those involved in replication, maintenance and expression of the mitochondrial genome, also termed the kinetoplast. This thesis identified the mtHsp70/mtHsp40 chaperone machinery as an essential component of replication and maintenance of the kinetoplast, and also identified numerous conditions under which mtHsp70 has a tendency to aggregate. Moreover, several conserved proteins, previously identified to be part of the mitochondrial ribosome, were shown to be important for translation of the mitochondrial transcripts.

Aim of this thesis was to shed light on the function(s) of Iba57 and Ssc1 proteins in both life cycle stages of T. brucei using RNA interference. Depletion of Ssc1 resulted in severe grow phenotype, decrease in activities of iron-sulphur cluster-containing enzyme aconitase but no increase in oxidative stress sensitivity or accumulation of ROS in mitochondrion. Down regulation of Iba57, specialized maturation factor of aconitase and homoaconitase, lead to depletion of aconitase, destabilization of Isa1 and increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and accumulation of ROS in both stages.

Les approches bioinformatiques développées au cours de cette thèse ont permis d’une part le développement de banques de données concernant les ARNt classiques ainsi que les ARNt mitochondriaux de métazoaires. Celles-ci sont basées sur de nouveaux outils pour la détection de gènes d’ARNt «bizarres» et des alignements de séquences basés sur les propriétés structurales préservées. Les analyses des séquences collectées ont conduit non seulement à une vision globale de la diversité des ARNt dans les génomes mitochondriaux couvrant l’ensemble des groupes taxonomiques des métazoaires, mais également une meilleure connaissance de l’organisation des génomes et d’en proposer des liens évolutifs. Elles ont également permis de confirmer et d’élargir l’existence d’ARNt les plus petits connus à ce jour et de poser les bases de compréhension des repliements tridimensionnaux des ARNt mitochondriaux. Ces travaux permettent de mieux appréhender la compréhension des relations structure/fonction des ARNt mitochondriaux humains, et en particulier les dysfonctionnements dans les pathologies mitochondriales. / The bioinformatic approaches presented in this thesis include the development of databases for classical tRNAs and the mitochondrial tRNAs of metazoans. They are based on new tools for the detection of "bizarre" tRNA genes and sequences, and for the calculation of alignments based on their structural features. The analysis of collected sequences have led to an global overview on the diversity of tRNAs in mitochondrial genomes covering all taxonomic groups of metazoans, but also to a better understanding of genome organization and their evolution. The present study revealed the existence of the smallest known tRNA so far and provides the basis for understanding the three-dimensional folding of mitochondrial tRNA. This work helps to better understand the structure/function relationships of human mitochondrial tRNAs and, in particular, the dysfunctions in mitochondrial pathologies.

Abstract Sensorineural hearing impairment (SNHI) is a well-recognized manifestation of mitochondrial diseases and occurs either in a non-syndromic form or as a part of a syndrome. Mitochondrial deafness is bilateral, usually progressive and is inherited maternally. Approximately 70% of patients with the most common syndromes, Kearns-Sayre, MELAS or MERRF, have SNHI. Several mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have been found to cause non-syndromic SNHI, including 1555A>G, 7445T>C, 7472insC and 7511T>C. In order to estimate prevalences of pathogenic mtDNA mutations in population-based cohorts of patients with SNHI, we obtained samples from 133 patients with SNHI, reportedly representing 117 separate maternal lineages. We found five patients with the 3243A>G mutation and three with the 1555A>G mutation, whereas the other point mutations associated with SNHI were absent. The frequencies of the mutations in the cohort were thus 4.3 % for 3243A>G and 2.6 % for 1555A>G, suggesting a total frequency of 6.9 % for mtDNA mutations known to be associated with hearing impairment. We found a mutation 10044A>G, which has been reported as pathogenic, in our patients with SNHI, but we also found it among the controls. Our results show it to be a homoplasmic polymorphism associated with a fairly rare haplotype within mtDNA haplogroup H which has recently been confirmed as subcluster H4. These results highlight the difficulty in determining the pathogenicity of a mtDNA mutation when it is identified only in one family. Therefore, in addition to the previously published criteria, we suggest that a sufficient number of haplotype-specific controls should be screened before the pathogenic nature of a mtDNA mutation can be verified. We determined the complete mtDNA sequences for 121 Finns, and after complementing our recent data, for a total of 192 Finns, and were able to construct a phylogenetic network based on complete mtDNA sequences, the largest set of complete sequences available at that time. These mtDNAs provide a rich source of information for studies in population genetics and a potential tool for analysing new substitutions and genotypes that entail a risk of mitochondrial disease. We used the phylogenetic network to find new pathogenic mutations or risk genotypes for SNHI. The entire coding region sequences of mtDNA were determined in 32 patients with SNHI and compared with the network. The patients were found to harbour more rare polymorphisms and haplotypes than the controls and to show increased variation in their mtDNA sequences, suggesting mildly deleterious effects for these substitutions. Two of the new mutations were suggested as putatively pathogenic.

This mini-review investigates and compiles the latest knowledge regarding epigenetic changes on the mammalian mitochondrial DNA and its proteins. Methylation of the DNA, acetylation of the proteins and silencing of genes by short non-coding RNAs are the main epigenetic changes known today to affect mitochondrial DNA, mostly leading to repression. Methylation mainly occurs at non-CpG sites in the main non-coding region called the D-loop, with methylation patterns being cell type specific. Acetylation of proteins are mainly controlled by the deacetylase SIRT3, with its function being correlated to longevity. On the other hand, mitochondrial dysfunction is directly associated with a plethora of diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders and heart disorders. The mitochondrion and nucleus are immensely dependent on each other and exchange vital proteins and RNAs, with epigenetic changes on one potentially affecting the other. Recent research shows that heteroplasmy is a proven cause of mitochondrial malfunction and that paternal inheritance is possible. The mitochondrial haplotype also shows different vulnerability to certain diets and diseases, leading to the conclusion that the mitochondrial haplotype can be used to more than just tracing human origins, such as to predicting and preventing diseases.

Isolated deficiency of F1FO-ATPsynthase is a soubgroup of mitochondrial diseases caused by mutations in nuclear and mitochondrial-encoded structural subunits, or nuclear-encoded assembly factors of F1FO-ATPsynthase. The most often mutations are found in a MTATP6 gene localized in the mitochondrial DNA and a TMEM70 gene, localized in the nuclear DNA. A MTATP6 gene encodes subunit a of F1FO-ATPsynthase and its mutation usually leads to reduced phosphorylation activity of F1FO-ATPsynthase. A TMEM70 gene encodes a 21 kDa mitochondrial protein of the inner mitochondrial membrane of not completely explained function and its mutation results in the decrease in a content of fully assembled F1FO- ATPsynthase. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the impact of isolated F1FO- ATPsynthase deficiency on the oxidative phosphorylation system (complex I-IV), other selected mitochondrial proteins, and mitochondrial network in two cell lines of primary human skin fibroblasts with an isolated deficiency of F1FO-ATPsynthase (mutation m.8851T>C in MTATP6 and mutation c.317-2A>G in TMEM70) during the first days of their cultivation in media containing galactose or glucose as a carbohydrate source with a presence or absence of L-glutamine. The control cell line was found to have higher amounts of respiratory chain...

Le cancer ovarien comprend un groupe hétérogène de tumeurs pouvant affecter les cellules épithéliales, stromales ou germinales. Le traitement de ces tumeurs constitue un défi majeur car un taux important de patientes présentent une rechute suite à un traitement chimiothérapeutique. Il est donc important de comprendre les mécanismes de résistance à la chimiothérapie de ces tumeurs.Le facteur de croissance des fibroblastes 1 (FGF1) a été retrouvé surexprimé dans de nombreuses tumeurs dont les tumeurs ovariennes épithéliales de haut grade. Les études antérieures du laboratoire ont montré que le FGF1 exerce une activité anti-apoptotique via la modulation de la stabilité et des activités transcriptionnelles de p53. Le but de mon travail était donc de savoir si la surexpression du FGF1 était suffisante pour favoriser une résistance vis-à-vis de l’apoptose induite par des agents chimiothérapeutiques dans les tumeurs ovariennes et si le FGF1 pourrait réguler les activités de la protéine p53.À cet effet, nous avons utilisé trois lignées ovariennes ; la lignée de la granulosa ovarienne COV434, la lignée épithéliale A2780 et la lignée épithéliale résistante au cisplatine A2780cis qui surexprime le FGF1. L’invalidation du gène FGF1 par la technique CRISPR/Cas9 n’a pas permis de restaurer la sensibilité à la chimiothérapie dans les cellules A2780cis. D’autre part, nous avons montré que la surexpression du FGF1 confère une résistance à l’apoptose dans la lignée COV434, mais pas dans la lignée épithéliale A2780. Les mécanismes moléculaires de cette activité anti-apoptotique sont différents de ceux identifiés dans d’autres lignées. En effet, dans la lignée COV434 la surexpression du FGF1 a peu d’impact sur la stabilité de p53 et ne diminue pas son activité transcriptionnelle. De plus, nous montrons que la translocation mitochondriale de p53 joue un rôle important dans l’induction de l’apoptose par l’étoposide dans la lignée COV434. De plus, nous avons montré que, dans la lignée COV434, l’activité anti-apoptotique du FGF1 est exercée par une atténuation de la localisation mitochondriale de p53. Nos données préliminaires suggèrent la présence du FGF1 à la mitochondrie. En conclusion, l’ensemble de nos expériences permet de proposer un nouveau mode d’action pour le FGF1 qui n’a jamais été décrit auparavant. / Ovarian cancer is an heterogenous group of tumors, able to affect epithelial, stromal or germ cells. The treatment of these tumors is a major challenge as a high rate of relapse is observed in ovarian cancer patients following chemotherapy.Fibrobast growth factor 1 (FGF1) is overexpressed in numerous tumors such as high grade ovarian epithelial tumors. Previous work realized in our laboratory showed that FGF1 has an anti-apoptotic activity which is mediated by the regulation of p53 stability and transcriptional activities. The aim of my work was to understand whether FGF1 overexpression is sufficient to induce resistance to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in ovarian tumors and if FGF1 could modulate the activities of p53 protein.For this purpose, we used three ovarian cell lines; the COV434 ovarian granulosa cell line, the ovarian epithelial A2780 cell line and its counterpart A2780cis cell line which is resistant to ciplatin and overexpresses FGF1.FGF1 knock out experiments in A2780cis cell line, using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, did not show any restoration of the sensibility of these cells to cisplatin. Moreover, we showed that FGF1 overexpression in COV434 cell line renders these cells resistant to apoptosis while no effect was observed in A2780 cells. The molecular mechanisms underlying this anti-apoptotic activity differed from those identified in other cell lines previously. Indeed, in COV434 cell line, FGF1 overexpression has only a small impact on p53 stability and it does not reduce its transcriptional activity. Furthermore, we show here that p53 mitochondrial translocation plays an important role in the induction of apoptosis by etoposide in COV434 cells. Moreover, we provide evidence that FGF1 anti-apoptotic activity in COV434 cells relies upon the attenuation of p53 mitochondrial localization. Our preliminary results suggest that FGF1 could be found at the mitochondria. In conclusion, our findings let us propose a novel mode of action for FGF1 which has never been described previously.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(薬科学) / 甲第20311号 / 薬科博第80号 / 新制||薬科||9(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院薬学研究科医薬創成情報科学専攻 / (主査)教授 岡村 均, 教授 竹島 浩, 准教授 平澤 明 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences / Kyoto University / DGAM

Plants have two organelles outside the nucleus which carry their own DNA, mitochondria and chloroplasts. These organelles are descendants of bacteria that were engulfed by their host according to the endosymbiotic theory. Over time, DNA has been exchanged between these organelles and the nucleus. Two polymerases, DNA Polymerases Gamma I and II, are encoded in the nucleus and remain under nuclear control, but are transported into the mitochondria and chloroplasts. DNA polymerases gamma I and II are two organelle polymerases which have been studied through sequence analysis and shown to localize to both mitochondria and chloroplasts. Little has been done to characterize the activities of these polymerases. Work in tobacco showed the homology of these polymerases to each other and to DNA Polymerase I in bacteria. They have been characterized as being part of the DNA Polymerase A family of polymerases. In my research I have studied the effect of T-DNA insertions within the DNA Polymerase Gamma I and II genes. Since these DNA Polymerases are targeted to the mitochondria and chloroplasts, I studied the effect of knocking out these genes. A plant heterozygous for an insert in DNA Polymerase Gamma I grows slightly slower than wild type plants with an approximately 20% reduction in mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA copy number. A plant homozygous for an insert in this same gene has a drastic phenotype with stunted plants that grow to around 1 inch tall, with floral stems, and have an approximately 50-55% reduction in mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA copy number. Wild type plants can grow to a height of 12-18 inches with floral stems as a comparison. A plant heterozygous for an insert in the DNA Polymerase Gamma II gene grows slightly slower than wild type plants and has an approximately 15% reduction in mitochondrial DNA copy number and a 50% reduction in chloroplast DNA copy number. These plants also produce much less seed than do other mutants and wild type plants.