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This study utilized both quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate different actors and layers of policy, implementation, and reception of pro-environmental Travel Demand Management policy and measures in Umeå. One initiative by Upab (Umeå Parkering AB) and Umeå municipality, Grönt parkeringsköp, which means moving parking spaces from the central area of Umeå and replacing them with facilities that promote sustainable travel, was investigated more thoroughly. The data was collected through a manually distributed survey in three properties that have implemented Grönt parkeringsköp, as well as through interviews with property owners. Utilizing discourse analysis, thematic analysis as well as OLS-regressions, the results have shown that the comprehensive plan of Umeå puts emphasis on sustainable growth to 200 000 inhabitants, as well as minimising car traffic in the central areas of town, mainly through densification of already built-up areas. The property owners stated several motives to implement such policies, including ecological, financial as well as brandstrengthening benefits. Attitudes amongst survey respondents are generally positive towards measures that improve conditions for bicycle users, and more negative towards push-measures. There are different predictors for attitudes and perceived importance of Travel Demand Management measures, including altruism and self-interest. The use of the installed measures through Grönt parkeringsköp however appear to be limited, possibly due to a lack of information.

Travel demand Management (TDM) focuses on improving the efficiency of the transportation system through changing traveler's travel behavior rather than expanding the infrastructure. An employer based integrated TDM program generally includes strategies designed to change the commuter's travel behavior in terms of mode choice, time choice and travel frequency. Research on TDM has focused on the evaluation of the effectiveness of TDM program to report progress and find effective strategies. Another research area, identified as high-priority research need by TRB TDM innovation and research symposium 1994 [Transportation Research Circular, 1994], is to develop tools to predict the impact of TDM strategies in the future. These tools are necessary for integrating TDM into the transportation planning process and developing realistic expectations. Most previous research on TDM impact evaluation was worksite-based, retrospective, and focused on only one or more aspects of TDM strategies. That research is generally based on survey data with small sample size due to lack of detailed information on TDM programs and promotions and commuter travel behavior patterns, which cast doubts on its findings because of potential small sample bias and self-selection bias. Additionally, the worksite-based approach has several limitations that affect the accuracy and application of analysis results. Based on the Washington State Commute Trip Reduction (CTR) dataset, this dissertation focuses on analyzing the participation rates of compressed work week schedules and telecommuting for the CTR affected employees, modeling the determinants of commuter's compressed work week schedules and telecommuting choices, and analyzing the quantitative impacts of an integrated TDM program on individual commuter's mode choice. The major findings of this dissertation may have important policy implications and help TDM practitioners better understand the effectiveness of the TDM strategies in terms of person trip and vehicle trip reduction. The models developed in this dissertation may be used to evaluate the impacts of an existing TDM program. More importantly, they may be incorporated into the regional transportation model to reflect the TDM impacts in the transportation planning process.

Autonomes Fahren (AF) wird potenziell die Präferenzen für die im Auto verbrachte Zeit stark beeinflussen und dementsprechend den Wert der Reisezeit, der ein Schlüsselelement von Kosten-Nutzen-Analysen im Verkehr ist. Die Untersuchung dieses Aspekts des AF ist daher entscheidend für die Analyse potenzieller Auswirkungen der Technik auf die zukünftige Verkehrsnachfrage. Trotz der steigenden Anzahl an Studien zu diesem Thema, gibt es noch erhebliche Forschungslücken. Der Fokus der Dissertation ist die potenziellen Änderungen des Reisezeitwerts, die durch das AF entstehen, zu messen sowie ihre Determinanten zu analysieren. Es wurden sowohl qualitative Ansätze als auch quantitative Methoden verwendet. Dabei wurden zwei Konzepte von AF betrachtet: privates und geteiltes autnomes Fahrzeug. Die Ergebnisse der Analysen zeigen einen niedrigeren Wert der Reisezeitersparnis beim AF im Vergleich zum manuellen Fahren, allerdings nur auf Pendelwegen. Das private Fahrzeug wird als eine attraktivere Option als ein geteiltes Fahrzeug wahrgenommen, jedoch unterscheiden sich die Nutzerpräferenzen für geteilte Fahrzeug stark zwischen den durchgeführten Studien. Individuelle Charakteristiken, wie Erfahrung mit Fahrassistenzsystemen, beeinflussen stark die Wahrnehmung der Zeit im AF; andere sozio-demographischen Faktoren, wie Alter und Geschlecht haben vor allem einen indirekten Effekt auf den Reisezeitwert indem sie Einstellungen potenzieller Nutzer beeinflussen. Die Verbesserung des Fahrterlebnisses durch das AF und das Vertrauen in die Technik sind wichtige Determinanten der Reisezeitwahrnehmung. Fahrvergnügen und andere wahrgenommene Vorteile vom manuellen Fahren gleichen in einem gewissen Ausmaß den Nutzen vom AF aus. Es wurden Reisezeitwerte für unterschiedliche potenzielle Nutzersegmente berechnet. Abschließend wurden politische Implikationen, Empfehlungen für die Entwicklung von AF sowie Empfehlungen für künftige Studien und potenziellen Forschungsgebiete abgeleitet. / Autonomous driving will potentially strongly affect preferences for time spent in a vehicle and, consequently, the value of travel time savings (VTTS). As VTTS is a key element of cost-benefit analysis for transport, these interrelations are crucial for analysing the potential impact of the technology on future travel demand. Despite the increasing number of studies dedicated to this topic there are still many unanswered questions. The focus of the thesis is to measure potential changes in the VTTS resulting from the introduction of autonomous driving and analyse their determinants. Qualitative approaches and quantitative methods were used. Two concepts of AVs were considered: a privately-owned AV (PAV) and a shared AV (SAV). The analysis results suggest lower VTTS for autonomous driving compared to manual driving, but only on commuting trips. A PAV is perceived as a more attractive option than an SAV, but user preferences for SAVs vary between the conducted studies. Individual characteristics, such as experience with advanced driver assistance systems, strongly affect the perception of time in an AV; other socio-demographic factors, such as age and gender, affect mode choices and the VTTS mainly indirectly by influencing the attitudes of potential users. The improvement in travel experiences due to autonomous driving and trust in the technology are important determinants of the perception of travel time. Enjoyment of driving and other perceived benefits of manual driving partially counterbalance the utility of riding autonomously. VTTS for different potential user segments were calculated. In conclusion, several policy implications, development recommendations for AVs as well as recommendations for future studies and potential research avenues are derived from the findings.