The purpose of this thesis is to try to understand the moderation process of the Tunisian Islamic political party Ennahda between the years of 2011-2016. This case is studied within the context of the democratisation process that took place in Tunisia, in the five years after the Arab spring and the idea that political Islam might provide a path to democracy in the Middle East and North Africa. The theoretical framework chosen for understanding this process was in form of a theory about under which circumstances religious political parties politically moderate. The method used was a qualitative content analysis. The analysis was conducted by dividing the chapters into thematic topics that emerged out of the material with the framework then being applied to those themes. The research found that the theory provided theoretical understanding for why the Ennahda Movement became more moderate, especially when looking at factors regarding political entrepreneurship. However, other factors such as a dedication to democratic values, non-violence, and a willingness to change throughout its history, also proved important in the case of moderation within the Ennahda Movement.

Odds ratios and risk ratios are useful measures of effect size in 2-group studies in which the response variable is dichotomous. Confidence interval methods are proposed for combining and comparing odds ratios and risk ratios in multistudy designs. Unlike the traditional fixed-effect meta-analysis methods, the proposed varying coefficient methods do not require effect-size homogeneity, and unlike the randomeffects meta-analysis methods, the proposed varying coefficient methods do not assume that the effect sizes from the selected studies represent a random sample from a normally distributed superpopulation of effect sizes. The results of extensive simulation studies suggest that the proposed varying coefficient methods have excellent performance characteristics under realistic conditions and should provide useful alternatives to the currently used meta-analysis methods.

La plasticité cérébrale donne l’opportunité à chaque individu de maximiser son fonctionnement cognitif via l’adoption de comportements enrichis (i.e., théorie de l’enrichissement cognitif). Suivant cette perspective, nous avons articulé dans le cadre de ce travail doctoral des hypothèses inhérentes au rôle modérateur du style de vie sur le déclin cognitif tout au long de la vie adulte, et avons observé le rôle du sexe dans cette relation. La contribution scientifique de ce travail se manifeste au travers de la création et la validation d’un outil de mesure du style de vie (étude 2), et de deux études observationnelles portant (i) sur l’activité physique (étude 1) et (ii) sur le style de vie global (étude 3). Les résultats de cette thèse mettent en évidence l’existence de différents patterns influant sur le vieillissement cognitif, ainsi qu’un important rôle modérateur du sexe dans la relation entre style de vie et déclin cognitif lié à l’âge. Plus précisément, les résultats montrent que le style de vie global, ainsi que les dimensions incluant les relations sociales, les activités physiques pratiquées à long terme et les autres activités de loisirs, sont efficaces pour freiner le vieillissement cognitif chez les femmes uniquement. Si les sollicitations cognitives ne permettent pas, quant à elles, de ralentir la courbe du déclin cognitif, elles influencent de manière positive les performances cognitives tant chez les femmes que chez les hommes. Ce travail doctoral atteste que le style de vie peut représenter un moyen efficace pour lutter contre les effets délétères liés à l’avancée en âge, et permettre non seulement d’ajouter des années à la vie, mais aussi de la vie aux années. / Cerebral plasticity provides an opportunity for each individual to maximize his/her cognitive performance through the adoption of enriched behaviors (i.e., Cognitive Enrichment Theory). From this perspective, we had articulated work hypotheses inherent to the moderating role of lifestyle on the age-related cognitive decline throughout adult lifespan, and we observed the role of sex in this relationship. The scientific contribution of this work occurred through the creation and validation of a lifestyle questionnaire (study 2) and two observational studies about (i) physical activity (study 1) and (ii) the general lifestyle (study 3). Results of this thesis showed the existence of different models influencing cognitive aging, as well as an important moderating role of sex in the relationship between lifestyle and age-related cognitive decline. More specifically, results highlighted that general lifestyle, as well as dimensions including social relationships, long-term physical activities and other leisure activities, were effective for cognitive aging in women only. While cognitive solicitations did not show to slow down the cognitive decline, they had a positive influence on cognitive performances in both women and men. This PhD demonstrated that lifestyle can be an effective way to combat the deleterious effects of aging and could not only add years to life, but also add life to years.

This study examines the moderating effect of six different parental behaviors on the level ofantisocial behavior in adolescents with psychopathic traits. Participants were 839 adolescents froma mid-sized town in Sweden between the ages of 13 - 15 years (M = 14.2, SD = .94). Parentalbehaviors and antisocial behavior were measured through adolescents' self-reports, psychopathictraits were measured using the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory (YPI). The result from themoderation analysis showed that the three negative parental behaviors (bad reactions to disclosure,angry outbursts and coldness-rejection) had a significant positive moderating effect on the level ofantisocial behavior that the adolescents engaged in. The three positive parental behaviors (warmth,attempted understanding and control) however, did not have a significant moderating effect on thelevel of antisocial behavior. In sum, the result from this study suggests that negative parentalbehavior acts as risk factors for adolescents with psychopathic traits to engage in higher levels ofantisocial behavior. Furthermore, positive parental behaviors do not have a buffering effect againstantisocial behavior among these youths, indicating that it may be beyond the parents’ control toprevent the negative development of antisocial behavior among these youths.

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Adverse life events that occur in childhood may decrease an individual’s ability to effectively cope with challenges throughout their lives. The proper management of stress is essential to avoid problems that can crop up in all areas of life. College students who employ stress management tactics are better able to achieve well-being and academic success. This study examined the potential moderating association between “from within” coping supports or internal risk factors and academic success, mental health, and resilience qualities. Using a sample of college students at a large public university in the southeastern United States, this study demonstrates that viewing stress in a negative way may increase a student’s chances of failing to cope well with difficulty. Similarly, results of the analysis demonstrate that high perceived stress increases college students’ mental health issues and may diminish their capacity to cope with the challenges of the college environment. University officials may use the results from this study to inform policy and practice to address students’ ability to cope with stress and succeed academically.

This study investigates how affiliation with the Law of Jante influences the relationship between trust and transparency towards certain entities and green skepticism. Although the Law of Jante has been studied in relation to trust and transparency, its impact on sustainability policies and green skepticism has not been explored. With upcoming sustainability regulations that will impact the hospitality sector, it is important to understand how cultural phenomena may or may not influence perceptions of trust and transparency and the effects on green skepticism in current reporting policies to understand and plan how to increase dialogue and improve education on sustainability-related topics

Social media and platforms utilise moderation to removeunwanted content such as cyberbullying, an aggressive acttowards an individual or group that occurs over any type ofdigital technology, e.g. social platforms. However,moderating platforms manually is nearly impossible, and thedemand for automatic moderation is rising. Research ontechnical solutions for cyberbullying detection on socialplatforms is scarce and is mostly focused on MachineLearning models to detect cyberbullying without theconnection to platform moderation. This study aims toenhance the research on cyberbullying detection models byusing a GPT-3 Large Language model and reduce the gap toplatform moderation. The model is tweaked and tested todetect cyberbullying using popular cyberbullying datasetsand compared to previous Machine Learning- and LargeLanguage models using common performance metrics.Furthermore, the latency of the model is measured to test if itcan be used as an auto-moderation tool to detectcyberbullying on social platforms. The results show that themodel is on par with the previous models and that finetuning a Large Language model is the preferred way totweak the model in cyberbullying detection. Further, theresults show that Large Language models have higherlatency than Machine Learning models but can be improvedby using multiple threads and can be used as a platformmoderation tool to detect cyberbullying.

Background: Cultural differences provide challenges for multinational corporations, due to the differences in norms, values, and beliefs accompanying national cultures. Multinational corporations must adapt to the new environment to achieve optimal performance and attain competitive advantages. One of these challenges is motivation, which is crucial for employee performance and hence the pursuit of competitive advantage. Vietnam and Sweden, two cultural contexts having remarkable cultural distances, are the specific focus of this study.    Purpose: This study aims to explain the effect cultural differences have on job motivation and satisfaction. The authors investigated six motivation factors deemed to lead to job satisfaction based on Herzberg’s Two-Factor theory. The study’s framework is constructed also by four cultural distance factors according to Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions Theory to test the moderation effect of cultural differences on the relationship between motivation and job satisfaction.    Method: A quantitative research was conducted on a sample of 79 employees from two MNCs: Samsung in Vietnam and Husqvarna in Sweden. An online survey was distributed to respondents to gather primary quantitative data. The survey questions were based on previous studies to ensure validity in measuring the scales. Finally, two main testing analyses namely multiple linear regression and moderation effect were undertaken in SPSS.   Conclusion: The satisfying motivation factors included in Herzberg’s Two-Factor theory correlated positively to employees’ job satisfaction in both countries, although it was evident that each of the six factors contribute to job satisfaction at varying degrees. Furthermore, the finding of the culture dimensions as moderator variables showed that different levels of culture factors could either weaken, strengthen, or had no effect on the relationship between employee satisfaction and the six motivation factors.

This study explored whether the relationship between temperament and emotional and behavioral disorders (EBDs) is moderated by socioeconomic status (SES) in a sample of 73 children ages 5 through 15 years. Caregivers completed the Rothbart temperament surveys and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Indicators of SES included total household income and occupational status, while indicators of EBDs included the Internalizing Problems, Externalizing Problems, and Total Problems scales of the CBCL. Temperament variables included Fear, Frustration, Sadness, and Shyness. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed 4 regressions significant for moderation. A conclusion gleaned from these results is that the relationship between particular temperament dimensions and Externalizing Problems and Total Problems is stronger in low-SES children than high-SES children but only when taking into account occupational status.