Inaug.-Diss.--Halle-Wittenberg. / Vita.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1930. / Bibliography: p. 92-98.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 232-251).

This study of the term politique during the French Wars of Religion (c. 1562-98) argues that it is a keyword in the sense that it is is active and actively used in French explorations of the political, in the forming and undermining of collective identities in a period of civil crisis, and in the self-fashioning gestures of a shifting political class. I sample and analyse a range of texts - from treatises that form part of the canon of early modern French political writing (such as Bodin's Six livres de la Republique [1576] and the Satyre ménippée [c. 1593]) to anonymous polemical pamphlets - all of which feature prominent uses of the term politique. Certain of these sources gave rise to a longstanding historiographical impression that politique referred, in the period, to a coherent third party in the religious wars as well as to a related kind of expertise and its practitioner. This thesis builds on and extends recent work showing that there was no such party and no one in the period who directly identified as politique. Rather than seeking to identify the 'real' politiques or to establish a corrected definition of the term as used in sixteenth-century French, I argue that the term is strikingly and increasingly mobile across the period, coming at times to refer to mobility itself in conceptions of politics and political action. Dialogue emerges in the thesis as a key conceptual arena and discursive mode for writers attempting to work out what they and others mean by the term politique. I use philological and word-historical methods to examine writers of the period who seek to determine what makes a good or bad politique, to present themselves as politique, or to condemn politiques as morally bankrupt, and - in some cases - to do all of the above in the same text. Almost every text I analyse in the thesis offers its own definition of politique, and attempts to be definitive, but I show that all these attempts to make the reader recognise the 'true' meaning of politique are extending the drama rather than concluding it.

This study seeks to determine Roger Fry's position in the cultural and aesthetic dynamics of his era by examining Fry's critical writings and those of his predecessors, contemporaries, and successors. Based on Fry's published works, this thesis begins with a biographical survey, followed by a chronological examination of the evolution of Fry's aesthetics. Equally important are his stance as a champion of modern French art, his role as an art historian, and his opinions regarding British art. The fifth chapter analyzes the relationship between Fry's Puritan background and his basic attitudes. Emphasis is given to his aesthetic, social, and cultural commentaries which indicate that Fry reflected and participated in the artistic, philosophical, and social ferment of his age and thereby contributed to the alteration of British taste.

Ce travail de recherche porte sur la poésie française moderne et son influence sur la nouvelle poésie chinoise au cours de la première vague d’introduction et d’interprétation des littératures occidentales en Chine dans les années 1920-1930. Nous cherchons à montrer comment les « Trois Grâces » de la poésie française moderne : Baudelaire, Rimbaud et Lautréamont ont été introduits en Chine et quelle est leur influence sur l’élaboration de la nouvelle poésie chinoise. Ainsi, nous montrons d’abord comment expriment Baudelaire, Rimbaud et Lautréamont par leur poésie le culte du moi, le culte du Beau et le jeu de dépersonnalisation et de pluralisation du moi. Nous examinons ensuite l’influence des littératures occidentales sur la construction de la nouvelle littérature chinoise dans les années 1920 ; et l’introduction et l’interprétation de la poésie symboliste française et son influence au niveau théorique aussi bien que pratique sur la nouvelle poésie chinoise et les poètes dits symbolistes chinois : Li Jinfa, Mu Mutian, Wang Duqing, Dai Wangshu. Enfin, nous montrons le cas Lautréamont en Chine, son absence dans les années 1920-1930 et l’état de la recherche lautréamontienne en Chine dans les trois dernières décennies. Notre thèse conduit donc à montrer que les « Trois Grâces » de la Poésie nouvelle ne jouissent pas tous du même prestige auprès du monde poétique chinois dans les années 1920-1930 et que son interprétation de la poésie française moderne n’est pas une adoption de toute une attitude de création poétique de celle-ci, mais une transformation du dynamisme poétique imposé de l’extérieur en dynamisme créateur interne de la poésie chinoise. Elle correspond aux intentions claires et guidées par le système de valeurs littéraires et morales des traducteurs-interprétateurs chinois des différentes époques. / This piece of research concerns the modern French poetry and its impact on the new Chinese poetry in the first period of introduction and interpretation of modern Western literature in the 1920s and early 1930s in China. We seek to demonstrate how the “Trois Grâces” of the modern French poetry: Baudelaire, Rimbaud and Lautréamont were introduced in China and what is their influence on the development of the new Chinese poetry. Thus, we will show first how Baudelaire, Rimbaud and Lautréamont express the “culte du moi” and the “culte du Beau” by their poetry and their game of depersonalization and pluralisation of the self. Next, we shall examine the influence of Western literature on the construction of the new Chinese literature in the 1920s; the introduction and interpretation of the French symbolist poetry and its influence on the theoretical level as well as practical on the new Chinese poetry and Chinese Symbolist poets: Li Jinfa, Mu Mutian, Wang Duqing and Dai Wangshu. Finally, we shall show the case of Lautréamont in China, his absence in the years 1920-1930 and the state of “Lautréamontienne” research in China in the last three decades. Our thesis concludes therefore by showing the “Trois Grâces” of the new Poetry do not have all the same prestige with the Chinese poetic world in the years 1920-1930 and its interpretation of modern French poetry does not lead to adoption of a whole attitude of poetic creation of the modern French poetry, but to a transformation from a poetic dynamism imposed by outside impact to a intern creative dynamism of Chinese poetry, corresponding to the clear intentions guided by the system of literary and moral value of Chinese literary translators and interpreters of different ages.

Is the ne explétif on the way to disappearing?  To find an answer we have searched in the French literature from about 800 in A.D., the Chant of Roland, to present times. The subject of this essay is the ne expletif, its frequency and development in relation to the conjunctions avant que, à moins que, sans que and their gradual equivalents. Our inquiries prove that this phenomenon exists since the era of our occidental literature, contrasting the ideas of some grammarians (Plattner and Togeby).  In our essay we have not only described the aspects of the above mentioned conjunctions, but have also found three another exemples of à moins que in the Tales of La Fontaine and not only one “ Un lièvre en son gîte songeait … “ according to Togeby (1965:789). The editions of Grevisse from 1949 and 1955 but not the followings only refer to this tale as an exemple of à moins que. We have, among other things, criticized Damourette et Pichon (1911:5:532-533) for their selection of examples regarding avant que … ne. We have given some possible answers to our opening question and some future visions for the ne expletif.

<p dir="ltr">This dissertation examines the expansion of refugee student services in postwar France during three subsequent refugee crises involving students from Eastern Europe. More than just a product of Franco-Soviet Cold War relations, I show how French support for the students developed in the context of decolonization and contemporary migration politics that favored white Europeans. The Algerian Revolution (1954-1962) in specific transformed the way the French thought about citizenship and strengthened the importance of race to national identity. The racial and ethnocultural compatibility of Eastern Europeans students with postwar France became a distinct advantage that manifested itself in the financial and social support that students received.</p><p dir="ltr">Beginning in 1945 with the rebirth of the refugee student organization the <i>Entraide Universitaire Francaise</i>, I analyze how the arrival of Eastern European refugee students over the next thirty years coincided with these changes to French self-image and citizenship. I further explore how key developments in international and national refugee law helped establish and maintain Eastern Europeans as the stereotypical refugee figure in postwar France, despite the increasingly globalized nature of refugee emergencies. This dissertation therefore reveals the influence of migration politics, decolonization, and race on France’s treatment of refugee students in the postwar period.</p>

Five French organ composers, representative of the period from Widor to the present time, are identified in this study, and a comparative analysis of the works of each is made. The introduction includes the source of the data, the scope of the problem, the purpose of the study, the method of procedure, a brief historical background of the new French school of music, general characteristics of modern French music, and specific idioms of contemporary French organ composers, as exemplified in the works of the organists selected: Charles Marie Widor, Louis Vierne, Charles Tournemire, Marcel Dupre, and Joseph Bonnet. The compositions and musical contributions of Widor, Vierne, Tournemire, Dupre, and Bonnet, respectively, are discussed in Chapter II through Chapter VI. Chapter VII states a summary of the study and the conclusions drawn,

La présente étude vise à apporter une première approche de l'oeuvre d'une figure encore peu connue de l'histoire littéraire, Armand Guibert (1906-1990), à la fois poète, critique, essayiste, et médiateur. Il s'agira plus précisément de mettre l'accent sur son travail de poète et sur une conception de l'écriture poétique plutôt originale fondée sur la notion de « réaction ». Durant l'entre-deux-guerres, alors que la plupart des écrivains et intellectuels de l'époque tentent de donner à l'écriture un véritable pouvoir sur le cour de l'Histoire, Guibert invite le poète à être « réactionnaire ». En 1937, il développe ainsi uneprise de position radicale pour la « Poésie d'abord », dans un recueil d'essais et d'articles critiques du même nom. Il appelle le poète à « réagir » aux événements tout en préservant son langage de tout asservissement. Cette conception de la poésie, oscillant entre la proclamation de sa suprématie, de son autonomie et celle de son influence sur l’humanité ne l'empêchera pas lui-même d'être au plus près des événements qui bouleverseront le XXe siècle. La première partie de cette étude aborde la notion de « réaction » d'un point de vue théorique en s'appuyant sur l'analyse de Poësie d'abord. La seconde partie examine la posture adoptée par Armand Guibert face à plusieurs événements cruciaux de l'Histoire : la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, la Libération et la période de la décolonisation. Dans un dernier temps, ce travail met l'accent sur la « réaction » poétique de Guibert à partir de l'analyse de ses propres recueils, et ce en tentant de mieux saisir toute sa place dans l'Histoire poétique du XXe siècle. / The current study aims to give an initial appreciation of the work of a still little known figure in literary history, namely Armand Guibert (1906-1990) who was at one and the same time a poet, critic, essayist and mediator. More precisely it is a case of stressing his work as a poet and a rather original concept of poetic writing based on the notion of “reaction”. During the period between the Wars, when most writers and intellectuals of the age were trying to give writing real influence over the course of history, Guibert invited the poet to be a “reactionary”. In 1937 he thus developed a radical stance in favour of Poësie d'abord, in a collection of essays and critical articles of the same name. He calls upon the poet to “react” to events, whilst preserving his language from any semblance of subservience. This concept of poetry, oscillating between the proclamation of its supremacy, its autonomy and its influence over humanity would not prevent him from himself being as close as possible to events that were to turn the twentieth century upside down. The first part of this study tackles the notion of “reaction” from a theoretical point of view, based on an analysis of Poësie d'abord. The second part examines the stanceadopted by Armand Guibert in the face of several crucial historical events: the Second World War, the Liberation and the period of decolonisation. Finally this work stresses the poetical “reaction” of Guibert based on an analysis of collections of his own work and, in so doing, to better define his place in the poetical history of the twentieth century.